青檀宣纸原料林栽培利用

青檀,为我国特产树种。其适应性强,在石灰岩山场生长良好,较耐旱和瘠薄,根系发达,萌蘖性强,可经营矮林作业以截取枝条。枝皮富有纤维,绵韧易剥,是制造宣纸的特需原料。一、播种育苗青檀种子具有生理休眠特性,且种子个体的休眠深度差异较大。种子催芽方法,一是将种子装入木桶内,     

Competition-density effect of tree organs in Acacia auriculiformis stands

The competition-density (C-D) effects for mean mass for tree, stem, branch and leaf were analyzed in Acacia auriculiformis stands. Mean tree mass-density and mean organ mass-density were well explained by the C-D equation of tree and the C-D equation of tree organ, respectively. An equation describing the relationship between mean leaf area u and density was formulated that fit the u-data well. The relationship between mean tree mass w and the ratio of each organ to mean tree mass (wo/ w) was examined. With increasing w, the stem mass ratio wS/w increased, whereas the branch mass ratio wB/w and the leaf mass ratio wL/w decreased. The yield difference between the lowest-density stand and the high-density stand became greater with stand growth. However, the yield of the mid-density stand was slightly lower than the yield of the high-density stand during the experimental period. To produce the most desirable combination of demanding individual-tree size and relative high stem yield, the mid-density is recommended as proper planting density for future management of A. auriculiformis stands.     

自动取暖保健热宝的制作

自动取暖保健热宝是传统手炉的替代新产品,该产品不用电可持续供热,它使用方便,价格低廉,是人们冬季的首选暖手用品,也是野外作业人员不可多得的取暖之宝.该产品具有热敷镇痛的功效,深受风湿关节痛、肩周炎、腰腿痛、胃痛等患者的欢迎.该产品每个综合成本1到2元,市场售价8到10元,若日产100个,每个平均利润5元,效益可观,实乃致富好门路.     

太阳能开发利用大有可为

我国太阳能资源十分丰富,目前最主要的利用方式是用于城乡居民热水供应,我国太阳能热水器已经安装了6000万平方米,预计2020年和2050年将分别达到2.7亿和5亿平方米,将替代高峰电力8000万千瓦和2亿千瓦,节约1200万千瓦和30000亿千瓦时的电能.我国太阳能热水器已经成为太阳能利用中应用最为广泛、产业化发展最迅速的领域,太阳能热水器的生产量和使用量都居世界第一.至2003年底,全国太阳能热水器使用量达到5200万平方米,占全球使用量的40%以上.目前我国太阳能热水器生产厂家超过3000家,年生产量超过1000万平方米,全真空玻璃管热水器在世界市场上占据主导地位.     

海藻糖生产技术

海藻糖是一种稳定的非还原性双糖,广泛存在于低等植物、藻类、细菌、真菌、酵母、昆虫及无脊椎动物中,既是一种贮藏性糖类,又是应激代谢的重要产物.由于海藻糖是由特殊双糖分子构成的非还原性糖,特性非常稳定,能够在高温、高寒、干燥失水等恶劣的条件下在细胞表面形成特殊的保护膜,有效地保护生物分子结构不被破坏,从而维持生命体的生命过程和生物特征.海藻糖可广泛用于生物制剂、医药、食品、化妆品及农业科学等各个行业.     

鱼腥草种源试验初报

收集了11省（市）23县（市）的23个鱼腥草种质资源,在浙江省丽水市林业科学研究所百果园基地进行种源特性观察试验,结果表明,23个种源从形态特征上可分为二大类,一类为生长初期叶绿色,茎节间较长,生长盛期叶翠绿色,叶缘波状,茎浅红色;另一类为生长初期叶带紫红色,茎节间较短,生长盛期叶墨绿色,叶近全缘,茎紫红色、浅红色或绿色。物候期较为一致,可分为破土萌芽长叶期（2月下旬到3月下旬）、快速高生长期（3月底到4月中旬）、开花结果期（4月下旬到6月底）3个阶段。不同鱼腥草种源在高、径生长和蒴果、种子数量等方面均存在显著差异。高生长以18号（浙江嵊州）种源最好,平均高度达83．08cm,15号（安徽绩溪）种源最低,仅为41.08cm;径生长以4号（云南会泽）种源最好（0．5063cm）,15号（安徽绩溪）种源最差（0．3cm）。综合性状以4、18、19（浙江长兴）、12（浙江嘉善）、5（贵州安顺）、17（浙江泰顺）等种源表现较好,能获得较高的生物量。单果序蒴果数以7号种源（河南正阳）最多,达83．4颗／果序,蒴果内种子数以10号种源（广函柳州）最高（22.67粒／蒴果）,综合蒴果和种子数量以10、5号种源较好。     

怀化市成立森林消防应急营

2008年4月1日,湖南省怀化市召开森林消防应急营成立大会,并举行了检阅仪式和实战演习.森林消防应急营共有340人,下设4个连和1个特勤队.人员分别由中坡国家森林公园护林员、国有泸阳林场一线产业工人和武警怀化支队官兵、怀化军分区预备役战士、武警怀化消防支队官兵组成.     

Characteristics of soil organic carbon mineralization and influence factor analysis of natural Larix olgensis forest at different ages

Soil organic carbon(SOC)mineralization is closely related to carbon source or sink of terrestrial ecosystem.Natural stands of Larix olgensis on the Jincang forest farm,Jilin Province were selected to investigate the dynamics of SOC mineralization and its correlations with other soil properties in a young forest and mid-aged forest at soil depths of 0–10,>10–20,>20–40 and>40–60 cm.The results showed that compared with a mid-aged forest,the SOC stock in the young forest was 32%higher.Potentially mineralizable soil carbon(C0)in the young forest was 1.1–2.5 g kg^-1,accounting for 5.5–8.1%of total SOC during the 105 days incubation period and 0.3–1.5 g kg^-1 in the mid-aged forest at different soil depths,occupying 2.8–3.4%of total SOC.There was a significant difference in C0 among the soil depths.The dynamics of the SOC mineralization was a good fit to a three-pool(labile,intermediate and stable)carbon decomposition kinetic model.The SOC decomposition rate for different stand ages and different soil depths reached high levels for the first 15 days.Correlation analysis revealed that the C0 was significantly positively related with SOC content,soil total N(TN)and readily available K(AK)concentration.The labile soil carbon pool was significantly related to SOC and TN concentration,and significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density.The intermediate carbon pool was positively associated with TN and AK.The stable carbon pool had negative correlations with SOC,TN and AK.     

重阳木白带黑斑蛾的发生与防治

重阳木,为大戟科重阳木属落叶乔木,生长高大,枝叶茂密,树姿优美,城镇绿化多见孤植大树或小片成群栽植。重阳木深根性,抗风力极强,又是生长快的阳性树种之一,有些地方用以作防护林或用材林,效果很好。2005年,祁门县对赤岭口公路两旁重阳木进行病虫害调查,发现重阳木白带黑斑蛾幼     

国外提高蛋鸡产蛋量10种妙法

1.加喂维生系C.俄罗斯的研究结果表明:当鸡舍温度为32℃时,在每千克饲料中添加60毫克维生素C,10周内可提高产蛋率12%左右;舍温为35℃时,在每千克饲料中添加44毫克维生素C,在20周内可提高产蛋率11%.在17.8至24.4℃的气温下,在每千克饲料中添加维生素C400毫克,3个月可增产约6%的鸡蛋;在7至20℃的气温下,在每千克饲料中添加30毫克维生素C,48周内增产鸡蛋7%.     

岭南槭不同种源家系种子形态和幼苗生长变异

[目的]探讨不同种源家系岭南槭种子形态、种子萌发与幼苗生长的特性,分析它们与种源地地理气候因子之间的关系。[方法]对广东省岭南槭天然分布区的3个种源18个家系的种子表型性状、发芽特征、幼苗生长性状和叶色表现进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]表明:肇庆黑石顶(HSD)种源的种子最厚、最宽,深圳七娘山(QNS)种源的种子最薄、最窄,惠州南昆山(NKS)种源的种子最长,种子千粒质量最高;翅长与翅宽呈极显著正相关(P0.01),种子千粒质量与发芽率显著正相关(P0.05);岭南槭1年生幼苗地径与苗高成正比,幼苗生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响;在色彩表现方面,QNS3、QNS13家系的明度L*值较大,QNS13色相b*值显著高于其他家系,NKS14家系幼苗的色相a*值最大。[结论]种子千粒质量越高,发芽率越高;幼苗的地径苗高生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响。NKS14家系幼苗红叶特征最明显,色彩表现较好。     

文冠果种子及苗期生长性状地理种源变异

[目的]研究不同种源文冠果(Xanthocerassorbifolium Bunge)的种子形态特征及在山东省安丘地区苗期性状差异,了解文冠果不同种源变异特征,为文冠果在山东安丘地区引种和遗传改良提供参考。[方法]以来自山东、河南、内蒙古、辽宁、黑龙江、河北、新疆、陕西等地的27个种源的文冠果种子为研究对象,对其种子形态指标进行测定,并在山东省安丘市开展种源试验。[结果]研究发现:不同种源间文冠果表型性状均存在极显著差异(P0.01),且这些差异可以稳定遗传(遗传力均大于0.9);苗期苗高与种源地降水、年均气温及地径与降水之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),苗高与种源地纬度、年均日照及地径与年均日照呈极显著负相关(P0.01),种子长、种子宽、种皮厚均与海拔呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。[结论]文冠果表型性状存在丰富的变异,且受较强遗传控制;文冠果苗期性状变异主要受降水、年均气温、年均日照3个环境主导因子的影响,种子性状变异主要受海拔的影响。综合种源苗期生长状况,初步筛选出山东东营、山东安丘、内蒙古库伦、辽宁关山和辽宁海城5个适合安丘地区育苗的速生种源。     

木荷苗木性状的种源变异和地理模式

利用来自7省区36个木荷种源在浙江淳安和福建建瓯两试验点的苗期测定材料,研究其苗木生长、根系特征和叶片形态等12个性状的种源差异及其地理变异模式。方差分析结果显示,除主根长、侧根长和叶片颜色在种源间无显著差异外,其它性状的种源效应都达到显著或极显著水平。种源苗木性状与产地地理气候因子的相关分析发现,苗高、叶片特征(叶片数、叶片宽、叶片厚)及秋末嫩叶颜色等呈典型的纬向变异模式,产地温度则是造成这种纬向变异模式的主要环境作用因子。与北部种源比较,南部种源生长快,叶片数量多,但叶片较薄较窄,其秋末嫩叶颜色变化对寒冷信号反应敏感。影响木荷种子性状表型差异的主导因素是产地的年降水量。以苗高为标准,分别在两地点初选出优良种源10个,它们多来自25°N左右的木荷自然分布区。     

北方型美洲黑杨不同无性系重要性状评价

[目的]为杨树高产低耗高效工业用材新品种选育筛选新种质。[方法]采用布雷金多性状综合评定法和模糊数学隶属函数值法,系统分析和评价北方型美洲黑杨种质生长及光、水分、养分等关键环境资源利用性状。[结果]表明:(1)种源间、种源内无性系间在生长、光合、水分和养分利用方面的差异显著或极显著。(2)总叶面积、成叶速率、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率、生长旺期水分利用效率与北方型美洲黑杨胸径显著或极显著相关。(3)筛选出M6、Q1、Q5、M5、Q7、Q3、M3、Q9等高产型种质,M6、Q1、Q2、M5、Q5、M3、Q4、M2等高产高光效型种质,Q5、Q1、W9、M5、Q7、M6、M3、W2等高产高水分利用型种质,Q9、Q5、Q3、Q8、Q1、M10、Q7、I5高产高养分利用型种质。其中,Q5、M6、Q1、Q2、Q9等无性系兼具生长和对资源(光、水分和养分)的利用优势。[结论]北方型美洲黑杨遗传变异丰富,为优良种源和种质选择提供了依据;总叶面积、成叶速率、、暗呼吸速率、氮素转移率等5个与生长关系密切的指标可作为种质资源评价的可靠指标;筛选出的优良种质特别是综合表现最优的5个无性系是后续育种工作的有效资源。     

4个红椿地理种源生长差异分析

红椿是中国珍贵乡土速生用材树种。为了研究红椿不同种源在武汉地区的适应性和生长差异,对4个红椿地理种源苗期、6 a生幼林树叶片及其生长量性状进行了观测与分析。结果表明,同一种源红椿叶片的复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数这5个指标性状,6 a生幼林树的观测值皆大于苗期的观测值。苗期时不同种源间复叶长、复叶宽、小叶长、小叶宽、小叶数、复叶长宽比、小叶长宽比这7个叶片性状皆存在极显著差异;除小叶长外,红椿6 a生幼林树不同种源其他性状指标之间存在显著或极显著差异;不同种源间不同林龄红椿生长量指标之间也均存在极显著差异,且随着林龄的增加红椿不同种源生长量之间差异也随之增大。4个种源6 a生红椿生长量排序为福建来舟（LZ）>福建武夷山（WY）>江西井冈山（GS）>江西官山（JG）。相关性分析结果表明,苗期的叶片性状间相关显著性较高,6 a生幼林树的叶片性状间除极个别性状表现出显著相关外,大部分性状间相关不显著。     

Genetic variation in seed and seedling traits in 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida (del.) A. Chev. at Lodwar, Kenya

The extent of genetic variation in seed length, width, thickness, weight and germination percentage and seedling traits among and within 12 African provenances of Faidherbia albida was examined. The regional provenances showed a consistent variation in seed length, seed width and seed weight: the southern African provenances had the largest seeds and west African provenances the smallest. Seedling height, stem collar diameter and true leaf number differed (P = 0.05) among the provenances 90 days after germination. The seedlings from west Africa were shorter, had smaller stem collar diameter and fewer leaves. In contrast, the southern and east African provenances had taller seedlings with bigger seedling diameter and more leaves per seedling. Seedling traits did not show clear-cut divisions between southern and east African provenances, but the west African provenances formed a distinct group. Positive correlations were found in some of the seed characteristics and seedling height among provenances, which could be an important criterion for early provenance selection. Greater variation was observed for seed and seedling traits among than within provenances suggesting that selection among provenances might result in rapid genetic gain for the traits studied. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Early growth differentiation among Prosopis flexuosa D.C. provenances from the Monte phytogeographic province,Argentina

Early-growth differentiation among seven provenances of Prosopis flexuosa (algarrobo dulce) from the Monte phytogeographic province, Argentina, was studied by comparing their height growth; whole-seedling dry mass gain; allocation to root, stem and leaves; leaf number and leaf area in a common garden. Differentiation among provenances was detected for all the seedling characters examined except leaf number. Family variation within provenances was significant for height growth and leaf number. Variation on the provenance level was related to the elevation, geographic location, and some abiotic conditions of the seed source such as mean annual temperature and frost free period. Latitudinal clines were evident for almost all the growth traits. They were more pronounced for height and aboveground mass, and moderate for total plant mass and leaf area per plant. In addition, a good correspondence in growth traits between young seedlings and older trees of this species (studied by others authors) was also assessed. This fact would permit an early selection and genetic advances in the short term in breeding programs.     

Differentiation of seed germination and early seedling growth in ten provenances ofEucalyptus microtheca

An investigation of seed germination and early seedling growth ofEucalyptus microtheca was based on seed collection from 10 widely separated provenances in Australia. Genetic variation of seed germination and early seedling growth was observed among a series of provenances whose natural habitats range from different climatic condition. In the ten provenances, both the model of seed relative germination percentage and the model of seed total germination percentage fitted Logistic regression [y=a/(1+exp(-ex+b))]. In comparison with provenances from four high temperature (mean annual maximum temperature >30.0 °C; mean annual minimum temperature >17.0 °C) areas, six low temperature (mean annual maximum temperature <30.0 °C; mean annual minimum temperature <17.0 °C) areas showed the fast germination rate and the high total germination percentage. For each provenance we have 45 seedlings equally divided into three watering levels (100%, 50%, and 25% of field capacity), and studies on relationship between early seedling growth and climatic factors of the natural habitat of provenance. In control treatment, height growth of the seedling has been associated with intrinsically the driest quarter precipitation in the seed collection areas of provenance. In all the treatments, length growth of the biggest leaf of the seedling was related to mean annual maximum temperature and mean annual minimum temperature in origin of provenance. In contrast, basal diameter growth of the seedling was related to mean annual minimum temperature of the seed collection areas in water stress treatment. From an ecological viewpoint, the fast germination rate and the high total germination percentage of the seed and rapid early growth of the seedling appear to be favourable adaptations to the climatic conditions prevailing in the natural habitat of provenance. Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

生长抑制剂对大叶黄杨形态及光合作用的影响

目的]探究抑制剂对大叶黄杨生长的抑制作用以及对其叶片形态和光合作用的影响,为灌木绿篱的化学修剪提供技术指导。[方法]在北京林业大学林场苗圃采用3种生长抑制剂(多效唑(PP_(333))、三碘苯甲酸(TIBA)以及脱落酸(ABA))对密植成绿篱状的1年生大叶黄杨扦插苗进行叶面喷施,对其生长、叶片形态及光合作用等指标进行测定。[结果]3种抑制剂均有矮化植株、抑制新梢生长的作用,矮化效果最佳、抑制作用最强的为PP_(333),且高浓度PP_(333)对于高生长的抑制作用持效性较长。叶宽、叶厚以及叶面积在短期PP_(333)处理下高于对照。PP_(333)能提高大叶黄杨净光合速率,主要通过增加叶厚、气孔导度、叶肉导度及叶绿素含量来实现,并且PP_(333)使蒸腾速率提高的同时降低了水分利用效率。TIBA有显著减小叶长、叶宽的作用,但能使叶厚增加,且随浓度的增加作用效果增强,主要通过减小叶面积,降低叶肉导度、气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度及叶绿素含量来降低净光合速率。ABA能增加叶面积(10 mg·L~(-1)处理除外)、叶长以及减小叶片厚度,通过抑制气孔导度、叶肉导度、叶绿素含量降低净光合速率。TI-BA及ABA均通过降低蒸腾速率,使水分利用效率提高。[结论]3种抑制剂均有矮化植株、抑制新梢生长的作用,并且影响叶片发育,进而影响叶片光合作用,且800 mg·L~(-1)的多效唑对大叶黄杨具有较好的正向作用。     

25年生大花序桉种源生长与形质性状的遗传变异及选择

[目的]研究广西国有东门林场25年生大花序桉种源生长与形质性状的遗传变异,筛选优良种源及单株,为大花序桉良种繁育及中大径材培育提供优质遗传材料。[方法]采用方差分析、构建性状选择指数方程综合分析等方法,对11个大花序桉种源进行生长与形质性状遗传变异分析及选择。[结果]表明:大花序桉胸径(DBH)、树高(H)、单株材积(V)、树干通直度(ST)和树干圆满度(SF)在种源间呈极显著差异;上述5个主要性状的种源遗传力(H2)为0.634 0.895,单株遗传力(h2)为0.136 0.342;以DBH、H、V、ST和SF 5个性状指标构建大花序桉种源/单株选择指数方程,按标准选择出4个优良种源和13株优良单株,优良种源平均材积遗传增益达11.2%,优良单株平均材积遗传增益达29.7%,选择效果尚好。[结论]大花序桉5个主要性状遗传变异在种源水平受中度至较强遗传控制,在单株水平受弱度遗传控制。优良种源D47、S14127、B47和S12195生长材性兼优,可用作培育优质中大径材。