从时间尺度论述陆生野生动物生境选择研究进展

指出了生境是动物赖以生存和繁衍的重要场所,是动物日常采食、休息等日常行为的根基所在,生境的质量及其可利用程度是决定动物种群生存的关键。在自身研究和前人大量文献资料支撑下,综述了不同时间尺度上中国陆生野生动物生境选择研究的概况,以期对后期开展生境利用研究工作给予一定的数据支持。     

大兴安岭北坡火后紫貂冬季生境恢复研究

由自然和人为原因引起的生境丧失与生境破碎化已严重影响到野生动物的生存。大兴安岭北坡是国家一级保护动物紫貂(Marteszibellina)的主要分布区,1987年发生在这里的特大森林火灾造成了森林景观的严重破碎化,紫貂的生存面临极大的威胁。本文的研究目的是为了确定火灾13年后,紫貂冬季生境的恢复程度。首先根据紫貂对冬季生境的喜好选取对其生存影响较大的生态因子,结合数字化林相图,利用地理信息系统软件ArcGIS编制火烧前后的生境适宜性类型图。然后选取相关的景观格局指标,对火灾烧前后的生境格局进行对比分析。结果显示:尽管火后采取了一系列的森林恢复措施,但紫貂冬季适宜生境仍有大幅度减少,特别是中等适宜生境类型减少最为明显。适宜生境破碎化加剧,隔离度增加。适宜生境斑块的形状趋于简单,软边界比重有所增加。以上结果表明,与火前相比,紫貂生境明显恶化,需要较长的时间恢复。图4表5参41。     

云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区羚牛生境选择

生境选择是动物对环境行为适应的重要内容,生境丧失或片段化是目前大多数濒于灭绝的脊椎动物所面临的基本威胁。目前,针对高黎贡山地区羚牛的生态研究仍然较少,以云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区独龙江流域的羚牛为研究对象,对其生境选择进行初步研究。结果表明:1)羚牛对硝塘的利用强度最高,其次为针阔混交林、竹林、草甸和落叶阔叶林;2)离硝塘的距离是影响羚牛生境利用强度的重要因子,其次为海拔梯度和平均海拔,离公路、水源和人便道的距离对羚牛生境利用强度影响不显著;3)研究区域设置的红外相机在硝塘中拍摄到的照片和视频最多,其次为针阔混交林,竹林、草甸和落叶阔叶林,再次验证了直接观察和痕迹观察的结果。因此,保护好独龙江流域的羚牛关键在于保护好硝塘以及附近连片的森林植被。     

灵长类野生动物生境选择的时空研究综述

从灵长类生境选择的不同尺度入手,综述了国内外在对灵长类生境选择中的时间和空间尺度的研究,对生境的季节性和微观、宏观生境的各方面以及生境破碎化对灵长类生境利用的影响研究等进行了综述．     

秦岭中段南坡NDVI格局与生境质量变化研究

以秦岭的佛坪和观音山2个自然保护区为例,利用1988年和1997年的TM影像、野外调查样点以及高程和坡向空间数据,通过生成生境类型图和计算NDVI,从3个尺度上分析生境质量变化和NDVI格局变化之间的关系,即整个区域尺度,保护区尺度以及生境类型尺度.此外,文章还分析了导致生境质量变化的驱动因子.研究结果表明:①整个区域的NDVI曲线有所偏移,但其形状特征保持不变,表明生境类型稳定;②2个保护区的NDVI曲线的峰值变化截然相反,但整体NDVI值都减小,生境质量变化较大;③在8个生境类型中,针阔叶混交林、阔叶林和草灌的NDVI有较明显的下降,生境质量变化较大;针叶林、竹林、农田和居民点、水域以及裸地和岩石的NDVI基本保持不变,生境质量稳定.     

大熊猫生境质量评价存在的问题及对策

分析了大熊猫生境质量研究的状况和存在的问题,并提出了生境研究的对策。     

生境对王朗自然保护区内优势种活动强度影响

物种在一天中的时间分配是野生动物最重要的生存策略，对理解物种行为生态是十分重要的。为确定王朗自然保护区内的优势物种及优势物种活动强度和生境状况之间的关系。在2018年5月至2019年7月，利用红外相机监测和样方调查对王朗保护区内的大中型兽类和林下鸟类物种及生境状况进行调查。我们评价了3个物种（两个野生优势种和一个家养种）不同活动强度区域间的生境状况。并且比较了野生优势种在家牛Bos taurus生境和其他生境下的活动强度。主成分分析表明，王朗保护区内的优势种为血雉Ithaginis cruentus和毛冠鹿Elaphodus cephalophus。根据时间相对丰富度指数将物种活动强度划分为高、中和低强度。血雉和毛冠鹿不同活动强度区域内的生境状况差异主要表现在地形条件和食物资源。家牛不同活动强度区域内的生境状况差异主要表现在草本盖度。核密度估计表明血雉和毛冠鹿在利用家牛生境和其他生境时，活动曲线重叠度高。但在利用家牛生境时，两者活动高峰的活动强度要高于其他生境。研究表明1)区域内优势种的活动强度可以代表地形条件好、食物资源较差的区域。2)保护区在制定生境恢复政策时，可优先恢复优势种活动...     

黄河三角洲自然保护区丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化分析

生境丧失及破碎化是引起物种濒危和生物多样性降低的主要原因.基于地理信息系统和遥感技术,生成保护区丹顶鹤有无人为干扰下生境适宜性图,并选取一系列的景观格局指数,分析1992(2006年内保护区内丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化规律及其原因.结果表明,由于缺乏淡水来源,无论有无人为干扰,1999年丹顶鹤生境适宜性最差,适宜生境面积大量丧失,生境破碎化严重.14年来,保护区内的人为干扰不断加大,以道路干扰最为显著.人为干扰促使丹顶鹤生境质量下降,生境适宜性变得更差,并导致2006年生境适宜性劣于1992年.驱动保护区内丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化的主要影响因素是水源及人为活动.     

"以动物为本"的动物园规划设计思考

《动物园设计规范》的正式出台,使"以动物为本"的动物园规划设计有了指导性文件。基于动物的生理、心理需求和动物园社会角色3方面,从优化动物生存空间、生境丰富度角度阐述在规划设计中应重视动物的生存、生理和高质量生活需要,关注动物福利,注重动物与环境的关系,采取相应措施和手段,模拟自然生境,实现人、动物、自然三者和谐共处。尊重动物园的社会角色,真正实现以动物为本的动物保护、环境保护与可持续发展目标。     

基于被动式红外触发相机的红腹锦鸡研究

为了制定更好的区域性保护策略,利用被动式红外触发相机对长青自然保护区内的红腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus pictus)进行了研究。结果表明,红腹锦鸡对研究区域生境具有选择性,在日活动时间分配上也有所差异。与同域分布的其它雉类相比,红腹锦鸡在研究区域内分布范围最广,限制其进行生境选择的主要因素为海拔和森林起源类型。具体表现为:主要活动于海拔1 200~2 000m的范围内,不利用海拔高于2 700m的区域,随着海拔的升高其相对丰度呈递减趋势;在栖息范围内喜欢在人工林及次生林中活动,较少利用天然林;典型的日间活动动物,一天中有两个高峰活动时段,分别为12:00—14:00,16:00—18:00。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.