滇西北滇金丝猴栖息地景观格局分析及其破碎化评价

生境丧失及破碎化已成为生物多样性最主要的威胁之一,对物种栖息地的景观格局进行分析及对其破碎化进行评价显得十分必要.对滇金丝猴栖息地景观格局和破碎化进行分析评价,结果表明,包括滇金丝猴适宜生境在内的森林面积占整个研究区面积的2/3,是该地区的主导景观类型;研究区景观格局已表现出一定程度的景观破碎化.滇金丝猴适宜生境面积为308 212.44 hm2,占整个研究区面积的18.86%.目前滇金丝猴适宜生境的破碎化程度较低,但仍需控制适宜生境已出现的景观破碎化,并通过生境恢复及廊道重建等措施加强对滇金丝猴的保护.     

黄河三角洲自然保护区丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化分析

生境丧失及破碎化是引起物种濒危和生物多样性降低的主要原因.基于地理信息系统和遥感技术,生成保护区丹顶鹤有无人为干扰下生境适宜性图,并选取一系列的景观格局指数,分析1992(2006年内保护区内丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化规律及其原因.结果表明,由于缺乏淡水来源,无论有无人为干扰,1999年丹顶鹤生境适宜性最差,适宜生境面积大量丧失,生境破碎化严重.14年来,保护区内的人为干扰不断加大,以道路干扰最为显著.人为干扰促使丹顶鹤生境质量下降,生境适宜性变得更差,并导致2006年生境适宜性劣于1992年.驱动保护区内丹顶鹤生境适宜性变化的主要影响因素是水源及人为活动.     

基于最大熵模型的气候变化情景下澳洲坚果潜在适宜生境研究

为了研究气候变化情景下澳洲坚果在云南省的潜在适宜生境,采用当前和未来2050年RCP45气候变化情景下的19个生物气候因子及最大熵模型MaxEnt进行澳洲坚果生境模型构建,并进行适宜生境等级划分及空间变化特点分析。结果表明,2050年RCP45气候变化情景下3个等级的适宜生境大体上仍然保持与当前相似的空间分布格局,即高度适宜生境主要分布在云南西南部和南部,中、低度适宜生境分布在高度适宜生境区以北及以东区域。未来气候变化引起高度和中度适宜生境面积小幅度缩减(5.6%和2.4%),低度适宜生境面积增加22.5%。气候变化同时引起高度适宜生境景观格局破碎化。未来气候变化引起的澳洲坚果在云南高、中度适宜种植区总面积略有缩减,虽幅度不大,但空间分布上发生位移,且呈现破碎化趋势,产业规划时应考虑产业生命周期内气候变化造成对适宜生境迁移的影响。     

基于多期遥感的云阳县域森林景观破碎化演变与驱动力研究

县域森林破碎化评价是对生态建设的重点区域和森林植被发生变化的热点区域进行判读区划和测定分析。以云阳县为例,利用2002年森林资源调查数据,结合2006,2011年两期SPOT 5影像开展判读区划,对比分析3期森林分布数据,运用Arc Gis 10.0和Fragstars 4.0软件,选取合适的景观格局指数,对云阳森林景观破碎化及其驱动力进行分析。结果表明:全县森林破碎化程度明显减轻,局部区域小片林及林带多,森林破碎化严重;工程造林与社会政策是驱动云阳县森林景观破碎化减轻的关键因素,其中退耕还林工程造林贡献最大;农业活动与城镇建设是制约云阳县森林景观破碎化逆转的主要因素,应进一步加强林地保护管理,减少森林流失,建设健康稳定的森林生态系统。     

深圳森林生态系统类型自然保护区近20年土地利用与景观格局变化

为探究中国快速城镇化过程中,特大城市城郊自然保护区的建设成效,以深圳市大鹏半岛和 田头山 2 个森林生态系统类型自然保护区为研究对象,通过 Landsat 影像分类和景观格局指数计算,分析 1995-2015 年 2 个自然保护区土地利用与景观格局变化特征。结果表明：两个自然保护区的土地利用类型 均以林地为主,且林地都经历了先减少后增加的过程;近20 a 的土地利用景观格局均呈现景观破碎化指 数和景观分割指数增大,而香农多样性指数降低的趋势。快速城市化进程使自然保护区的景观破碎化程 度不断提高 , 建立自然保护区有利于深圳市森林植被的恢复。     

大兴安岭北坡火烧迹地森林郁闭度恢复及其影响因子分析

1987年发生在大兴安岭北坡的特大火灾造成了森林资源的巨大损失,其森林景观恢复一直是人们关注的热点.本研究选取与森林生产力具有密切联系的郁闭度因子作为研究对象,以 ArcView、ArcGIS等地理信息系统软件为研究平台,采用1987年和2000年两期森林资源二类调查数据,对郁闭度、火烧强度、抚育类型、地形因子等进行分级,通过数据叠加,探讨了森林郁闭度格局的恢复状况以及火烧强度、更新类型、地形因子对郁闭度恢复的影响.结果显示:2000年郁闭度等级构成与1987年火前相比发生了明显变化,无林地以及高郁闭度等级比重明显下降,较低郁闭度等级比重显著上升;火烧强度是影响火后恢复的初始因子,火烧强度与郁闭度等级呈负相关;更新措施短期内对郁闭度恢复影响不显著,但可以缩短森林演替的周期,对未来针叶林群落生产力恢复具有重要促进作用;地形因子中坡度对郁闭度恢复影响最为明显,其次为坡位,坡向影响最弱.     

基于RS和GIS的2010年南瓮河自然保护区景观格局分析

利用2010年Landsat TM遥感影像作为基本信息源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,建立空间数据库,制作出南瓮河自然保护区景观格局分布图。研究区内包括7种景观类型：草本沼泽、灌丛沼泽、森林沼泽、永久性河流、道路、森林、沼泽化草甸。结果表明：各景观类型所占比例差异较大,森林和草本沼泽两种景观类型占主导优势,占所有景观类型面积比例高达93.52%;景观的破碎化指数较高,影响景观格局的主要因素是火灾,道路的修建也影响了区域景观格局,加大了景观的破碎化程度。     

RS和GIS支持的南瓮河自然保护区景观变化驱动力研究

利用2000年和2010年遥感影像作为基本信息源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,并结合地面资料对南瓮河保护区景观空间格局的变化情况及其驱动力进行了分析。结果表明：2000—2010年,南瓮河自然保护区景观类型没有明显变化,主要以森林和草本沼泽为主;森林沼泽和道路呈增加趋势,而沼泽化草甸、灌丛沼泽、永久性河流变化较小,呈现缓慢的减少趋势,森林群落呈现退化的趋势;景观异质性在增大,破碎化程度在提高;森林采伐和道路修建等人为干扰是景观格局时空演变的驱动力之一,火灾引发的森林及沼泽湿地大面积过火是湿地干扰的主要因素。     

南瓮河自然保护区湿地景观格局及其驱动力

应用1989—2010年三期遥感影像,研究南瓮河国家级自然保护区景观格局演变特征。结果表明,森林是景观基质,草本沼泽是主体斑块,景观异质性较大;2000—2010年景观格局变化呈快速变化趋势,景观基质生态功能弱化,草本沼泽面积21年来首次超过森林;森林群落面积萎缩率高达34.02%,主要转化为森林沼泽;森林沼泽和道路面积增长率最大,分别达到80.94%和64.29%;景观斑块形状趋于复杂化,破碎化加剧,景观破碎化指数从1989年的0.2453上升至2010年的0.4498;火是最主要的驱动因子,道路修建、气候变化是重要的驱动因素。     

人为干扰对秦岭火地塘林区景观格局的影响

以秦岭火地塘林区1958年、1988年和2004年森林资源二类调查资料为主要数据源,利用景观结构分析软件,分析比较该林区3个时期景观格局变化情况,探讨人为干扰对林区景观格局的影响。研究结果表明:火地塘林区高强度的外界干扰,增加了该地区的景观多样性和丰富度;干扰形成的次生森林景观比原生森林景观类型数增多,同时引起部分景观类型的消长变化;森林采伐后林区景观分维数降低,斑块形状变得规则,但随着植被的恢复,各景观类型的斑块形状逐渐复杂,景观的异质性增加。火地塘林区景观格局的变化充分反映了外界干扰对森林景观格局的影响,以及森林自主恢复的动态过程。     

Forest loss and fragmentation effects on woody plant species richness in Great Britain

Studies on the effect of forest loss and fragmentation on plant species richness at different spatial scales have yielded contradictory results that have been attributed to different ways to measure fragmentation. The main goal of this study was to investigate the independent and combined effects of forest loss and habitat fragmentation on woody species richness. Woody species were grouped according to their habitat requirements (forest specialists, forest generalists, non-forest and total woody species). We used regression models to investigate the effect of fragmentation and human occupation on woody species richness. The underlying factors were investigated by partitioning of the variation, i.e. decomposing the variation in species richness between the pure effects of forest loss, fragmentation and human occupation. The relationship between species richness and forest loss resulted extremely non-linear. The models for forest specialist, generalist and total woody species richness accounted for 35%, 31% and 33% of the total variance respectively. Model for non-forest species richness only accounted for 7% of the total variance. The largest fraction of variability in species richness was accounted by fragmentation variables for all groups (except for non-forest species). Results emphasize the larger independent effect of fragmentation over forest loss, suggesting that species variation is mainly conditioned by the spatial configuration of the habitat.     

Wintering Habitat Evaluation of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Forest Area of Northeastern China

IntroductionTheprofessionalsworkofwildlifemanagementisatargetforpopulationmanagement,butmoreandmoreprofessionalsworkersareinterestedinthemanagementofthewildlifehabitat(Belley,1984).ItisoneofessentiafworksforustoappraisehabitatwiththescientificmanagementontheReddeerpopulation.Soitisusefultoconservation,developmentandutilizationoftheReddeerinananimal'sperspective.Sincethe1970'smanyscientistshavebeenstudyingthehabitatevaluationfordeer.Severalmodelsandmethodssuchasthelineardiagram,thematrixmodel…     

Post-fire habitat restoration of sables during winter season in northern slope of the Great Xing＇an Mountains

Habitat loss and fragmentation have been associated with the decline of endangered species. In 1987, a catastrophic fire in the northern Great Hing＇an Mountains of China, where the main habitat of sables （Martes zibellina） is located, aggravated the loss and fragmentation of the forest landscape. Due to restricted distribution and low population density, sables were listed in the national first-grade protected species in China. The objective of this paper was to identify to what extent the habitat of sables had been restored 13 years after the fire. Based on the behavioral data, which came from field survey information by radio-tracking, GPS （Global Positioning System） and forest inventory data, suitability habitat maps were derived using the Ecological Niche Suitability Model （ENSM）. In addition, the habitat structure was analyzed with selected landscape indices. Although forest cover mostly had been restored by 2000, the results indicated that, compared to the pre-fire situation, the areas of suitable habitat had been reduced significantly, especially those of less suitable, marginally suitable and moderately suitable designation. Fragmentation was aggravated, and suitable patches were found to be further isolated with the exception of those in most suitable areas. The ratio of the patch perimeter to area in unsuitable, moderately suitable and suitable areas decreased, while the ratios within other suitability types increased. Moreover, the percentage of soft boundaries decreased slightly, which can influence the redistribution of sables. The results above indicated that the suitable habitat had deteriorated, and the restoration of the sables＇ habitat remained to be done.     

Importance of habitat type classifications for predicting ruffed grouse use of areas for drumming

To incorporate ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) habitat planning in forest management, it is necessary for managers to understand factors contributing to grouse habitat use. Previous studies examining ruffed grouse drumming habitat documented relationships between drumming grouse and broad vegetation categories (e.g., northern hardwoods, young aspen [Populus spp.], oak [Quercus spp.]), but few studies have documented how drumming grouse respond to ecological variations in site conditions of aspen or other vegetation types that might be used. Our objectives were to determine the utility of habitat type classifications in predicting the occurrence of ruffed grouse drumming habitat in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and demonstrate how classifications may be used to understand how forest management may affect ruffed grouse habitat. We used survey routes on state land and conducted drumming surveys during mid-April and early May at 78 points in 2005 and 2006. We recorded the number of drumming males heard at each point, the azimuth to where the grouse was heard, and a qualitative measure of distance to determine in which forest stands grouse were drumming. Using GIS, we determined the specific vegetation type, age class, and habitat type, evaluated habitat suitability, and determined a suitability score for areas in which grouse were drumming. We constructed a logistic regression model that calculated the probability of grouse use of areas for drumming based on vegetation characteristics at used and random locations. Our results indicated that the probability of grouse use of an area for drumming is based on inherent site characteristics (i.e., habitat type) and habitat suitability. The model is useful for planning forest management activities and understanding how grouse may respond to spatial or temporal changes in vegetation through succession or manipulation.     

广西宜州龙江河畔赤腹松鼠春季栖息地选择

2008和2009年3—5月,采用直接观察法对广西宜州龙江河畔赤腹松鼠春季栖息地的选择进行调查和分析,结果表明：赤腹松鼠喜欢郁闭度好、水源距离10-50m、坡度20—40°、避风性良好、坡向东坡和南坡、坡位中坡位或上坡住、食物因子良好,人为干扰距离10-20m,海拔50—150m,乔木密度〈50株,灌木密度50～200株,乔木距离1～4m,灌木距离〈2m的栖息地;水源距离、坡度、海拔、灌木距离、人为干扰距离和灌木密度无显著差异（P〉0．05）,郁闭度、避风性、坡向、坡位、食物因子、乔木密度和乔木距离存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。     

Species-specific responses of woodland birds to stand-level habitat characteristics: The dual importance of forest structure and floristics

Several species of woodland birds have recently declined in Britain and there is a need to understand better how species are distributed across a wide spectrum of habitat types in order to develop appropriate conservation management strategies. To assess habitat associations of 28 woodland species, a large-scale study was carried out across Great Britain. A total of 2668 stands embedded in 825 woodland sites were surveyed. The number of species recorded in each stand and the occurrence of each species was examined in relation to the unique (or marginal) effects of gross structural characteristics of stands (growth stage and understorey structure), plant species composition (floristics) expressed in terms of dominant tree, shrub layer and field layer species and both sets of variables considered together whilst controlling for the spatial distribution of sites and site identity. The number of species recorded was independently related to growth stage, understorey structure, tree composition and field layer type. Eighteen species showed at least one significant relationship in models containing structure variables only. Thirteen species showed at least one significant relationship in models containing floristic variables only. In models containing both structure and floristic variables; 14 species showed at least one significant relationship with a structure variable, 9 species with at least one floristic variable and 8 species with both at least one structure and at least one floristic variable. Different bird species showed individualistic patterns of association with habitat variables. Results suggest that structure and floristics have complex and inter-related effects on bird distribution across woodland stands. Some of the apparent relationships with structure were a consequence of between-stand differences in floristics and vice versa whilst in two cases relationships with structure variables became apparent after controlling for the masking effects of floristic variables. Both vegetation structure and floristics appear to be important determinants of composition in bird assemblages in British woodland, though gross structural factors have previously received most emphasis. The existence of species-specific responses to habitat variation suggests that habitat heterogeneity, embracing structure and floristics, should be a key element in conservation planning within forests especially in the light of uncertainty about future regional species pools due to climate change. We discuss how responses of birds to habitat variation at the level of stands can form a basis for developing large-scale conservation strategies within managed forests.     

基于MAXENT生态位模型对内蒙古根河地区驼鹿生境适宜性评价

2013～2015年冬季,综合运用动物生态调查、种群生态学和行为生态学等技术,在内蒙古根河林业局共布设71条长约2～4 km样线、调查313个10 m×10 m样方、1 489个2 m×2 m样方、共收集117份粪便,373个驼鹿出现点数据。利用驼鹿出现数据作为分布点数据,选取地形、植被类型等22种因子作为生境变量,利用MAXENT生态位模型分析了深冬时期根河地区驼鹿冬季生境适宜性分布特征和主要生境因子对驼鹿分布的影响。结果表明:模型预测结果准确性较高,平均AUC(area under the curve,受试工作者曲线下面值)值为0.92,Jackknife检验结果显示:驼鹿生境选择的主要影响因子为距道路距离、距火烧迹地距离、距农田距离、海拔、柳、距沼泽距离、距人为活动点距离、距灌丛距离。驼鹿的适宜生境在根河地区呈现连续性分布,主要分布在东部和东北部,从植被类型上看,适宜生境大部分分布于针叶林,且适宜生境的面积为1 155.8 km^2,约占根河研究区总面积的25.6%。     

Distribution of cranes in Hulunber Grassland and Daxing'an Mountains Forest Region in Inner Mongolia

lntroductionAnimaIResearchlnstituteoftheChineseAcademyofSciences.ForestProgramInstituteofDaxing'anMountain,InnerMongoliaUniversity,lnnerMongoIiaFarmingandAnimalHusbandryCoIlege,NortheastForestryUniversity,etc.haveconductedaseriesofinvestigationandstudiesonthefauna,popuIationofeconomic-valuedspeciesandmousepestcontrolinlnnerMongoIianD..i.gi..MountainsForestsandHulunberGrassIand.AfewmonographsandpapersonitwerepubIished.Butspecificstudiesandthor-Oughinvestigationhavenotbeendoneoncran…     

黑樱桃的特性及引种前景分析

介绍了黑樱桃在原产地美国的分布范围，适生条件，生长发育习性，经济价值和用途。分析了黑樱桃在我国可能适生的范围和引种发前景。     

太白山自然保护区大熊猫栖息地干扰因素调查

强烈干扰会对大熊猫栖息地产生严重影响。针对太白山保护区内所受到的干扰类型及强度进行调查分析发现,该地区主要存在竹子开花及其他自然干扰,割竹、旅游、挖药、采伐、偷猎、放牧等6种人为干扰,干扰主要分布在海拔1600～2540m范围内。竹子开花是最严重的干扰因素,占所有干扰样方的41.9%,其次是旅游活动、割竹的干扰,所占比例依次为25.7%、15.2%,其他的干扰影响较小。根据调查结果,并针对突出问题提出了相应的建议和措施。