木材CT图像的三维重构

运用CT技术对木材进行无损检测,运用多重分型频谱技术可以对木材CT图像进行有效的边缘检测.针对木材CT图像低对比度、原木缺陷边缘提取困难等问题,采用多重分型频谱技术对处理后的图像进行提取,提取的边缘信息清晰完整、准确度较高,为后续的木材CT图像的三维重建提供有效信息.使用线性插值法对木材CT图像进行三维重建,该方法具有便于理解、实现简单和运算速度快的特点.所运用的线性插值法对木材CT图像三维重建的过程有较好重建效果,具有重建图像直观、清晰的优点,这种重建理论为提高木材利用效率和原木的虚拟切割提供了一种有效的思路.     

基于分数布朗随机场与分形参数的原木漏节图像处理

本文提供了一种基于分形理论中分数布朗随机场模型和分形参数H值的X -射线原木漏节图像处理方法。分数布朗随机场模型是描述自然景物的有效方法 ,在图像区域的小范围内 ,灰度表面具有统计意义上的自相似性 ,但在不同图像区域的交界处 ,这种分形的规律性将会被破坏 ,在此求出的分形参数H值将会发生奇异 ,据此可以判断出该处为图像的边缘或交界处。从试验的结果可以看出这种方法对X -射线原木漏节图像非常有效 ,同时对计算机进行自动模式识别有重要意义     

原木CT图像边缘检测的几种算法

通过对图像边缘检测的几种不同算子的比较，找出各种算子的优缺点。并根据原木的CT图像对各种算子进行边缘检测试验，从中找出比较适合原木CT图像的边缘检测。     

基于分形维数特征的原木漏节图像的研究

采用X射线法透射木材,根据检测透射物体后射线的强度差异,建立木材X射线的分形模型。采用计算盒子维数的方法对原木漏节X射线图像进行有效的边缘检测,用分形维数D的大小来定量描述原木漏节图像的不规则程度,以确定缺陷所在。研究表明背景部分与边缘部分的分形维数存在一定程度的差别,正常部分分维数值大约在2.007 3左右,漏节边缘分维数值大约在1.400 0~1.900 0之间。     

基于图像的原木去弯截断方法

为了提高小径级原木的出材率,需要对原木进行去弯截断处理,为此设计了原木图像检测与去弯截断系统.分析了原木图像处理流程,研究了基于最大类间方差法的原木图像分割方法,并对分割后的原木图像进行了形态学滤波.在此基础上,采用边缘检测方法实现了原木图像中心线提取,给出了基于中心线的原木自动去弯截断方法.试验结果验证了原木图像处理方法的有效性.     

基于模糊聚类分析的木材缺陷CT图像分割

为了提高木材的利用率,在木材加工之前对木材缺陷CT图像进行分割,将节子和空洞等缺陷分割出来,通过观察缺陷的位置便于工人师傅下锯。利用计算机断层扫描（CT）技术获取木材缺陷图像,将数字图像处理技术与模糊聚类算法相结合,在标准的模糊C均值算法的基础上改进,采用半模糊聚类的分析方法对木材缺陷图像进行分割检测。实验结果表明：基于半模糊聚类的图像检测方法在木材图像检测上取得了较好的效果,缺陷边缘处很平滑,细节保留完整,更多的保留了边缘上的信息。从而证明了半模糊聚类分析法在木材缺陷CT图像处理方面具有可行性。     

结合深度学习与Hough变换的等长原木材积检测系统

针对成捆堆放的原木端面图像,利用机器视觉方法开发一个材积检测系统,算法的鲁棒性和系统应用的方便性是两个关键难点。为了解决上述问题,实现原木材积自动化检测,设计并开发了结合深度学习与Hough变换的等长原木材积检测系统。首先,在对训练样本做了旋转、调整曝光度、加噪声等提高模型鲁棒性的预处理后,使用YOLOv3?tiny卷积神经网络对原木端面图像进行目标检测,计算得到每一个原木端面对应的目标区域;其次,在对目标区域计算边缘并去除目标区域中心噪声边缘后,利用Hough变换圆检测算法计算原木端面轮廓的准确直径;最后,开发了操作简捷方便的用户界面,根据用户输入的一个原木轮廓径级校准信息和长度,即可实现图中所有原木的材积检测。本系统在多种原木端面图像上,包括端面完好、端面伐痕、端面霉变、环境复杂等情景进行实验验证,系统真检率为98.79%,误检率为0.602%。结果显示本系统在各种复杂原木端面图像上具有很好的鲁棒性,同时为了兼容深度学习算法与用户界面设计,本系统在PyQt5核心库上实现了操作界面,其操作简洁、使用方便。     

基于三维激光扫描技术的原木三维图像重构

为实时健康监测森林资源的生长状况,以原木为试验样本,利用三维激光扫描技术(3D Laser Scanning Technology)对原木进行扫描,得到原木点云数据,共计1 016 990个数据点。经扫描直接得到的点云数据存在噪点且数据量过多,给重构原木三维模型增加了困难,因此需要对点云数据进行分割、去噪和精简。本研究应用K均值(K-means)聚类算法对点云数据进行数据分割;自组织映射(Self Organization Map,SOM)神经网络对点云数据进行数据去噪;弦高偏移算法(Chord Height Offset Algorithm)对点云数据进行数据精简;最后得到564 821个数据点,根据处理后的点云数据对原木三维模型进行重构。试验结果证明,得到的原木三维重构图像清晰且不失真,保留了表面的完整特征信息,进而对树木的生长状况进行评估,此方法也可应用在遥感卫星图像处理上。     

计算机断层扫描技术(CT)在原木无损检测中的应用

介绍了计算机断层扫描技术(CT)对原木缺陷进行检测的原理,针对第三代CT对原木检测的特点,总结了计算机断层扫描技术对原木缺陷进行检测的优点,阐述了当今国内外的计算机断层扫描技术对原木检测的研究现状,指出其在原木无损检测中应用的发展趋势。     

原木横截面CT图像的伪彩色增强方法对比研究

CT灰度图像具有分辨率低,不利于人眼直观分析等不足,而CT图像直观分析是最基本的CT分析方法。为提高原木CT图像的分辨率,利用在不同温度(15、-5、-20℃)下扫描获取的杉木、红松和冷杉三个树种原木横截面CT图像,采用灰度级-彩色变换方法,通过彩虹码和热金属码的编码方法实现图像伪彩色增强,并对两种方法在不同温度下CT图像的增强效果和特征进行对比分析。研究表明:(1)伪彩色增强方法能显著提高CT图像的视觉分辨率,减少直观判断误差。如视觉灰度相近的A与B两处(CT值范围分别为-550~-680Hu和-530~-730Hu)在不同方法的增强图像中呈现出不同的颜色差异。(2)热金属码的视觉增强效果低于彩虹码。彩虹码能为CT图像直观分析提供更多的细观物理信息,而热金属码能更加明确、清晰地划分出木材内部不同密度的结构分布。(3)相较于CT灰度图像,伪彩色增强后的图像有利于研究不同温度下木材内部结构、各相组分的变化情况,为定量研究温度对木材内部水分的状态和含量变化提供新的思路。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.