花椒萎蔫植株土壤微生物菌落结构特征研究初报

土壤微生物是土壤质量的重要指标,为探索花椒萎蔫植株周围土壤微生物群落结构特征,该文采用llluminaHiseq高通量测序技术处理和分析了四川省汉源县花椒萎蔫植株与正常植株根际土壤微生物群落结构差异。结果表明:萎蔫植株周围土壤微生物的群落结构有明显改变,使丰度发生了变化,变化较大的细菌如Bacillus、uncultured Sphiongomonas kaistobacter sp.、Anaerolineaoeae、uncultured Gemmatimonadaceae gemmatimonadales等;变化较大的真菌如Ceratobasidium、Ilyonectria morspanacis、Cryptococcus podzolicus、Penicillium等,表明花椒萎蔫植株周围土壤中微生物群落结构出现失衡现象。     

西双版纳与海南橡胶林根际细菌群落组成与多样性研究

微生物在推动营养物质在土壤的生物化学循环、促进植物生长和抑制植物病害中起着非常重要的作用.为了解西双版纳地区和海南地区橡胶林根际微生物群落种类组成和空间分布对多样性格局特征的影响,采用高通量测序的方法,在西双版纳地区和海南地区分别选取3个地区橡胶林作为研究对象,分析根际细菌的组成多样性和大尺度地理分布格局.结果显示:橡...     

林火干扰对土壤氮组分及微生物氮循环影响研究进展

林火干扰作为森林生态系统中能量传递和养分循环的重要因子,对于研究火烧迹地植被更新与快速恢复可提供一定的数据理论支撑,而林火干扰对土壤微生境及微生物氮循环的影响机制一直是广大学者研究的热点。文中从火烧强度、恢复时间、火烧木管理方式等3个方面总结国内外林火干扰对土壤氮组分及氮循环的影响研究进展,揭示了林火干扰和全球气候变化对土壤氮循环的短期及长期影响机制,探讨不同生物技术在林火干扰下土壤微生物氮循环基因丰度变化中的应用;提出未来林火干扰对森林生态系统土壤氮循环影响的研究展望:1）全面比较研究不同林火干扰模式对土壤氮组分、微生物氮循环的影响;2）研究评价不同林火干扰模式下土壤氮库的稳定性;3）加强高通量测序、定量PCR技术、宏基因组学、稳定同位素探测等技术在林火干扰与气候变化对森林生态系统影响研究中的应用。研究结果对火烧迹地植被更新、土壤氮库的重建与功能发挥具有重要意义。     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林60hm~2动态监测样地土壤微生物物种估算

【目的】选取海南岛尖峰岭国家级自然保护区内60 hm2大型固定森林样地作为研究区域,利用高通量测序技术和统计推断估算方法,对土壤细菌和真菌的物种丰富度进行估算,比较5种参数和非参数估算方法的精度。【方法】通过Illumina MiSeq测序技术,获得大样地内的500个(40 m×30 m)样方的0～10 cm土壤层的细菌16S rRNA和真菌的ITS2 rRNA基因序列。通过参数估计量SAC和SAD和非参数估计量Chao2、ICE和Jackknife1,对样地内土壤微生物群落OTU丰富度进行估算;并基于OTU在所有样方中的丰度和出现频率,利用R包i NEXT分析样品覆盖率。【结果】从500个样品中分别获得属于土壤细菌和真菌的高质量DNA序列条数分别为14 000 317和7 656 130条,这些序列数据被鉴定为细菌和真菌OTU数量分别有42 873个和22 923个。比较5种参数和非参数估计量估算结果,发现各估计量之间的估算结果相差较小且都呈现略高于观察到的物种数,其中非参数Chao2的估算结果最精确。Chao2准确地外推估算出细菌的OTU个数为42 828,真菌的OTU个数为23 137。i NEXT分析结果表明,本研究测序所获得的序列数和采集的土壤样品对样地内土壤微生物类群的覆盖率均高达99%以上,特别是基于土壤微生物OTU丰度的样品覆盖率均达100%。【结论】1)非参数Chao2是所有估计量中最优的估计量,该估计量表现出较低的外推误差; 2)要准确估算微生物的丰富度,至少需要281个土壤样品和742 767条DNA序列才覆盖99%的土壤细菌OTU丰富度,而对土壤真菌群落的OTU丰富度则至少需要386个土壤样品和383 189条DNA序列。本研究可为后期海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林60 hm2大样地土壤微生物多样性研究提供数据基础,为更好地估算微生物多样性提供方法、采样量和测序深度等方面的参考。     

寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤细菌微生物量和群落组成研究

为了研究不同林型兴安落叶松林土壤细菌微生物量和土壤细菌群落结构特征,探讨微生物量和群落组成变化的分布规律及影响因子,选择了4个典型兴安落叶松林:藓类兴安落叶松林、杜香兴安落叶松林、草类兴安落叶松林和杜鹃兴安落叶松林,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)和高通量测序的方法,分析了4个林型土壤细菌的微生物量和群落组成。结果表明:PLFA法检测出4个林型中C12~C20 8种类型共44种不完全分布的PLFAs生物标记,4个林型中的兴安落叶松林细菌生物量最高,草类兴安落叶松林最低;高通量共检测出19门35纲55目87科92属细菌,其中变形菌纲Alphaproteobacteria、γ-变形菌纲Gammaproteobacteria、酸杆菌纲Acidobacteria、β变形菌纲Betaproteobacteria、放线菌纲Actinobacteria丰度较高。通过冗余分析分析发现,有效磷对土壤细菌生物量的影响较大,土壤pH值、土壤含水率和土壤养分对土壤细菌的群落组成影响比较明显。本研究表明寒温带兴安落叶松林中不同土壤环境的土壤细菌微生物量和群落组成存在差异,且与土壤环境因子之间具有相关性。     

基于高通量测序技术研究黄栌根际土壤微生物多样性

为了揭示香山公园不同植物配置对黄栌根际土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,采用高通量测序技术(Illumina MiSeq)对不同年份和不同地点采集的黄栌根际土壤中的真菌进行ITS+5.8S rDNA基因测序、细菌进行16S rDNA基因V3-V4区测序分析。结果表明,2018年香山公园黄栌根际土壤样品中真菌多样性明显高于2016年,而且2018年驯鹿坡健康黄栌根际土壤的真菌多样性高于发病黄栌,有5个土壤样品中黄栌枯萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)检测为阳性。2018年驯鹿坡发病黄栌根际土壤的细菌多样性最低,而2018年阆凤亭侧柏下健康黄栌根际土壤的细菌多样性最高。     

高通量测序技术及其在植物研究中的应用

随着“后基因组时代”的到来,国际学术界已经认识到发展快速低成本测序技术的重要性。在这样的背景下,高通量测序技术应运而生,其代表性技术平台有Roche的454测序技术、Illumina的Solexa测序技术和ABI的Solid测序技术。笔者通过查阅相关文献,系统回顾了第1代测序技术发展过程,详细叙述了高通量测序技术原理和方法,探讨了高通量测序技术在植物分子生物学研究中的应用。     

不同树种林下套种金花茶土壤微生物多样性分析

为研究不同树种林下套种金花茶(Camellia nitidissima)土壤微生物多样性,利用Illumina-MiSeq高通量测序技术对印度紫檀(Pterocarpus indicus)×金花茶林、荔枝(Litchi chinensis)×金花茶林和湿地松(Pinus elliottii)×金花茶林土壤微生物进行测序,并分析土壤微生物群落结构差异及其与枯落物和土壤理化性质之间的关系,以期为林下套种金花茶栽培模式选择适宜的上层树种提供理论依据。结果表明,不同树种套种处理,土壤pH、有机质和全磷含量对土壤细菌多样性影响显著,毛管持水量对土壤真菌多样性影响显著。印度紫檀、荔枝和湿地松林下的土壤中占比最多的细菌和真菌群落分别为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,29.81%)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota,77.61%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,34.67%)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota 62.19%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,30.50%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,63.55%)。印度紫檀林下套种模式的土壤微生物丰富度和多样性最高,特有的细菌属种类也远远多于其他两种。综合考虑土壤理化性质和微生物多样性,在林下套种金花茶模式中,适宜选择落叶阔叶林作为上层林树种。     

马尾松叶表微生物多样性

为发掘对林木生长发育有利的优良微生物资源,并筛选适合叶表微生物的收集方法,以马尾松针叶为试验材料,分别用悬摇法和超声波法收集马尾松叶表微生物,用扩增子高通量测序技术、MUSCLE和Qiime软件研究马尾松叶表微生物的多样性。结果表明:扫描电镜观测结果显示,马尾松针叶表面定殖有大量微生物,包括真菌(菌丝及孢子)和细菌。扩增子高通量测序结果表明,马尾松叶表微生物物种丰富,包含细菌运算分类单位(OTUs)490个,真菌OTUs 1273个。马尾松叶表细菌以未分类的蓝细菌属(unidentified_Cyanobacteria)(36.53%)、未分类的拜叶林克氏菌属(unidentified_Beijerinckia)(28.60%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)(2.35%)为优势属;叶表真菌以枝孢属(Cladosporium)(2.45%)、拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis)(0.92%)、无头孢菌属(Capnobotryella)(0.91%)为优势属。针对叶表细菌多样性的研究表明,悬摇法和超声波法均有较高的物种检出度;在叶表真菌多样性的研究中超声波法优于悬摇法,但超声波法样品间数据变异性较大,测定结果不稳定。     

刚竹属3个竹种根际土壤微生物群落结构

采集江西省林科院竹种园刚竹属3个竹种——毛竹、雷竹及黄秆乌哺鸡竹根际土壤作为研究对象，采用高通量测序技术比较3个竹种根际土壤微生物群落结构，分析其种类及多样性的差异。结果表明：不同竹种根际微生物群落结构具有一定差异性。3个竹种根际土壤细菌群落在各级分类水平上组分相似，构成比例差异不大。真菌群落在各级分类水平上组分相似，构成比例差异显著。在3个竹种中毛竹和雷竹根际土壤固氮菌群落构成组分及比例都更接近。由此可见，不同竹种的根际微生物群落都有其特异性，因此在培育中应对不同的竹种选择施用适当的微生物菌肥，以促进竹种根际土壤优势菌群的形成，进而促进竹种的生长。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket-peatland streams: II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon

Streams and drains in blanket-peatland forest in western Ireland were sampled weekly over 5 years, 1996–2000, using continuous, depth-proportional passive sampling. Analysis was for pH, alkalinity by Gran titration, anions by IC, metals by ICP, aluminium speciation by loaded-resin exchange, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by absorbance at 320 nm.

Effects of felling are identified graphically from two forest drains whose catchments (both about 1 ha) were clearfelled, and partial clearfelling of one larger catchment (somewhat over 1 km²), in summer 1999. Calcium concentrations and alkalinity were increased in the drain- and streamwater from the felled areas. The pH was increased in drains, while in the larger stream, pH range decreased while the mean increased. Phosphorus increased markedly with clearfell, in the absence of recent fertilising, and also increased with fertilising; these results are reported in an accompanying paper. Ammonium-nitrogen concentrations were increased in the two drains with felling, and temporarily decreased in the larger stream. Nitrate increased in some cases. Potassium and manganese concentrations also increased. Concentrations of DOC and organic monomeric aluminium increased gradually, subject to a continuing strong annual cycle. There were no clearfelling effects on concentrations of solphate, suspended solids or inorganic monomeric aluminium. In the two drains (fully clearfelled), concentrations of sodium, chloride and magnesium, and conductivity, were all reduced after felling. Fertilising effects other than for phosphorus were indistinct.

Effects of the combined clearfell–reforestation treatment were testable statistically, using randomised intervention analysis, between two larger streams (1 km²) as a treatment–control comparison. There were statistically significant positive responses in streamwater concentrations of nitrate, potassium, calcium, DOC and aluminium fractions. The implications for management practice depend on whether the loss of nutrients is sustainable for future crop productivity, and whether critical limits and loads of receiving ecosystems are exceeded.     

Effect of Drought on Growth and Mortality of Actively Growing Norway Spruce Container Seedlings Planted in Summer

Survival, root egress and height growth of 13-month-old actively growing Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) container seedlings exposed to preplanting drying treatments (0, 4, and 8 days) and postplanting drought periods (1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks) were studied in the field between 5 July and 18 August 1999. The mortality of seedlings increased and the height growth and root egress decreased throughout the postplanting drought period. Postplanting performance was also affected by preplanting drying treatments. The results indicate that no risk of excessive mortality and growth restrictions occurs when actively growing seedlings are planted in summer, provided that seedlings are well watered before planting and the drought period does not exceed 3 weeks.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.