Thrips-mediated impacts from transgenic rice expressing Cry1Ab on ecological fitness of non-target predator Orius tantilus(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)

Various rice lines have been genetically modified with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) to continuously produce Bt insecticidal proteins against lepidopteran larvae. The Bt insecticidal protein constantly expresses in the plants to create an opportunity for non-target herbivores to acquire and convey the protein to their predators or parasitoids across trophic levels. This paper evaluates the effects of Bt rice(namely, Kemindao 1(KMD1) and Kemindao 2(KMD2)) expressing Cry1 Ab as compared to its non-Bt control line, Xiushui 11 on non-target predator Orius tantilus(a generalist predatory anthocorid of thrips) under laboratory and field conditions. To measure several biological parameters such as total nymphal duration and fecundity of this bug, it was reared on thrips and pollens of KMD1 and KMD2 as compared to their control under laboratory conditions. By comparison with the control, Bt rice did not significantly affect main life-history characteristics(total nymphal duration, female adult longevity, oviposition period and fecundity) of this anthocorid preying on Bt rice-fed thrips along with Bt rice pollens, except that the fecundity of this predator for KMD1 was distinctly lower as compared with KMD2 or the control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) results showed that no Cry1 Ab protein was detected in this predator fed on thrips or rice pollen from Bt rice but was in Bt rice pollens. With the beat plate, plastic bag and color trap sampling methods, two-year field monitoring of O. tantilus abundance demonstrated that Bt rice had no significant detrimental effects on the population dynamics and seasonal average densities of this predatory anthocorid as compared with the control. Thus, it is suggested that growing our tested Bt rice(KMD1 and KMD2) producing Cry1 Ab will pose a negligible risk to the anthocorid, O. tantilus.     

Bt转基因抗虫水稻的研究进展及其对家蚕的风险评估

Bt基因是目前农业上使用最广泛的抗虫基因。近年来,Bt基因已广泛用于转基因抗虫水稻的研究,进展极为迅速。我国在Bt转基因抗虫水稻的培育方面处于世界领先水平,且有可能成为世界上率先商品化种植Bt转基因抗虫水稻的国家之一。为此,概述了Bt基因的发展状况、国内外Bt转基因抗虫水稻的研究进展及其对非靶标经济昆虫家蚕的生态风险,以期为Bt转基因抗虫水稻的商品化种植和重要经济昆虫的合理保护提供科学依据和理论参考。     

Risk Assessment and Biosafety Studies of Transgenic Bt Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Transgenic crops having alien genes from different sources are getting popularity. A Rice （Oryza sativa L.） containing gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium, was assessed to study the potential risks of transgenic plants on environment. The crop was found resistant to target insect pests. Rice variety Basmati-370 transformed with two insecticidal genes, crylAc and cry2A, was grown under field conditions for several years. Data were collected at different stages of the plant growth. Fate of Cry protein in soil, effect of Bt protein on non-target insects, risks of vertical and horizontal gene flow were evaluated. No potential hazard was found at all levels. Bt protein was unstable and degraded significantly in soil within 30 days after harvesting the crop. No harmful effects were found on non-target insects （insects other than order lepidoptera）. Maximum gene flow of 0.02% was observed at close spacing and no evidence of horizontal gene transfer to Rhizobium spp. was found. In conclusion, the transgenic rice plants transformed with Bt genes have no harmful effects on the environment.     

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps rice (G6H1) with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory results showed that no significant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline (XS110). However, the development duration of nymphs was significantly shorter and female longevity significantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr field trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not significantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and field, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term field experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to confirm the present conclusions in future.     

Bt水稻对蜘蛛优势类群及其与猎物相关性的影响

以转cry1Ab/cry1Ac基因水稻汕优63（以下简称Bt水稻）为供试材料,亲本汕优63（非Bt水稻）为对照,在田间自然条件下研究了Bt水稻对稻田蜘蛛优势类群消长动态及其与猎物相关性的影响。结果表明,Bt和非Bt稻田中蜘蛛优势类群发生数量相对大小依次为：皿蛛〉狼蛛〉园蛛〉肖蛸。2种类型稻田中蜘蛛优势类群消长动态基本一致,早期狼蛛和肖蛸占优势,随后园蛛和皿蛛成为田间优势蜘蛛类群,但Bt水稻田各类优势蜘蛛数量都显著高于相应非Bt水稻田。2种类型稻田中蜘蛛优势类群与2类主要害虫稻飞虱和叶蝉消长动态相关性存在一定差异。其中,狼蛛与2类主要害虫消长动态相关性在非Bt水稻上达到显著或极显著水平;而在Bt水稻上相关性不显著;肖蛸与2类主要害虫消长动态相关性在2类型稻田中都不显著。     

转Bt基因抗虫水稻的研究进展

介绍了Bt基因及转Bt基因抗虫水稻的作用机理,综述了转Bt基因水稻的研究概况,分析了转Bt水稻的生物安全性,并展望了Bt水稻的发展趋势,以期为Bt水稻的安全性评价及大规模商业化种植提供参考。     

转基因抗虫水稻中Bt蛋白表达量的研究

[目的]对转基因抗虫水稻中Bt蛋白表达量进行研究。[方法]应用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)定量检测转基因抗虫水稻生相同生长时期不同部位的Bt蛋自表达量。[结果]转基因水稻灌浆期不同组织中Bt蛋白表达绝对含量的高低顺序为:叶片>未成熟种子及颖壳>根>茎杆;在水稻不同的生长发育(分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期)阶段,转基因Bt水稻中Bt蛋白的含量有一些变化;一般在水稻生长后期Bt蛋白的浓度有所下降,但幅度不大,对其抗性不会造成太大影响。[结论]该试验对田间害虫的防治以及转基因水稻的育种都具有重要意义。     

转Bt基因水稻生长期几种重要成分含量的变化研究

 对Bt水稻汕优63及其非转基因亲本汕优63不同生长期几种重要成分的含量进行了分析，以期为转Bt基因水稻的生态学和安全性评价提供基础代谢方面的依据。结果表明，在抽穗期，Bt水稻和非Bt水稻茎秆和叶片中大部分氨基酸的含量差异显著或极显著；在大部分生长期，Bt水稻和非Bt水稻氮、磷和硅的含量差异显著或极显著，但它们的变化趋势基本一致，氮和磷的含量在拔节期之后均呈下降趋势，而硅的含量则随水稻的生长发育呈上升趋势；在水稻生长前期，Bt水稻可溶性糖和还原糖的含量比非Bt水稻低，但在后期比非Bt水稻高，且差异均显著或极显著。     

转基因抗虫水稻中BT蛋白表达量的研究(英文)

对转基因抗虫水稻中Bt蛋白表达量进行研究。[方法]应用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)定量检测转基因抗虫水稻生同生长期不同部位的Bt蛋自表达量。[结果]转基因水稻灌浆期不同组织中Bt蛋白表达绝对含量的高低顺序为:叶片>未成熟种子及颖壳>根>茎杆;在水稻不同的生长发育(分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期)阶段,转基因Bt水稻中Bt蛋白的含量有一些变化;一般在水稻生长后期Bt蛋白的浓度有所下降,但幅度不大,对其抗性不会造成太大影响。[结论]该试验对田间害虫的防治以及转基因水稻的育种都具有重要意义。     

转Bt基因水稻的碳代谢特性

【目的】评价外源Bt基因导入对水稻碳代谢特性的影响。【方法】以转Bt基因水稻克螟稻1号及其非转基因亲本秀水11,以及克螟稻1号与3个杂交水稻恢复系明恢63、R3027和99亚162杂交和连续回交而育成的农艺性状和抗虫性稳定品系的3对近等基因系为材料,对叶绿素与可溶性糖含量、RuBP 羧化酶、蔗糖合成酶及蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性、干物质及有机碳积累量等碳代谢指标进行了测定。【结果】分蘖盛期克螟稻1号的叶绿素a含量、可溶性糖含量、干物质和有机碳含量均极显著低于秀水11（P＜0.01）,叶绿素b含量、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性显著低于秀水11（P＜0.05）,但其它3对Bt水稻与非Bt水稻间所有生理指标均无显著差异;齐穗期克螟稻1号蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性显著高于秀水11,而干物质和有机碳积累量则显著低于秀水11;BtR3027蔗糖合成酶活性显著低于R3027,而Bt99亚162可溶性糖含量和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性则显著高于99亚162;成熟期所有Bt水稻与各自非Bt水稻间干物质重和有机碳积累量差异均不显著。【结论】克螟稻1号大多数碳代谢指标的显著变化主要是由无性系变异引起的;3对近等基因系中Bt基因对个别碳代谢指标的影响是短暂的,且与Bt基因所处的遗传背景有关。     

豫南水稻害虫发生期及化学防治研究

本文分析了豫南稻区水稻主要害虫二化螟、三化螟、稻纵卷叶螟、稻蓟马、褐飞虱、白背飞虱、中华稻蝗的发生时期。确定了适合豫南稻区的化防防策略、防治适期、防治指标和施药方法。     

转cry1Ac/sck基因抗虫水稻对稻田主要非靶标害虫的田间影响评价

 【目的】研究转基因抗虫水稻对稻田主要非靶标害虫的田间影响。【方法】以转cry1Ac/ sck双基因抗虫水稻株系MSA、MSB、MSA4及其杂交稻21S/MSB、II-32A/MSB与KF6-304为材料，2002年在福建沙县、2003至2004在湖南湘潭县系统地开展了转基因水稻对稻田主要非靶标害虫白背飞虱、褐飞虱、叶蝉及稻瘿蚊的田间影响评价研究。【结果】秧苗期，MSA、MSB、21S/MSB、II-32A/MSB对稻飞虱产卵没有明显影响，稻飞虱在MSA4与KF6-304秧苗上的产卵量显著低于其对照,但所取样本上的产卵量都非常低。水稻移栽后，转基因水稻株系对白背飞虱与褐飞虱种群数量的影响有一定差异,但与它们的对照均无显著差异,整个生长期的数据分析也显示无显著差异。21S/MSB、II-32A/MSB上的叶蝉数量显著或极显著高于其对照，但叶蝉数量很低,单种叶蝉的种群数量则更低,且MSA、MSB、MSA4与KF6-304没有引起稻田叶蝉数量的明显变化。在成熟收割前，MSA、MSB有增加无效分蘖上葱管数的态势，但在水稻生长中期都对稻瘿蚊有高的抗性，能减少葱管的形成，降低标葱率。【结论】 转cry1Ac/sck 双基因抗虫水稻MSA、MSB、MSA4及杂交稻21S/MSB、II-32A/MSB与KF6-304不会引起关键非靶标水稻害虫数量的明显上升。导入相同外源基因的不同水稻株系对关键非靶标水稻害虫的影响在时间动态与程度上存在一定的差异，转基因作物生态安全评价需要进行个案分析。     

无标记基因抗虫水稻外源基因向常规栽培水稻漂移研究

本试验以抗虫转基因水稻华恢1号为研究对象,将几种非转基因常规栽培水稻种植在其周围,按不同距离收集F1代非转基因水稻种子.采用PCR技术对各点收集的水稻种子进行转基因杂种鉴定,统计并分析抗虫转基因水稻中外源基因向非转基因常规栽培水稻漂移的频率.结果表明:外源Bt基因向P13381和春江063水稻平均漂移频率皆为零.而抗虫转基因水稻华恢1号与非转基因水稻合系22-2、天香、明恢63、P1157几个品种不同程度地发生了转基因漂移,平均漂移频率最高为0.875％,并且漂移频率随着距离加大而逐渐降低,而在7m以外的所有采样点平均转基因漂移频率为零.该研究表明抗虫水稻华恢1号外源基因的基因漂移频率非常低,其对生态环境的潜在风险很小,通过田间合理布局进行物理隔离,保持合适距离,以及科学安排农时,错开花期等方式,能有效控制转基因水稻外源基因漂移和降低因转基因逃逸带来生态风险.     

不同抗性品种稻田稻飞虱及其主要捕食性节肢动物生态位研究

对3个不同抗稻飞虱品种稻田主要捕食性节肢动物生态位研究结果表明，食虫沟瘤蛛Ulmmeliata insecticepes是早稻田稻飞虱的主要捕食性天敌．空间生态位上2个抗性品种以栉齿锯螯蛛Dyschiriognatha dentata Zhu et Wen宽度最大，感性品种以隐翅甲Staphylinidae最大．中抗品种天敌与稻飞虱的时间生态位以及时间-空间二维生态位重叠明显高于抗虫和感性品种中天敌与稻飞虱的重叠，认为中抗品种捕食性天敌能更有效地控制稻飞虱．     

Bt水稻“克螟稻”对二化螟抗性的遗传分析

 室内离体叶片快速检测法结果发现,KMD1和KMD2两个转Bt抗虫基因纯合品系与常规感虫水稻品种杂交F1群体人工接虫2d后的幼虫死亡率高达100％,表明这两个品系的抗虫性由显性基因控制。田间调查结果发现,KMD1和KMD2与常规感虫粳稻品种杂交F2群体中抗虫株与感虫株的分离比符合3:1,BC1群体中抗虫株与感虫株的分离比符合1:1,表明这些纯合品系的抗虫性由一对显性核主基因控制。     

Mineralization and Availability of Azolla and Cyanobacteria Biomass Nutrients in Rice Soil

Two sets of experiments were conducted to study the chemical composition, mineralization and availability of nutrients （particularly N） of Azolla biomass and cyanohacteria blooms in submerged rice soil. One set of experiment was conducted with Azolla without soil and the other with both Azolla and cyaobacteria with soil, in laboratory condition. Large samples were collected from the rice fields. The study shows that Azolla and cyanobacterial biomass contain good amounts of C, N, P and Ca. The chemical analysis of oxidizable C, total N, P and Ca showed that Azolla biomass contain 20.7% oxidizable C, which is higher than the cyanobacterial biomass （9.18%）. The N content in Azolla biomass was found to be 4.32%, than that of cyanobacterial biomass, i.e., 2.57%, however, P and Ca contents were also found to be higher in Azolla averaging to 124.83 ppm and 345.3 mg/100 g, respectively than cyanobacteria. The leachate analysis revealed that Azolla biomass release about 39.18% to 64.48% oxidizable C and about 19.23% to 33% N after 45 days of incorporation of soil dilution. Incorporation of Azolla and cyanobacterial biomass N@ 100 kg/ha significantly improved the oxidizable organic C, total as well as available N content in soil up to 75 days of incubation. Due to the incorporation of Azolla in soil, oxidizable organic C increased 25.51%, total N 4.10% and available N 47.65%. Almost similar trend of increase was also observed with the incorporation of cyanobacterial blooms.     

转Bt基因水稻安全性评价研究进展

转基因技术的发展为利用外源基因培育优良品种提供了新的途径,目前国内外已培育出多个高抗水稻害虫的转基因水稻材料,并获准进入中间试验和环境释放。但是,人们对转基因抗虫水稻潜在的风险尚存在疑问,这是目前转基因水稻未能进一步获准商品化生产的一个重要原因。简要综述了近年来国内外转Bt基因水稻研究现状与安全性评价的最新进展,主要涉及食品安全性、环境生态安全性及昆虫对其产生抗性,并对将来的工作提出几点建议。     

Effects of Transgenic Bt+CpTI Cotton on Field Abundance of Non-Target Pests and Predators in Xinjiang,China

Transgenic insect-resistant cotton is being increasingly planted in Xinjiang cotton-planting regions, where geographical climate conditions and species composition of pests and natural enemies are greatly unique in China. Limited studies have been conducted on the ecological impacts of transgenic insect-resistant cotton, especially for transgenic double genes (Bt+CpTI) cotton, in this region. In this study, the potential effects of transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton on the seasonal abundance of non-target pests and predators were assessed from 2009 to 2011 in Korla, Xinjiang. The results showed that species composition and seasonal abundance of 5 groups of pests and 5 groups of predators were not significantly different between transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton and non-transgenic cotton every year. It suggests that transgenic Bt+CpTI cotton per se does not affect the population dynamics of non-target pests and predators on this crop in Xinjiang.     

水稻和杂草稻对镉胁迫反应的比较研究

采用水培实验,研究不同浓度Cd2+胁迫对水稻和杂草稻植株的生长、色素含量、抗氧化酶的活性、丙二醛含量、相对电导率以及脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明:(1)Cd2+胁迫条件下,水稻和杂草稻植株地上部分外观伤害随着Cd2+浓度的升高而加重。(2)水稻和杂草稻的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量含量均表现为Cd2+胁迫浓度<0.5 mg.L-1时升高,Cd2+胁迫浓度>0.5 mg.L-1时降低的现象;水稻和杂草稻的类胡萝卜素含量也都表现出Cd2+胁迫浓度<0.5 mg.L-1时降低,然后升高,最后在Cd2+胁迫浓度>1 mg.L-1时降低的现象。(3)水稻的SOD、POD、CAT活性表现出在Cd2+浓度<1 mg.L-1时升高,在Cd2+浓度>1 mg.L-1时降低的现象;杂草稻的SOD、CAT活性表现出在Cd2+浓度<2 mg.L-1时升高,在Cd2+浓度>2 mg.L-1时降低的现象,杂草稻的POD活性表现出随着Cd2+浓度的升高而升高的现象;抗氧化酶活性随着Cd2+浓度升高的变化幅度是水稻>杂草稻。(4)Cd2+胁迫使水稻和杂草稻的丙二醛含量、相对电导率以及脯氨酸含量显著增加,且增加幅度是水稻>杂草稻,说明水稻产生了较严重的膜脂过氧化。总之,对于Cd2+胁迫,在敏感性上水稻>杂草稻,在抗性上杂草稻>水稻。     

2BDQ-8型水稻直播机的研制与应用

[目的]介绍2BDQ-8型水稻直播机的研制与应用,为水稻机械化生产提供理论依据.[方法]将2BDQ-8型水稻直播机在江苏省几个县市地区进行山间生产性示范推广试验,并与人工插秧和机械化插秧相比较,考察其生产和经济状况.[结果]2BDQ-8型水稻直播机作业效率高,使用成本低,机直播作业比机插秧和人插秧节省约30%,综合效益显著.[结论]采用2BDQ-8型水稻直播机进行芽种直播是节本增效的水稻生产技术,值得推广应用. Abstract： [Objective] The aim was to introduce the development and application of 2BDQ-8 rice direct sowing machine and provide a theoretical basis for rice mechanization production.[Method]2BDQ-8 rice direct sowing machine was used for the promotion test in field of several cities and counties in Jiangsu Province,and artificial rice planting and mechanization rice planting were compared to explore the production and economic situation. [Result] 2BDQ-8 rice direct sowing machine had advantages such as high efficiency and low cost,the rice direct sowing machine saved about 30% compared to the artificial rice planting and mechanization rice planting,and the overall efficiency was significant.[Conclusion]2BDQ-8 rice sowing machine was a production technology that had low cost and high efficiency,which should be widely applied.