线粒体损伤对山羊-绵羊异种核移植胚早期发育的影响

【目的】研究线粒体损伤对核移植胚早期发育的影响。【方法】用经光敏化染料罗丹明-123损伤的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞和绵羊卵母细胞,构建山羊-绵羊异种体细胞核移植胚,于38.5℃、相对湿度100%、体积分数5%CO2条件下培养,统计其2-细胞期、8-细胞期和囊胚期的发育率。【结果】山羊核供体线粒体损伤并不影响囊胚期前核移植胚的发育率(P0.05);绵羊卵母细胞线粒体损伤,使核移植胚2-细胞期的发育率下降(P0.05),但不影响8-细胞期和囊胚期的发育率(P0.05);核供体和卵母细胞线粒体都损伤的核移植胚发育率的变化规律与卵胞质受体线粒体损伤的核移植胚一致。【结论】在异种核移植胚的早期发育中,核供体线粒体损伤不影响核移植胚的发育,但卵母细胞受体线粒体损伤明显影响核移植胚的发育率。     

绵羊-绵羊和山羊-绵羊体细胞克隆胚的构建及体外发育研究

【目的】以绵羊卵母细胞为受体,构建绵羊-绵羊和山羊-绵羊体细胞克隆胚,比较其体外发育能力,探讨绵羊卵母细胞对异种体细胞核的再程序化能力。【方法】以体外成熟的绵羊卵母细胞为核受体,分别以绵羊及山羊胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体,经卵母细胞去核、注核、重构胚电融合、激活等一系列操作,构建同种绵羊-绵羊及异种山羊-绵羊体细胞的克隆胚,比较其体外发育能力。【结果】同种间克隆胚的囊胚发育率(16.0%)高于异种间克隆胚(7.4%)。异种间克隆胚在8-细胞到16-细胞及16-细胞到桑椹胚期间的发育能力显著低于同种间克隆胚。2种克隆胚在2-细胞到8-细胞期间的发育速度基本相同,但异种间克隆胚在8-细胞到囊胚期间的发育速度明显低于同种间克隆胚,两者相差12~24 h。【结论】绵羊卵母细胞对异种体细胞核具有再程序化能力,但这种再程序化能力明显低于其对同种体细胞核的再程序化能力。     

陕北白绒山羊种公羊的体细胞克隆

【目的】利用体细胞核移植技术克隆陕北白绒山羊优秀种公羊个体。【方法】以特别优秀成年陕北白绒山羊种公羊耳部皮肤成纤维细胞为供体细胞,体外培养成熟的陕北白绒山羊卵母细胞作为受体,利用显微操作方法对成熟卵母细胞进行去核操作,然后将供体细胞注射到其卵周隙内,经电融合将其导入去核卵母细胞内形成核移植重组胚。利用钙离子载体Ionomycine联合蛋白酶抑制剂6甲基氨基嘌呤（6-DMAP）对核移植重组胚进行激活处理,挑选激活后完整的胚胎继续进行体外培养,然后在2～16细胞期时将克隆胚胎移植到相应的同期发情受体母羊体内,利用PCRRFLP技术鉴定克隆羊。【结果】构建了体细胞核移植胚胎253枚,重组胚胎的融合率为71.54%(181/253),体外培养后的卵裂率为68.33%（123/180）,囊胚发育率为25.20%（31/123）;在此基础上,构建了537枚克隆胚,将其中卵裂的359枚分别移植到32只代孕母羊体内,移植60 d后,有2只受体母羊确认妊娠,最终1只受体母羊妊娠第4月流产出2只死羔;另1只受体母羊维持到期并顺产体细胞克隆羊1只。经遗传学鉴定,2只流产羊羔与1只存活个体均为体细胞核移植后代。【结论】获得陕北白绒山羊克隆个体,建立了相对完善的陕北白绒山羊克隆技术体系。     

马-牛无透明带卵异种克隆的研究

 【目的】开展异种克隆,为濒危动物的保护、细胞核重编程与核质互作研究提供新途径。【方法】以马耳成纤维细胞为供体,牛卵母细胞为受体,采用无透明带手工克隆方法构建异种胚胎,比较不同的激活液、培养液、体细胞同期方式、核移植方法对马-牛异种克隆胚胎体外发育的影响。【结果】（1）A23187 + 6-DMAP联合激活获得的克隆胚胎发育较好,囊胚率2.60%;（2）克隆胚胎于mCR1aa中的卵裂率和桑葚率显著高于CR1aa和SOF（83.65%vs 77.49%,74.87%;22.36%vs19.37%,18.98%,P＜0.05）,且发育到囊胚（2.72%）,CR1aa与SOF间无显著差异;（3）供体细胞经血清饥饿或接触抑制处理后,获得的异种克隆胚的融合率、卵裂率、桑葚率和囊胚率无显著差异;（4）无透明带手工克隆法的融合率显著高于显微注射法（90.33% vs 72.94%）,卵裂率、桑葚率和囊胚率无显著差异;（5）马-牛异种克隆胚与牛同种克隆胚比较,融合率和卵裂率无差别,桑葚率和囊胚率有显著差异（21.78%vs63.52%;2.71%vs37.48%）。【结论】牛卵母细胞能支持马体细胞去分化,进行核重编程。但由于二者的物种距离较远,异种克隆胚胎的发育能力远低于同种克隆胚胎。     

食蟹猴-猪异种体细胞核移植胚胎的构建

[目的]探索食蟹猴—猪异种核移植胚胎的发育能力,为食蟹猴异种核移植胚胎干细胞的构建奠定基础.[方法]以食蟹猴和猪胎儿的耳部成纤维细胞为供体,猪MⅡ期去核卵母细胞为受体,构建异种核移植重构胚,并从核移植融合/激活方式、培养液两个方面进行优化.[结果]70枚食蟹猴—猪异种核移植胚胎中,有49枚分裂（70.0％）,与猪同种核移植胚胎的分裂率（76.6％）无显著差异;使用微卫星引物D15S823对食蟹猴—猪异种核移植胚胎进行遗传学鉴定,均能扩增获得D15S823条带（350 bp）;食蟹猴—猪异种核移植胚胎融合后1h的染色体早熟凝集率（24.2％）显著低于猪同种核移植胚胎（44.7％）和猪孤雌激活胚胎（100.0％）,通过使用无Ca2＋融合液能够显著提高染色体早熟凝集率（48.2％）;在PZM-3、HECM-10和HECM-10＋10％ FBS 3种培养液中,食蟹猴—猪异种核移植胚胎的分裂率无显著差异.[结论]食蟹猴体细胞核能够在猪MⅡ期去核卵母细胞胞质中发生核重塑,并发育到8-细胞阶段.     

猪胚胎细胞核移植

选用杜洛克２～１６细胞期胚胎卵裂球作核供体，湖北白猪卵母细胞作核受体，通过显微操作和电融合法构成重组胚。体外培养时，以融合前２ｈ，１ｈ激活及融合前不激活的卵母细胞做核受体的重组胚，发育率分别为６４．６％（３１／４８），５５．３％（２６／４７）和３４．５％（１９／５５）。６１枚重组胚移入同步发情的５头受体母猪输卵管，１头于妊娠１１７ｄ产下５头核移植仔猪。结果表明，激活卵母细胞作核受体优于未激活卵母细胞。成熟卵母细胞的胞质对于移入的核具有重排能力     

供体细胞的传代次数和不同处理方法对异种核移植效率的影响

实验旨在探讨供体细胞培养代数及其所处的细胞周期对异种核移植效率的影响.以经Hochest33342染色后去核的牛卵母细胞为受体,以处于不同细胞周期的不同代数的人成纤维细胞为供体,采用电融合方法构建重构胚,6-DAMP和乙醇激活重构胚,SOFaa培养液中培养.第20代细胞非饥饿组的融合率、发育率显著低于第20代饥饿组（P＜0.05）,极显著的低于第8代细胞的饥饿组和非饥饿组（P＜0.01）,而8-细胞胚胎率,囊胚率4组间无显著差异.结果表明,饥饿处理对于培养代数低的细胞来说可能是非必要因素,但对于高代次细胞则是提高核移植效率的必要步骤,饥饿处理可使核移植融合率和发育率显著的提高.     

提高山羊卵丘细胞核移植效果的研究

 【目的】提高山羊卵丘细胞核移植效果。【方法】采用秋水仙胺提高山羊卵母细胞去核率,5-氮-2'-脱氧核苷（5-aza-dC）和曲古菌素A（TSA）影响山羊卵丘细胞核移植胚胎。【结果】0.5 μg?ml-1秋水仙胺处理山羊卵母细胞效果最好,胞质突起率达91.7%（P＜0.05）;通过比较盲吸去核法与化学辅助去核法的去核率及构建卵丘细胞核移植胚胎的体外发育能力发现,化学辅助去核法的去核率达100%,所构建的重构胚体外发育能力较高,桑椹胚率和囊胚率分别达25.2%和13.1%,显著高于盲吸去核法（P＜0.05）。采用0.01 μmol?L-1的5-aza-dC处 理山羊卵丘细胞,核移植胚胎桑椹胚率和囊胚率分别达30.4%和17.0%,显著高于其它各组（P＜0.05）;采用 400 nmol?L-1TSA处理山羊卵丘细胞,核移植胚胎桑椹胚率、囊胚率分别达31.5%和15.2%。【结论】化学辅助去核法的去核率显著高于盲吸去核法,采用0.01 μmol?L-1的5-aza-dC或400 nmol?L-1 TSA处理山羊卵丘细胞,效果最佳。     

转K2.9基因绒山羊体细胞核移植技术体系的优化研究

【目的】利用体细胞核移植技术制备转毛角蛋白Ⅱ型中间丝K2.9基因的高绒质绒山羊胚胎,为绒山羊优良品种的培育提供一种全新的技术材料。【方法】以含有Neor 基因标记的K2.9 毛囊特异表达载体pcDNA3.1-K转染绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞,经G418筛选获得转K2.9基因细胞,将获得的转基因阳性细胞与体外成熟的绒山羊卵母细胞进行核移植,并对生产的重构胚进行了体外培养。本文分别进行了激活方法、供体细胞和卵母细胞来源的筛选,且对获得的囊胚进行了PCR鉴定。【结果】（1）Iono+6-D对成年羊卵母细胞的孤雌激活效果好于A23187+6-D,显著提高了胚胎的卵裂率。（2）羔羊孤雌胚的卵裂率显著低于成年羊,但囊胚率差异不显著。（3）来自2只绒山羊胎儿的转基因成纤维细胞对核移植胚的发育没有显著影响,但2号羊的转基因细胞显著提高了融合率。（4）以羔羊卵进行核移植,显著降低了核移植胚的发育率。（5）对获得的囊胚进行PCR鉴定,成功扩增到目的基因。【结论】将K2.9 毛囊特异表达载体pcDNA3.1-K转染的绒山羊胎儿成纤维细胞作为供体细胞,核移植到成年羊卵母细胞中,以Iono+6-D进行激活,首次成功、高效地获得携带K2.9基因的绒山羊囊胚。     

盘羊供体细胞对异种核移植效率的影响

 【目的】利用核移植技术生产异种重构胚,研究供体细胞对异种核移植效率的影响。【方法】以新疆盘羊和绵羊耳皮肤组织建立成纤维细胞系,进行细胞遗传学分析;以来自不同个体、不同代次、不同汇合度和不同保存方式的盘羊成纤维细胞为核供体,当地绵羊卵母细胞为受体,进行异种重构胚的构建。【结果】来自3只盘羊耳皮肤成纤维细胞的异种重构胚的卵裂率与囊胚率均无显著差异;采用10代以内的细胞作为核供体,细胞代次不会影响重构胚的发育率;生长到70％～80％汇合的供体细胞重构胚的囊胚率显著高于刚完全汇合组和汇合2～4 d组;将供体细胞4℃保存2 d,虽降低了卵裂率,但囊胚率没有受到显著影响;盘羊的染色体数目为2 n=56,核型式为4（M）+50（T）,XY（T,M）;绵羊的染色体数目为2 n=54,核型式为6（M）+46（T）,XY（T,M）。【结论】利用本试验中的3只盘羊耳成纤维细胞,培养到10代以内、70％～80％汇合后用于构建异种重构胚,能得到较高的早期胚胎发育率。     

影响兔胚胎细胞核移植效率的因素

 对兔胚胎细胞核移植（NT）的有关影响因素进行了系统研究。结果发现电场强度100 V·mm-1，脉冲时间15μs，电脉冲3～4次的融合率显著高于其它组（P<0.05）；融合前激活卵母细胞，分裂率和囊胚率显著高于融合后激活（P <0.05）；当用8～16-细胞胚胎的卵裂球作供核时，卵裂率和囊胚率显著高于致密桑椹胚卵裂球为供核组；当重组胚在含3%发情牛血清（OCS）的TCM199中培养48 h后，转入含10% FCS的TCM199中继续培养，卵裂率和囊胚率显著高于一直在3% OCS或10% 胎犊血清（FCS）中培养的重组胚（P < 0.05）。将22枚2～4-细胞期重组胚移入同期发情的受体母兔输卵管内，34 d后产下NT仔兔1只。结果表明，电融合参数和供体胚胎的发育阶段以及受体卵母细胞的状态对NT效果有显著影响，在NT胚胎的不同发育阶段采用不同的血清种类和浓度可提高其胚胎发育能力。     

Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Embryonic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Rabbits

Factors affecting the efficiency of nuclear transfer （NT） in rabbits were examined in the present study. When 100 V mm of pulse strength and 15 us of pulse duration were employed, 3 and 4 electronic pulses resulted in significantly more cytoplasts fused with donor cells compared with 2 electronic pulses （P〈 0.05）, but no significant difference was found in the cleavage rate of reconstructed embryos among the three groups （P〉0.05）. When the duration and number of electronic pulse were fixed at 15 ps and 3 times, increase of pulse intensity from 100 V mm 1 to 150 V mm^-1 and 200 V mm^-1 resulted in a significantly decrease in the cleavage rate of reconstructed embryos （P〈 0.05）, although the fusion rate did not significantly differ among the three groups （P〉 0.05）. Significantly more reconstructed embryos cleaved and developed to blastocysts when they were derived from donor embryos at the 8-16-cell stage, in comparison with the reconstructed embryos derived from donor embryos at the compact morula stage （P 〈 0.05）, although the fusion rate was similar （P 〉 0.05）. Activation of cytoplasts prior to fusion increased the cleavage rate （P〈 0.05） and blastocyst development （P〈 0.05） of reconstructed embryos, but decreased the fusion rate （P 〈 0.05） compared with cytoplasts activated post fusion. More reconstructed embryos developed to blastocysts when they were cultured in TCM ＋ 3% OCS at the first 48 h and then cultured in TCM199＋ 10% FCS, in comparison with the reconstructed embryos cultured in either TCM199＋ 10% FCS or TCM199＋3% OCS （P 〈 0.05）. When 22 NT embryos were transferred into the oviducts of one recipient rabbit, one recipient rabbit delivered a female rabbit at 34 days of gestation. In conclusion, either electrofusion parameter or developmental stage of donor embryos have a significant effect on the efficiency of NT, NT embryos require different concentration of serum at their different development stages.     

Serial Nuclear Transfer of Goat-Rabbit Interspecies Reconstructed Embryos

The experiments of serial nuclear transfer were conducted between Boer goat and rabbit. The enucleated oocytes of rabbit were used as recipients while the blastomeres of goat morula was used as nuclear donor. The reconstructed embryos developing to morula were used as donor for serial cloning. As a result, two generations of reconstructed embryos were obtained, including 58 first generation reconstructed embryos and 14 second generation reconstructed embryos. The fusion rates were 79.5 and 70%, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them （P〉0.05）. The cleavage rates were 75.9 and 28.6% respectively with significant difference （P〈0.01）. No blastocyst was obtained from the second generation reconstructed embryos while 13.8% of first generation reconstructed embryos developed to blastocyst.     

Effects of Ooplasmic Transfer on Rabbit Oocyte Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

In order to evaluate the effects of ooplasm on oocyte fertilization and early embryonic development and to study the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) heterogeneity of early embryos, microinjection was first performed to transfer a small amount (5 to 7%) of donor ooplasm into recipient oocytes, then the eggs were fertilized with rabbit sperm through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In group 1 (homogeneous ooplasmic transfer), both the donor and recipient rabbit oocytes were at metaphase Ⅱ (MⅡ). In group 2 (heterogeneous ooplasmic transfer), the donor was mouse MⅡ oocyte and the recipient was rabbit MⅡ oocyte. In the control group, only ICS! was done on rabbit oocyte without ooplasmic transfer.No significant difference (P＞0.05) was observed in blastocyst development rates between group 1 (13.0%, 3/23) and the control group (16.7%, 4/24), but significant difference (P＜0.05) was examined in blastocyst development rate between group 2 (0, 0/27) and the control group. Blastomeres cleaved unequally and embryonic fragments increased after ooplasmic transfer and ICSI. In early embryos, in group 2, donor mouse mtDNA was detected in 2-cell embryos (3/3), 4-cell embryos(3/4), 8-cell embryos (4/4), and morulae (2/2). The mtDNA fingerprinting analysis showed that mouse mtDNA detected in heterogeneous embryos of different developmental stages had exactly the same sequence as that of the donor mouse mtDNA, thus indicating that homogenous ooplasmic transfer had no significant influence on rabbit oocyte fertilization and early embryonic development, and that heterogeneous ooplasmic transfer did cause notable reduction in blastocyst development rate. Heterogeneous mtDNA sequence in early embryos did not mutate. Compared with the control group,the embryonic quality declined after ooplasmic transfer operation in the present experiment.     

供核细胞来源对猪克隆胚胎发育的影响

为研究不同组织来源的供核细胞对猪体细胞核移植胚胎发育能力的影响,分别采用颗粒细胞、耳成纤维细胞和尾成纤维细胞作为供核细胞,移入体外成熟的猪去核卵母细胞中形成重构胚,培养后对比其卵裂率和囊胚率。结果表明：以耳成纤维细胞作为供核细胞的重构胚的囊胚率最高,为17．8％,显著高于颗粒细胞（11．4％）（P〈0．05）。在卵裂率方面,两者无显著差别,分别为65．6％和61．9Voo（P〉o．05）。猪尾尖成纤维细胞的发育能力最差,卵裂率仅为20．2％且未获得囊胚,与其它两组差异显著（P〈O．05）。因此,耳组织来源的成纤维细胞作为供核细胞组织来源丰富且细胞易于传代和保存,以此为供核细胞的重构胚发育能力强,适合作为供核细胞。     

In Vitro Developmental Potential of Cloned Embryos Derived from Bovine Somatic Cells and Rabbits Oocyte

180 reconstituted embryos were produced by nuclear transplantation using bovine ear fibroblasts at G0 or non-G0 stage as donor nuclei and oocytes collected from superovulated multiparous or young rabbits as recipients. After cultivation in two kinds of medium M199+ 10%FBS or RD+ 10%FBS, 112 of them developed to 2-cell stage (62.2%) and 26 to morula stage (14.4%) and 20 of them eventually developed to blastocyst stage (11. 1% ). There is no significant difference for the cleavage rates in two groups of reconstituted embryos derived from G0-stage and non-G0 stage donor cells respectively. However, G0-stage donor cells could result in higher rate of 8-cell - 16-cell stage embryos significantly (P＜0.05), as well as higher rate of blastocysts (P＜0.01). It seems that using two different culture systems had no significant effects on the cleavage rate, morula rate or blastocyst rate (P＞0.05).