Genetic mechanisms of tumor suppression by the human p53 gene

Mutations of the gene encoding p53, a 53-kilodalton cellular protein, are found frequently in human tumor cells, suggesting a crucial role for this gene in human oncogenesis. To model the stepwise mutation or loss of both p53 alleles during tumorigenesis, a human osteosarcoma cell line, Saos-2, was used that completely lacked endogenous p53. Single copies of exogenous p53 genes were then introduced by infecting cells with recombinant retroviruses containing either point-mutated or wild-type versions of the p53 cDNA sequence. Expression of wild-type p53 suppressed the neoplastic phenotype of Saos-2 cells, whereas expression of mutated p53 conferred a limited growth advantage to cells in the absence of wild-type p53. Wild-type p53 was phenotypically dominant to mutated p53 in a two-allele configuration. These results suggest that, as with the retinoblastoma gene, mutation of both alleles of the p53 gene is essential for its role in oncogenesis.     

中国肝细胞癌p53基因热点突变R249S的载体构建及其在细胞中的表达

抑癌基因p53突变是人肝细胞癌（Hepatocellular carcinoma，HCC）中常见的现象，中国江苏启东地区的HCC患者中p53基因的第249位密码子突变AGG→AGT/Arg→Ser（R249S）被认为是热点突变。本研究以人肝cDNA为模板，扩增人全长p53基因，将其克隆到pCMV-Myc载体中。利用定点突变引物以pC-MV-p53为模板，构建R249S定点突变体pCMV-R249S，转染p53缺陷型的H1299细胞系。Western Blot检测表明，克隆在pCMV-Myc载体中的p53基因和249位密码子热点突变的p53基因都可以在H1299细胞系中表达。     

转染抑癌基因PTEN对人乳腺癌ZR-75-1细胞的细胞周期和增殖能力的影响

目的：观察PTEN（phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome ten，第10号染色体上磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源缺失的基因）对人乳腺癌细胞ZR-75-1细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响。方法；利用脂质体介导法将携带有野生型和突变型PTEN cDNA的真核表达载体pBP—wt—PTEN和pBP—G129R—PTEN导八人乳腺癌ZR-75-1细胞（质粒转染成功后实验分为C—WT—PTEN组、CG129R—PTEN组和未转染质粒组即对照组）后，以RT—PCR、Western blot分析目的基因的表达，并采用MTT法和流式细胞术检测细胞增殖和细胞周期。结果：C—WT—PTEN组、C—G129R—PTEN组细胞PTEN mRNA及PTEN蛋白出现明显的高表达。C—WT—PTEN组细胞生长的抑制率可高达42．7％，与对照组比较．差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。但C—G129R—PTEN组细胞生长的抑制率与对照组比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。流式细胞术显示C—WT—PTEN组细胞周期从G1期到S期已发生抑制。结论：野生型PTEN可依赖其磷酸酶活性抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,并最终诱导细胞凋亡。     

Transformation by v-sis occurs by an internal autoactivation mechanism

Transformation by the v-sis oncogene appears to require an interaction of its protein product, p28v-sis, with the receptor for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). However, this interaction may not occur at the cell surface as predicted by the autocrine hypothesis because phenotypic transformation was not reversed by incubation of SSV-NRK cells with antisera to PDGF and because morphological transformation did not occur when nontransformed NRK cells were cultured continuously with p28v-sis. A mutant of the wild-type v-sis gene was constructed that encodes a v-sis protein targeted for retention within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. NRK cells expressing the mutant v-sis gene did not secrete any detectable v-sis protein but were as fully transformed as wild-type v-sis transfectants. The results support a mechanism of transformation by v-sis in which internal activation of the PDGF receptor occurs before expression of either p28v-sis or the PDGF receptor at the cell surface.     

人H1启动子转录shRNA的细胞种属特异性研究

利用siDirect软件预测绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因特异性小干扰RNA(siRNA),将人工合成的相应shRNA插入含人H1启动子的pSuper载体,获得表达载体pSuper-shRNA,再将H1-shRNA插入表达GFP基因的peGFP-N1载体,获得表达载体peGFP-H1-shRNA。分别以pSuper-shRNA peGFP-N1和peGFP-H1-shRNA转染COS-1、293-T、鸡胚肝(CEL)和鸡胚成纤维(CEF)细胞,根据相同条件下GFP阳性细胞数及荧光强度变化判断产生的siRNA对GFP基因表达的沉默作用,比较人H1启动子在哺乳动物和禽源细胞中的转录活性。结果表明:人H1启动子在2种哺乳动物细胞中能有效转录shRNA,但在2种禽源细胞中的转录活性很弱,提示在禽源细胞中表达siRNA和进行基因沉默研究应选用禽源启动子。     

马尾松树皮提取物体外抑制人大肠癌细胞生长机理初探

为探讨马尾松树皮提取物(PMBE)体外抑制大肠癌LoVo细胞生长的作用特点和机理,通过MTT、显微镜术、凝胶电泳和流式细胞术,研究PMBE抑制LoVo细胞生长的特点,运用免疫组化和RT-PCR探究相关分子机理。结果表明:PMBE时间-剂量依赖地抑制LoVo细胞的体外生长;PMBE处理后,流式细胞检测发现LoVo细胞周期阻滞于G1或S期,同时可检测到亚二倍体峰的出现;荧光镜检和透射电镜观察可看到LoVo细胞的核皱缩、边集甚或碎裂,以及有凋亡小体形成,其基因组经过凝胶电泳呈现典型的梯形Ladder;RT-PCR和免疫组化结果显示PMBE处理可上调LoVo细胞中p53和p21基因的转录效率,并下调Bcl-2的蛋白表达量。说明PMBE通过上调p53和p21的表达量阻滞细胞周期、下调Bcl-2的表达量诱导细胞凋亡的双重机制,抑制LoVo细胞的体外生长,可供进一步探索相关信号传导通路参考。     

Different tumor-derived p53 mutants exhibit distinct biological activities

In its wild-type form, the protein p53 can interfere with neoplastic processes. Tumor-derived cells often express mutant p53. Full-length mutant forms of p53 isolated so far from transformed mouse cells exhibit three common properties in vitro: loss of transformation-suppressing activity, gain of pronounced transforming potential, and ability to bind the heat shock protein cognate hsc70. A tumor-derived mouse p53 variant is now described, whose site of mutation corresponds to a hot spot for p53 in human tumors. While absolutely nonsuppressing, it is only weakly transforming and exhibits no detectable hsc70 binding. The data suggest that the ability of a p53 mutant to bind endogenous p53 is not the sole determinant of its oncogenic potential. The data also support the existence of gain-of-function p53 mutants.     

Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas

Previous studies have demonstrated that allelic deletions of the short arm of chromosome 17 occur in over 75% of colorectal carcinomas. Twenty chromosome 17p markers were used to localize the common region of deletion in these tumors to a region contained within bands 17p12 to 17p13.3. This region contains the gene for the transformation-associated protein p53. Southern and Northern blot hybridization experiments provided no evidence for gross alterations of the p53 gene or surrounding sequences. As a more rigorous test of the possibility that p53 was a target of the deletions, the p53 coding regions from two tumors were analyzed; these two tumors, like most colorectal carcinomas, had allelic deletions of chromosome 17p and expressed considerable amounts of p53 messenger RNA from the remaining allele. The remaining p53 allele was mutated in both tumors, with an alanine substituted for valine at codon 143 of one tumor and a histidine substituted for arginine at codon 175 of the second tumor. Both mutations occurred in a highly conserved region of the p53 gene that was previously found to be mutated in murine p53 oncogenes. The data suggest that p53 gene mutations may be involved in colorectal neoplasia, perhaps through inactivation of a tumor suppressor function of the wild-type p53 gene.     

Mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatome in colorectal cancers

Tyrosine phosphorylation, regulated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) and kinases (PTKs), is important in signaling pathways underlying tumorigenesis. A mutational analysis of the tyrosine phosphatase gene superfamily in human cancers identified 83 somatic mutations in six PTPs (PTPRF, PTPRG, PTPRT, PTPN3, PTPN13, PTPN14), affecting 26% of colorectal cancers and a smaller fraction of lung, breast, and gastric cancers. Fifteen mutations were nonsense, frameshift, or splice-site alterations predicted to result in truncated proteins lacking phosphatase activity. Five missense mutations in the most commonly altered PTP (PTPRT) were biochemically examined and found to reduce phosphatase activity. Expression of wild-type but not a mutant PTPRT in human cancer cells inhibited cell growth. These observations suggest that the mutated tyrosine phosphatases are tumor suppressor genes, regulating cellular pathways that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.     

重组质粒pDsRed1-C1-PinX1的建立及其在乳腺癌MCF-7细胞中的表达

目的构建PinX1真核表达载体,观察PinX1基因对乳腺癌MCF-7细胞生长和增殖的影响。方法重组质粒转染MCF-7细胞并筛选稳定表达系;用Real-timePCR检测PinX1基因mRNA的表达;MTT法检测转染前后细胞生长变化;平板克隆形成试验检测PinX1对MCF-7集落形成能力的影响。结果构建了真核表达载体PDsRed1-C1-PinX1的稳定表达系;转染后乳腺癌MCF-7细胞生长明显减缓,集落形成能力降低。结论 PinX1基因可抑制乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的生长和增殖。     

p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration

The energy that sustains cancer cells is derived preferentially from glycolysis. This metabolic change, the Warburg effect, was one of the first alterations in cancer cells recognized as conferring a survival advantage. Here, we show that p53, one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers, modulates the balance between the utilization of respiratory and glycolytic pathways. We identify Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2 (SCO2) as the downstream mediator of this effect in mice and human cancer cell lines. SCO2 is critical for regulating the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) complex, the major site of oxygen utilization in the eukaryotic cell. Disruption of the SCO2 gene in human cancer cells with wild-type p53 recapitulated the metabolic switch toward glycolysis that is exhibited by p53-deficient cells. That SCO2 couples p53 to mitochondrial respiration provides a possible explanation for the Warburg effect and offers new clues as to how p53 might affect aging and metabolism.     

JA_1对体外培养肝癌细胞线粒体膜电位及wt-p53基因表达的影响

为探索梯度浓度的JA1对体外培养人肝癌细胞株(HCC-9724)的细胞周期、细胞线粒体膜电位和wt-p53蛋白表达的影响.采用流式细胞技术和体外细胞培养技术,发现经JA1处理后的细胞培养样本中有明显的DNA低含量颗粒("亚G1期"峰),细胞周期各时相分布发生改变,细胞在G1被阻滞.细胞线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm)明显下降,且表现出剂量和时间效应关系.而wt-p53蛋白阳性细胞百分率则随时间延长而逐渐增加.JA1诱导了HCC-9724细胞线粒体膜电位的下降和细胞凋亡,而wt-p53蛋白表达的增强则是其诱导HCC-9724细胞凋亡的重要分子机制之一.     

Oncogene-induced transformation of C3H 10T1/2 cells is enhanced by tumor promoters

The tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and teleocidin markedly enhanced the transformation of C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts when these cells were transfected with the cloned human bladder cancer c-rasH oncogene. Transfection studies with the drug resistance marker gpt and time course studies indicate that this enhancement is not simply an effect on the process of DNA transfection. These findings, together with parallel studies with NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, also indicate that the competence of animal cells for DNA transfection is a function of the recipient cell line, the transfected marker, and the growth conditions. Our findings suggest that during multistage carcinogenesis tumor promoters may complement the function of activated cellular oncogenes.     

鸡TIGAR基因真核表达质粒的构建及其抗凋亡功能评价

【背景】 TP53诱导的糖酵解和凋亡调节因子（TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator,TIGAR）是p53下游的靶基因,具有调节糖酵解水平和去除活性氧（Reactive oxygen species,ROS）并降低由活性氧诱发的细胞凋亡水平。【目的】 构建鸡源TIGAR基因的真核表达质粒,并检测TIGAR基因在DF1细胞中的抗凋亡作用,为建立稳定表达鸡TIGAR基因的细胞系做准备。【方法】根据GenBank（登录号：XM_417232.6）中预测基因设计引物,利用RT-PCR的方法从SPF鸡脾脏中扩增鸡TIGAR基因,将扩增产物克隆至载体（Flag-CMV14）后送公司测序验证;随后构建进化树对鸡TIGAR基因与其他哺乳动物及水生动物的TIGAR基因进行同源性分析。将重组质粒（Flag-TIGAR）转染入DF1细胞24 h后,使用新城疫病毒诱导细胞凋亡,利用Western Blot检测重组质粒表达情况以及Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase（PARP）裂解情况。此外还将重组质粒（Flag-TIGAR）转染入DF1细胞,并于收样前2 h使用Staurosporine刺激细胞发生凋亡,分别在转染后24、48 h收集样品,并用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。【结果】 RT-PCR扩增TIGAR基因,在843 bp处出现目的条带与预测相符,构建的TIGAR真核表达质粒（Flag-TIGAR）经测序,结果显示其序列与GenBank上预测的基本一致。Western Blot结果显示在30 h、36 h收集的样品中PARP均被裂解且转染重组质粒（Flag-TIGAR）的实验组与未转染质粒（MOCK）组或转染空载体（Flag-CMV14）组的样品相比,裂解的PARP表达量明显降低,且差异极显著（P<0.01）。流式结果显示：24 h 检测转染Flag-CMV14后细胞总凋亡率为11%（早期凋亡7.8%,晚期凋亡3.2%）,而转染Flag-TIGAR后细胞总凋亡率仅为4%（早期凋亡3.7%,晚期凋亡0.3%）,转染Flag-CMV14的早期凋亡率和晚期凋亡率均高于转染Flag-TIGAR组,且差异显著（P<0.05）。48 h转染Flag-CMV14后细胞总凋亡率为20.3%（早期凋亡14.3%,晚期凋亡6.0%）,而转染Flag-TIGAR后细胞总凋亡率为6.4%（早期凋亡4.8%,晚期凋亡1.6%）,转染Flag-CMV14组的细胞早期凋亡和晚期凋亡率均高于转染Flag-TIGAR的组,且差异极显著（P<0.01）。【结论】成功扩增出鸡TIGAR基因,并构建了其真核表达质粒,通过Western Blot和流式实验均证实过表达TIGAR后可降低细胞的凋亡程度并有利于细胞存活。     

The neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43 induces filopodia in non-neuronal cells

The neuron-specific protein GAP-43 is associated with the membrane of the nerve growth cone and thus may be important to the activity of this distinctive neuronal structure. Transient transfection of COS and NIH 3T3 cells with appropriate vectors resulted in expression of GAP-43 in these non-neuronal cells; as in neurons, transfected GAP-43 associated with the membrane. In addition, many long fine filopodial processes extended from the periphery of such transfected cells. Stable CHO cell lines expressing GAP-43 also exhibited processes that were more numerous, far longer, and more complex than those of CHO cell lines not transfected or transfected with control plasmids. Thus GAP-43 may directly contribute to growth cone activity by regulating cell membrane structure and enhancing extension of filopodial processes.     

突变型抑癌基因p53在鸡马立克氏病肿瘤组织中的表达研究

[目的]探讨抑癌基因p53在鸡马立克氏病的发生与发展中的作用和意义。[方法]采用免疫组织化学和细胞化学技术,观察抑癌基因p53在鸡马立克氏病肿瘤组织及体外培养感染马立克病毒的鸡胚成纤维细胞中的表达。[结果]在体外培养的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)感染马立克氏病毒后,感染的CEF呈阳性。在马立克氏病的发生过程中,突变型抑癌基因p53在病鸡的肝脏、肾脏、肿瘤、心脏、脾脏、肺脏、胸腺及法氏囊中均可检出中等量的表达。p53发生突变时所产生的p53蛋白突变体的半衰期比未发生突变时要长。[结论]突变型p53基因具有直接转化细胞和阻碍野生型p53发挥作用的特点,致使突变的DNA得以积累,最终导致癌变的发生。     

Effect of p53 status on tumor response to antiangiogenic therapy

The p53 tumor suppressor gene is inactivated in the majority of human cancers. Tumor cells deficient in p53 display a diminished rate of apoptosis under hypoxic conditions, a circumstance that might reduce their reliance on vascular supply, and hence their responsiveness to antiangiogenic therapy. Here, we report that mice bearing tumors derived from p53(-/-) HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells were less responsive to antiangiogenic combination therapy than mice bearing isogenic p53(+/+) tumors. Thus, although antiangiogenic therapy targets genetically stable endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature, genetic alterations that decrease the vascular dependence of tumor cells can influence the therapeutic response of tumors to this therapy.     

LipofectamineTM和Fugene-6介导GFP基因转染绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞的比较研究

分别用Lipofectamine^TM和Fegene-6介导质粒pEGFP-C1转染体外培养的绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞（sheepfetal fibroblast cells,sFFCs）,比较了DNA浓度、转染试剂用量以及细胞暴露于DNA、转染试剂中作用时间对转染效率的影响,通过含G418的DMEM/F12培养液筛选得到转基因单克隆细胞。结果表明脂质体转染试剂Lipofectamine^TM转染效率优于Fegene-6。另外,对转基因细胞进行了染色体核型分析。结果表明,转基因细胞中二倍体核型占74.5%,与对照组比较没有显著性差异。以上研究为其他基因转染sFFCs以及利用体细胞克隆法生产转基因绵羊提供了参考依据。