Photosynthetic Characteristics and Ultrastructure of Chloroplast of Cucumber Under Low Light Density in Solar-Greenhouse

The photosynthetic characteristics and ultrastructure of chloroplast of cucumber in solargreenhouse were studied. The result showed that the photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosynthetic ability (A350), carboxylation efficiency, light saturation point and light compensation point all declined remarkably under lowlight density, indicating that the photosynthetic characteristics of cucumber were closely related to light environment. Under iow light density, the minimal fluorescence (Fo), alterable fluorescence (Fv), photochemical efficiency of PS Ⅱ (Fv/Fm), steady fluorescence in light (Fs), maximal fluorescence (Fm′) and actual efficiency of PS Ⅱ (φPSⅡ)etc increased, indicating that the photochemical activity and efficiency for solar energy transformation enhanced, thus the light proportion used to electron transport also increased. The chlorophyll a, b, a/b and carotenoid of shading leaves decreased. However, the depressed extent of Chl a and Chl a/b were obviously larger than that of Chl b. The number of chloroplast and starch grain in cucumber leaves descended, but that of grana and lamella increased as a shaded result. The size of chloroplast and starch grain of shading leaves minished.     

不同光强与低温交叉胁迫下黄瓜PSⅠ与PSⅡ的光抑制研究

 【目的】探讨低温胁迫下不同光强对黄瓜光系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）和光系统II（PSⅡ）的影响以及低温胁迫下两个光系统之间的相互作用机制。【方法】以冷敏感黄瓜品种津春4号为试材,通过同时测定黄瓜叶片叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线和对820 nm光的吸收曲线,结合叶绿素荧光淬灭分析,探讨了低温（4 ℃）与不同光强（0,100,200,400μmol•m-2•s-1）结合处理对黄瓜PSⅠ和PSⅡ活性的影响。【结果】低温下,随过剩激发能（（1-qP）/NPQ）的增加,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）持续下降; 在过剩激发能较低时,PSⅠ活性（△I/Io）也随过剩激发能的增加而明显下降,但是当过剩激发能增加到一定程度时,PSⅠ活性不再随过剩激发能的增加而明显下降。【结论】在低温下,过剩激发能不但能够抑制黄瓜PSⅠ的活性也能抑制PSⅡ的活性,但是当过剩激发能增加到一定程度时,PSⅡ光化学活性的显著下降减少了光合电子向PSⅠ的供应,避免了PSⅠ光抑制的进一步加剧。     

Combined Effects of Excess Mn and Low pH on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzymes in Cucumber Roots

The effects of excess Mn on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in cucumber roots under different pH （pH 4.5 and 6.5） were studied. The results indicated that lipid peroxidation was increasingly serious with the increased concentration of Mn, especially under low pH. As a result, the growth of cucumber roots and shoots was significantly inhibited. Excess Mn led to an elevation in activities of Mn-SOD and Fe-SOD, which played an important role in removing O2^-. CAT was sensitive to excess Mn, and its activity significantly decreased under excess Mn and low pH, while activities of GPX, APX, DHAR and GR increased under low pH and to some extent under excess Mn, which indicated their important roles in scavenging reactive oxygen in tolerance to low pH and excess Mn of cucumber roots.     

盐胁迫下内源NO对黄瓜幼苗活性氧代谢和光合特性的影响

【目的】探讨盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗内源一氧化氮(NO)的生理生化调节机理及其调控途径,为揭示黄瓜的抗盐机理和生产应用提供参考。【方法】以黄瓜幼苗为研究对象,采用一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂(L-NAME,L-硝基精氨酸甲酯)、硝酸还原酶抑制剂(tungstate,钨酸钠)和一氧化氮清除剂(c PTIO,4-羧基苯-4,4,5,5-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物)处理盐胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗,研究处理对黄瓜幼苗叶片内源NO含量、活性氧代谢、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【结果】盐胁迫可诱导黄瓜幼苗叶片内源NO含量增加,采用200μmol·L~(-1) L-NAME、100μmol·L~(-1) tungstate和200μmol·L~(-1) c PTIO处理均抑制了盐胁迫下的黄瓜幼苗叶片中抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT))的活性,降低了游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白质的含量,增加了丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧阴离子自由基(O_2·~-)产生速率和质膜透性,使细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,加重了盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的损伤。同时,气体交换参数Pn、Gs、Tr、Ci显著降低,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、q P降低,NPQ显著升高,导致叶片光合机构受损,叶片光合速率下降。【结论】在盐胁迫条件下,内源NO的变化可能直接调节了黄瓜幼苗的抗氧化能力,有效地缓解了脂膜过氧化伤害和对叶片光合机构的损伤,且黄瓜幼苗的活性氧代谢和光合特性主要通过一氧化氮合酶途径调控。     

高锰胁迫与低pH对黄瓜根系氧化胁迫和抗氧化酶的复合效应

 以黄瓜为材料，研究了pH 6.5和pH 4.5条件下高锰胁迫对根系氧化胁迫和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明，随着锰浓度的提高，黄瓜根系膜脂过氧化产物MDA的含量呈明显的上升趋势，降低pH进一步加剧了膜脂过氧化程度，导致黄瓜的根系和地上部生长均受到明显抑制。高锰胁迫下Mn-SOD和Fe-SOD活性增加，在清除O2-·方面发挥重要作用。CAT对高锰胁迫比较敏感，高锰和低pH处理导致其活性明显下降，而GPX以及抗坏血酸－谷胱甘肽循环过程中的重要酶类APX、DHAR和GR在低pH和一定范围的高锰处理下活性上升，对降低高锰胁迫下活性氧伤害具有重要作用。     

水肥耦合对黄沙炉渣复合基质栽培黄瓜光合荧光特性、产量及品质的影响

[目的]研究不同水肥耦合处理对黄瓜光合荧光特性、产量及品质的影响.[方法]以新泰密刺黄瓜为试材,在黄沙炉渣复合基质栽培模式下,设置不同的灌水量、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥共4个变量,采用四元二次通用旋转组合设计的1/2.[结果](1)黄瓜净光合速率随着灌溉量的增加而增加;水分较少的情况下,适当的肥料供应可以提高黄瓜光合能力.(2...     

酸黄瓜对南方根结线虫抗性的光合响应

 【目的】酸黄瓜对南方根结线虫具有高度抗性,明确其抗性的光合响应特性,为进一步抗性基因的分离及功能鉴定提供理论依据。【方法】采用温室盆栽苗期人工接种技术,研究线虫侵染对抗、感黄瓜叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数及相关生理指标的影响。【结果】线虫侵染使抗病材料酸黄瓜叶绿素（Chl）含量降低幅度显著小于感病材料北京截头,酸黄瓜Chl随氮素含量降低较北京截头平缓;抗、感材料净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）下降,酸黄瓜胞间CO2浓度（Ci）下降,而北京截头Ci上升,酸黄瓜Gs对叶片相对含水量（RWC）持续下降的反应较北京截头敏感;实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）降低幅度酸黄瓜小于北京截头,非光化学猝灭系数（qN）升高幅度酸黄瓜显著高于北京截头;酸黄瓜Pn/Ci初始斜率变化不大,而北京截头Pn/Ci急剧降低。【结论】酸黄瓜叶绿素含量下降较小,从而保持了较高的净光合速率,使线虫侵染对酸黄瓜植株生长造成的影响不大。     

铝胁迫对杉木幼苗生长、叶片光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

以1月生杉木幼苗为材料,设置对照(CK)和铝胁迫(0.5 mmol·L-1)处理,研究铝胁迫对杉木幼苗生长、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数、叶绿素荧光特性、光合气体交换参数及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明:①铝胁迫下杉木幼苗根系伸长、生物量显著受抑,铝胁迫处理还显著降低杉木叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数;②铝胁迫下杉木叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均显著下降,而胞间二氧化碳摩尔分数(Ci)则显著升高;③铝胁迫下杉木叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fo/Fv)、光化学淬灭系数(Qp)均显著下降,而非光化学淬灭系数(Np,q)则显著增加;④透射电镜结果显示,铝胁迫使杉木叶片叶绿体膨大隆起,叶绿体内基质片层解体,基粒片层数量显著减少,且分布不均,排列松散。可见,铝介导对杉木叶片叶绿体内部结构的破坏,是导致铝胁迫下杉木叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素质量分数降低及光合能力下降的主要原因,从而最终抑制杉木幼苗的生长。     

弱光下长期亚适温和短期低温对黄瓜气孔特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响（征文）

摘要：　为了探讨弱光下长期亚适温和短期低温对黄瓜叶片光合机构的影响机理的差异，本文研究了两种逆境对黄瓜气孔特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明，长期（7d）弱光亚适温处理（Ⅰ）后，黄瓜叶片的Gs和Ci降低；短期（3d）弱光低温处理（Ⅱ）的Gs明显降低，而Ci升高。条件改善后，前者的Gs和Ci均上升；而后者的Gs增加，Ci降低。处理后当天测定，长期弱光亚适温处理叶片的气孔多数处于关闭状态，而短期弱光低温处理的气孔开张比和开张度显著大于CK。表明较长时间的弱光亚适温处理Pn的降低与气孔开度减小显著相关；而短时间的弱光低温处理Pn降低的主要原因是叶肉因素。长期弱光亚适温处理后淀粉粒数明显减少，而短期弱光低温处理黄瓜幼苗的生长过程基本停止，物质运输严重受阻。     

外源硝酸钙对盐胁迫黄瓜幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

以较耐盐黄瓜品种新泰密刺为试材,采用营养液栽培,研究了叶面喷施Ca(NO3)2对盐胁迫(65 mmol/L NaCl)下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,外源Ca(NO3)2显著提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的干鲜重和叶片叶绿素含量;Ca(NO3)2也提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光条件下最大光化学效率(F'v/F'm)和光化学淬灭系数(qP),而对胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、暗条件下最大化学效率(Fv/Fm)和非光化学淬灭系数(qN)没有显著影响。这些结果说明外源Ca(NO3)2可能通过提高叶绿素含量和调节气孔限制,以缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗光化学效率的抑制,进而提高植株耐盐胁迫能力,促进其生长。     

Effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Calcium Chloride on Photosynthetic Apparatus and Reactive Oxygen-Scavenging Enzymes in Chrysanthemum Under Low Temperature Stress with Low Light

The effects of acetylsalicylic acid （ASA）, CaCl2, and ASA ＋ CaCl2 on the photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant enzyme activities were investigated in chrysanthemum Jinba （a cut flower cultivar） under low temperature stress with low light （TL stress） （16/12℃, day/night, PFD 100 μmol m^-2 s-1）. The results showed that under TL stress, the net photosynthesis rate （Pn）, carboxylation efficiency （CE）, apparent quantum yield （AQY）, maximal photochemical efficiency （Fv/Fm） of PSII, quantum yield of PSII electron transport （ФPSII）, and photochemical quenching （qP） of the chrysanthemum leaves in all treatments were significantly decreased, but the decreases were alleviated by ASA, CaCl2, and ASA ＋ CaCl2 treatments compared with the controls. The alleviating effect of ASA ＋ CaCI2 was better than either ASA or CaCl2 single treatment. Moreover, the ASA ＋ CaCl2 treatment highly improved the chlorophyll content, relatively improved the number and size of chloroplast and starch grain in the leaves of chrysanthemum plants compared with ASA and CaCl2 treatments. It was indicated that ASA and/or CaCI2 could regulate the photosynthetic functions in the leaves of chrysanthemum plants to enhance the resistance against TL stress. On the other hand, reduction in relative conductance rate implied that ASA and/ or CaCl2 could protect from membrane injury in leaves of chrysanthemum plants. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in the treated leaves of chrysanthemum were increased as compared with the controls. It was suggested that ASA and/or CaCl2 had positive regulation effects on the defence enzyme activities in chrysanthemum leaves which could protect the photosynthetic apparatus to a certain degree under the TL stress. In brief, the treatment of ASA together with CaCl2 was better for chrysanthemum plants to adapt TL stress than single ASA or CaCl2 treatments.     

Ameliorative Effects of Brassinosteroid on Excess Manganese-Induced Oxidative Stress in Zea mays L. Leaves

Manganese （Mn） is becoming an important factor limiting crop growth and yields especially on acid soils. The present study was designed to explore the hypothesis that brassinosteroid application can enhance the tolerance of maize （Zea mays L.） to Mn stress and if so, whether or not the mechanism underlying involves regulation of antioxidative metabolism in leaves. The effects of 24-epibrassinosteroid （EBR） on the growth, photosynthesis, water status, lipid peroxidation, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and activities or contents of antioxidant defense system in maize plants under Mn stress were investigated by a pot experiment. At supplemented Mn concentrations of 150-750 mg kg^-1 soil, the growth of plants was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. The semi-lethal concentration was 550 mg Mn kgq soil. Foliage application with 0.1 mg L^-1 EBR significantly reduced the decrease in dry mass, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, leaf water content, and water potential of plants grown in the soil spiked with 550 mg kg^-1 Mn. The oxidative stress caused by excess Mn, as reflected by the increase in malondialdehyde （MDA） content and lipoxygenase （LOX, EC 1.13.11.12） activity, accumulation of superoxide radical and H2O2, was greatly decreased by EBR treatment. Further investigations revealed that EBR application enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, peroxidase （POD, EC 1.11.1.7）, catalase （EC 1.11.1.6）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX, EC 1.11. 1.11）, dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1）, and glutathione reductase （GR, EC 1.6.4.2）, and the contents of reduced ascorbate and glutathione, compared with the plants without EBR treatment. It is concluded that the ameliorative effects of EBR on Mn toxicity are due to the upregulation of antioxidative capacity in maize under Mn stress.     

Nitrogen(N) metabolism related enzyme activities,cell uitrastructure and nutrient contents as affected by N level and barley genotype

Development of the new crop cultivars with high yield under low nitrogen(N) input is a fundamental approach to enhance agricultural sustainability,which is dependent on the exploitation of the elite germplasm.In the present study,four barley genotypes(two Tibetan wild and two cultivated),differing in N use efficiency(NUE),were characterized for their physiological and biochemical responses to different N levels.Higher N levels significantly increased the contents of other essential nutrients(P,K,Ca,Fe,Cu and Mn),and the increase was more obvious for the N-efficient genotypes(ZD9 and XZ149).The observation of ultrastructure showed that chloroplast structure was severely damaged under low nitrogen,and the two high N efficient genotypes were relatively less affected.The activities of the five N metabolism related enzymes,i.e.,nitrate reductase(NR),glutamine synthetase(GS),nitrite reductase(NiR),glutamate synthase(GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) all showed the substantial increase with the increased N level in the culture medium.However the increased extent differed among the four genotypes,with the two N efficient genotypes showing more increase in comparison with the other two genotypes with relative N inefficiency(HXRL and XZ56).The current findings showed that a huge difference exists in low N tolerance among barley genotypes,and improvement of some physiological traits(such as enzymes) could be helpful for increasing N utilization efficiency.     

硅对NO3-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养试验,通过添加不同浓度(0、0.5、1、1.5、2 mmol.L-1)的Na2SiO3作为硅供体,研究外源硅对NO3-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长及叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,140 mmol.L-1 NO3-胁迫下,外加1mmol.L-1 Na2SiO3处理7d后,黄瓜幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著升高;丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低,说明外加1mmol.L-1Na2SiO3增强了黄瓜幼苗对活性氧的清除能力,降低了膜脂过氧化程度,幼苗生长势增加,对高浓度NO 3-胁迫的抗性增强;当Na2SiO3浓度高达2 mmol.L-1时,其叶片SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均开始降低,MDA含量增加,黄瓜幼苗受害加重。可见,外加一定浓度的Na2SiO3(0.5～1 mmol.L-1)可通过提高抗氧化酶活性和降低膜脂过氧化来缓解NO3-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。     

Grafting Enhances Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Through Regulating Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidative System

An experiment was carried out to determine plant growth, mineral uptake, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, and antioxidant of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Xintaimici） under copper stress, either ungrafted or grafted onto the rootstock （Cucurbitaficifolia）. Excess Cu inhibited growth, photosynthesis, and pigment synthesis of grafted and ungrafted cucumber seedlings and significantly increased accumulation of Cu in roots besides reducing mineral uptake. Cu concentration in roots of grafted cucumber plants was significantly higher than that of ungrafted plants and obviously lower in leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） significantly increased in cucumber leaves under Cu stress and resulted in lipid peroxidation, and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation were greatly decreased by grafting. Activities of protective enzymes （superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione reductase, GR） and the contents of ascorbate and glutathione in leaves of grafted plants were significantly higher than those of ungrafted plants under Cu stress. Better performance of grafted cucumber plants were attributed to the higher ability of Cu accumulation in their roots, better nutrient status, and the effective scavenging system of ROS.     

小麦灌浆过程中旗叶光合及抗氧化代谢与氮素营养关系研究

 【目的】小麦灌浆过程中旗叶光合、抗氧化代谢与氮素营养密切相关,本研究通过田间试验,以进一步揭示其关系。【方法】试验选用多穗中粒（MM）型品种藁城8901（GC8901）和大穗大粒（LL）型品种山农1391（SN1391）,设12 g N•m-2（LN）和24 g N•m-2（HN）2个氮肥处理,在田间条件下研究了小麦灌浆期旗叶光合色素含量、氮素含量、光合特性和抗衰老酶活性对氮素水平的响应。【结果】小麦开花后旗叶氮素含量与叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,净光合速率（Pn）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、开放的光系统Ⅱ反应中心的量子效率（Fv′/Fm′）和光化学猝灭系数（qp）在花后14 d左右开始下降,光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率直到衰老末期才有小幅下降,而非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）呈上升趋势。旗叶光能的吸收和利用之间存在矛盾,这是促其衰老的重要原因。与MM型小麦品种GC8901相比,LL型品种SN1391群体较小,籽粒灌浆后期旗叶的光合色素含量高,光系统Ⅱ的活性下降慢,净光合速率高;同时,抗衰老酶活性下降慢,膜脂过氧化程度轻。氮素水平对2个品种籽粒灌浆过程中旗叶的光合及抗氧化代谢的影响不同。LL型品种SN1391表现为,增施氮肥后旗叶光系统Ⅱ的开放程度和实际光化学效率提高,热耗散降低,净光合速率提高;旗叶的SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均提高,膜脂过氧化程度降低。增施氮肥后MM型品种GC8901光系统Ⅱ活性下降,用于热耗散的能量增加,光合速率降低;抗氧化酶系活性下降,膜脂过氧化程度加重。【结论】小麦生育后期旗叶光能吸收和利用间的矛盾是促其衰老的重要原因。不同类型小麦品种旗叶生育后期的光合及抗氧化代谢存在显著差异。施用氮肥对小麦旗叶光合、衰老特性的影响因品种类型而不同。     

铈对UV-B胁迫下大豆幼苗光合原初反应的影响

用水培法研究了Ce(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320nm)胁迫下大豆幼苗光合原初反应的影响。结果表明,20mg·L-1CeCl3能有效减缓紫外辐射(T1/3.34kJ·m-2和T2/11.76kJ·m-2)胁迫所导致的叶绿素与类胡萝卜素含量减少、光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)及传递能力(Fv/F0)降低,且对低剂量胁迫的调控效果优于高剂量,即以上指标Ce+T1T1,Ce+T2T2,Ce+T1Ce+T2。从光合原初反应的能量分配看,Ce(Ⅲ)能促使大豆叶片吸收光能的总量增加,加快内囊体膜上光电的转换和电子的传递,降低UV-B辐射伤害而导致的过剩激发能积累,从而消除过剩激发能诱发的膜脂过氧化对光合器官的潜在威胁。     

Ca（NO3）2和NaCl胁迫下耐盐砧木嫁接黄瓜光合特性及碳同化关键酶基因表达分析

以白籽南瓜‘青砧1号’为砧木,黄瓜作接穗,黄瓜‘津优3号’自根嫁接株为对照,研究耐盐砧木嫁接对Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合特性和CO2同化特征的影响。结果表明:Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜植株光合色素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、水分利用率(WUE)、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、Rubisco活性和含量、碳同化关键酶基因表达水平均显著高于等渗的NaCl胁迫;Ca(NO3)2胁迫下植株的胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈下降趋势,而NaCl胁迫下Ci呈上升趋势;Rubisco活性显著下降导致NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗Pn显著下降。不同盐胁迫下,砧木嫁接株光合色素含量、Pn、Gs、Ci、WUE、ΦPSⅡ、Rubisco活性和含量均显著高于自根嫁接株,且可上调RbcL(Rubisco大亚基)、RCA(Rubisco活化酶)和PRK(5-磷酸核酮糖激酶)的基因表达,下调RbcS(Rubisco小亚基)的基因表达。因此认为,等渗Ca(NO3)2和NaCl胁迫下砧木嫁接株能维持较高的光系统Ⅱ活性和碳同化能力。     

模拟酸雨对大叶黄杨叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了明确酸雨对大叶黄杨叶片荧光参数的影响,在拱棚条件下,以2年生大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonicus)为试材,采用人工喷洒的方法,以pH为7.0的模拟雨水为对照,研究了不同pH值(1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0)的模拟酸雨对大叶黄杨叶片的叶绿素相对含量和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:随着酸雨浓度pH值降低,大叶黄杨叶片的叶绿素含量呈现下降的趋势;叶绿素荧光参数非光化学猝灭系数(qN)呈先上升后下降趋势;光化学猝灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)呈现下降趋势。当模拟酸雨pH≤2.0时,会对大叶黄杨的叶片造成严重的损伤,破坏叶绿体结构,直接影响了光合作用中的电子传递,导致光合电子传递过程中受到损害和抑制。     

硅对赤红壤中锰的解毒效应研究

采用培养试验方法研究了硅肥对酸性土壤中锰毒性的影响,旨在为酸性土壤锰毒害的防控提供科学依据.结果表明,甘蔗的根际效应明显,根际土壤中的pH值、有效硅含量较低而活性锰及水溶态锰、交换态锰、有机结合态锰、碳酸盐结合态锰、铁锰氧化态锰含量均显著高于土体.然而,施用硅肥(偏硅酸钠)后,土壤活性锰含量和水溶态、交换态、有机结合态锰含量均显著降低,但是硅肥对根际土壤锰含量和形态的效应弱于土体;并且,施用硅肥使甘蔗地上部锰含量(47.1～112.1 mg/kg)显著降低,并且有随着硅肥用量(0.5～2.1 g/kg)增加而降低的趋势;虽然硅肥的施用也减少甘蔗地上部铁的含量,但铁锰比值却从对照的2.51增加至2.92～5.72之间.因此,施用硅肥后甘蔗株高、总生物量分别提高4.07％～15.24％、8.41％～28.03％.可见,硅肥的施用减轻了酸性土壤中锰的毒害.