Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Drought on Plant Growth and Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Maize （Zea mays L.）

The combinative effects of applied zinc (Zn) and soil moisture on the plant growth, Zn uptake, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in maize (Zea mays L.) plants were examined through two pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Maize variety Zhongdan 9409 was used. In experiment 1, maize plants were grown in cumulic cinnamon soil with five Zn treatments (0, 3.0, 9.0, 27.0, and 81.0 mg Zn kg-1 soil). Three treatments of soil moisture including serious drought, mild drought, and adequate water supply were set at 30-35 %, 40-45 %, and 70-75 % (w/w) of soil saturated water content, respectively. Soil saturated water content was 36% (w/w). The dry matter weights of shoots were enhanced by Zn application and adequate water supply. There was no apparent difference in plant growth among Zn application rates from 3.0 to 81.0 mg Zn kg-1 soil. The increases of plant growth and Zn uptake due to Zn application were found more significant under well-watered condition than under drying condition. In experiment 2, two levels of Zn (0 and 5.0 mg Zn kg-1 soil) and soil moisture regimen (40-45 % and 70-75 % of soil saturated water content, respectively) were set. Zn deficiency or water stress resulted in higher concentrations of O2-· and malondiadehyde in the first fully expanded leaves.Zn deficiency lowered the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) in leaves. Drought stress increased SOD activity in leaves regardless of Zn supply. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC1.11.1.11) was found to be enhanced by Zn supply only in well-watered leaves. Zinc deficiency or water stress had little effect on the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6). The higher ROS level in early maize leaves due to water stress seemed not to be alleviated or lowered partially by Zn application. However, Zn fertilizer was recommended to apply to maize plants irrigated or supplied with adequate water, otherwise Zn deficiency would reduce the water use for plant biomass production.     

茶树叶片抗氧化系统对土壤水分胁迫的响应

采用盆栽试验研究了土壤水分胁迫下茶树铁观音和福鼎大白茶2年生幼苗抗氧化系统的响应.结果表明,在土壤水分胁迫下,茶树叶片O2.-的产生速率加快,细胞膜透性增大,MDA含量上升;铁观音SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR的活性以及AsA和GSH的含量在轻度、中度水分胁迫下上升,在重度水分胁迫下下降;而福鼎大白茶的保护酶活性和抗氧化剂含量在轻度水分胁迫下上升,在中度、重度水分胁迫下下降.在正常供水或水分胁迫下,铁观音均表现出更强的抗氧化能力,表明生长在同一生境中的铁观音对土壤水分的生态适应能力高于福鼎大白茶.     

Grafting Enhances Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Through Regulating Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidative System

An experiment was carried out to determine plant growth, mineral uptake, lipid peroxidation, antioxidative enzymes, and antioxidant of cucumber plants （Cucumis sativus L. cv. Xintaimici） under copper stress, either ungrafted or grafted onto the rootstock （Cucurbitaficifolia）. Excess Cu inhibited growth, photosynthesis, and pigment synthesis of grafted and ungrafted cucumber seedlings and significantly increased accumulation of Cu in roots besides reducing mineral uptake. Cu concentration in roots of grafted cucumber plants was significantly higher than that of ungrafted plants and obviously lower in leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species （ROS） significantly increased in cucumber leaves under Cu stress and resulted in lipid peroxidation, and the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation were greatly decreased by grafting. Activities of protective enzymes （superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX; dehydroascorbate reductase, DHAR; glutathione reductase, GR） and the contents of ascorbate and glutathione in leaves of grafted plants were significantly higher than those of ungrafted plants under Cu stress. Better performance of grafted cucumber plants were attributed to the higher ability of Cu accumulation in their roots, better nutrient status, and the effective scavenging system of ROS.     

Changes of Antioxidative Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Leaves and Roots of Waterlogging-Tolerant and Waterlogging-Sensitive Maize Genotypes at Seedling Stage

To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance, waterlogging effects on lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in leaves and roots of two maize genotypes, HZ32 （waterlogging-tolerant） and K12 （waterlogging-sensitive）. Potted maize plants were waterlogged at the second leaf stage under glasshouse conditions. Leaves and roots were harvested 1 d before and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 d after the start of waterlogging treatment. Through comparing the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, glutathione reductase （GR）, catalase （CAT） and guaiacol peroxidase （POD） between waterlogging-tolerant and waterloggingsensitive genotype, we deduced that CAT was the most important H2O2 scavenging enzyme in leaves, while APX seemed to play a key role in roots. POD, APX, GR and CAT activities in conjunction with SOD seem to play an essential protective role in the O2^- and H2O2 scavenging process. Lipid peroxidation was enhanced significantly only in K12 （P 〈 0.001） and there was no difference （P 〉 0.05） in HZ32 up to 6 d after waterlogging stress. These results indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in waterlogging-stressed maize plants and that the greater protection of HZ32 leaves and roots from waterlogging-induced oxidative damage results, at least in part, through the maintenance of increased antioxidant enzyme activity.     

水分胁迫下玉米幼苗对外源原儿茶醛的生理响应

以玉米(Zea may L.)品种"郑单958"为材料,采用0.15 g.mL-1聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟水分胁迫,研究外源原儿茶醛根施预处理对玉米幼苗叶片相对含水量(RWC)、活性氧代谢系统、抗氧化酶类以及渗透调节物含量的影响。结果表明,0.15 g.mL-1PEG-6000胁迫16 h,玉米叶片的活性氧代谢系统(丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性、超氧阴离子自由基水平)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与过氧化物酶(POD)活性、以及主要渗透调节物(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)均极显著升高,而RWC、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性极显著降低;原儿茶醛(0.5~25 mg.L-1)预处理可极显著抑制水分胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片活性氧代谢系统以及渗透调节物含量的上升,并诱导SOD、POD和APX等抗氧化酶类活性提高,提高叶片RWC。说明原儿茶醛能够提高玉米幼苗的抗氧化能力,减少水分胁迫诱导的活性氧自由基积累,缓解膜脂过氧化,有效增强植株抗水分胁迫的能力。     

24-表油菜素内酯对低温胁迫下葡萄幼苗抗氧化系统 及渗透调节物质的影响

【目的】探讨外源EBR（24-表油菜素内酯）对低温胁迫下葡萄幼苗抗氧化系统及渗透调节物质的影响。【方法】以欧亚种（Vitis vinifera L.）鲜食葡萄品种‘紫脆无核’营养袋扦插苗为试材,分别在4℃和0℃低温条件下,研究外源EBR对葡萄幼苗4种抗氧化酶活性（CAT、SOD、POD及APX）、超氧阴离子（ ）和丙二醛（MDA）含量以及渗透调节物质游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的影响。【结果】在两种低温胁迫条件下,外源EBR处理均使葡萄叶片抗氧化酶CAT、POD、SOD及APX活性升高,且总体与对照之间差异显著;同时也使葡萄叶片抗氧化物质GSH及AsA含量升高,在4℃和0℃条件下,GSH平均含量较对照分别升高5.4%及7.8%,AsA含量分别升高8.8%及13.0%;EBR处理使叶片 及MDA含量降低, 平均较对照分别降低28.5%及17.3%,MDA含量分别降低6.8%及7.5%;EBR处理明显提高了葡萄幼苗叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,平均含量较对照分别提高8.4%和59.1%、3.5%和5.2%及18.6%和25.0%。【结论】在低温胁迫下,外源EBR通过提高抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量及渗透调节物质含量,减少了活性氧(ROS)的积累及膜脂过氧化产物MDA的产生,增强了葡萄幼苗耐低温胁迫的能力。     

冻害胁迫下小麦叶片内一些抗冻基因转录水平研究

研究了大田条件下,4个小麦品种幼穗发育不同阶段植株的冻害情况,并比较叶片内谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等基因的转录水平。结果表明,幼穗发育进程慢的小麦植株受冻害较轻,其叶片内的APX和SOD基因的转录水平较高,与植株的抗冻性表现相一致,表明它们可作为评价小麦抗冻性的鉴定指标;冻害胁迫下,CAT和GR基因的转录水平与小麦植株抗冻性表现不相一致,表明这2个基因可能不适宜作为小麦抗冻性的鉴定指标。     

植物抗氧化系统对水分胁迫及复水响应研究进展

干旱是影响植物正常生长发育的主要环境胁迫因素之一。从抗氧化酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶）和抗氧化物质（抗坏血酸和谷胱甘肽）2个方面综述了植物抗氧化系统对水分胁迫及复水响应的研究进展。     

水分胁迫下小麦幼苗的抗氧化机制分析

分析了水分胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片中活性氧(ROS)水平和抗氧化酶活性的影响,结果发现,水分胁迫能够显著提高超氧阴离子(O2-.)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,而过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量及过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性变化不明显。这些结果表明,SOD和APX在小麦应答水分胁迫的反应中可能起重要作用。     

Effects of Exogenous Silicon on Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Chloroplast of Cucumber Seedlings Under Excess Manganese

Effects of silicon on photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant enzymes of chloroplast in cucumber seedlings under excess Mn were studied. Compared with the control, excess Mn significantly inhibited net photosynthetic rate （Pn）, stomatal conductance, as well as the maximum yield of the photosystem II photochemical reactions （Fv/Fm） and the quantum yield of photosysytem II electron transport （Φ PSII）, application of Si reversed the negative effects of excess Mn. In the further investigation, it was obtained that application of Si significantly increased the activities of enzymes related with ascorbate-glutathione cycle including ascorbate peroxidase （APX）, dehydroascorbate reductase （DHAR） and glutathione reductase （GR） in cucumber chloroplast under excess Mn, this could be responsible for the lower accumulation of H2O2 and lower lipid peroxidation of chloroplast induced by Mn, and resulted in keeping higher photosynthesis.     

Effects of Exogenous Silicon on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Chilling-Stressed Cucumber Leaves

In order to increase vegetable productivity by improving environmental conditions, this article investigates the effects of exogenous silicon on the activities of major antioxidant enzymes and on lipid peroxidation under chilling stress, and it examines whether silicon-induced chilling tolerance is mediated by an increase in antioxidant activity. Cucumis sativus cv. Jinchun 4 was hydroponically cultivated to the two-leaf stage, at which point seedlings were watered with different concentrations of silicon （0, 0.1 and 1 mmol L^-1） and separately exposed to normal （25/18℃） or chilling （15/8℃） temperatures for six days under low light （100μmol m^-2 s^-9. Data were collected from the second leaves on the percentage of withering and the levels of endogenous silicon, malondialdehyde （MDA）, hydrogen peroxide （H202）, superoxide radical （O2^.-）, superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX, EC 1.11.1.11）, monodehydroascorbate reductase （MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4）, glutathione reductase （GR, EC 1.6.4.2）, reduced glutathione （GSH） and ascorbate （AsA）. Compared to normal temperatures, chilling resulted in partially withered leaves and increased MDA content. When 0.1 or 1 mmol L^-1 exogenous silicon was combined with chilling, the withering of the cucumber leaves was reduced relative to the original chilling treatment, while the endogenous silicon content was increased, antioxidants such as SOD, GSH-Px, APX, MDHAR, GR, GSH, and AsA were more active, and the levels of H2O2, O2^.-, and MDA were lower. We propose that exogenous silicon leads to greater deposition of endogenous silicon and thereby increases antioxidant activities and reduces lipid peroxidation induced by chilling.     

Grafting Increases the Copper Tolerance of Cucumber Seedlings by Improvement of Polyamine Contents and Enhancement of Antioxidant Enzymes Activity

The aim of the study is to determine whether grafting could improve antioxidant enzyme activities and polyamine contents in leaves of cucumber plants（Cucumis sativus L.cv.Xintaimici） under copper stress.Grafted（using Cucurbita ficifolia as rootstock） and ungrafted cucumber seedlings were cultured in deep flow technique（DFT） with the Cu2＋ concentration of 40 μmol L-1.The results showed that on the 9th day of copper stress treatment,the contents of malondialdehyde（MDA） and hydrogen peroxide（H2O2）,superoxide radical（） producing rate,and electrolyte leakage percentage were significantly lower in grafted seedlings in comparison to those of the ungrafted seedlings,whereas the activities of antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase（SOD,EC 1.15.1.1）,peroxidase（POD,EC 1.11.1.7）,ascorbate peroxidase（APX,EC 1.11.1.11）,catalase（CAT,EC 1.11.1.6）,glutathione reductase（GR,EC 1.6.4.2）,and monodehydroascorbate reductase（MDHAR,EC 1.6.5.4） of grafted seedlings were also significantly higher than that of ungrafted seedlings,and the contents of free proline and soluble protein of grafted seedlings were significantly higher than that of ungrafted seedlings.Cu2＋ treatment increased the putrescine（Put） level and lowered the spermidine（Spd） and spermine（Spm） levels,thereby reducing the Put/（Spd ＋ Spm） ratio in leaves of grafted and ungrafted seedlings.Grafting markedly reversed these Cu-induced effects for all three PAs and partially restored the Put/（Spd ＋ Spm） ratio in leaves.These results suggest that grafting can enhance the tolerance of cucumber seedlings to Cu2＋ stress by increasing the activities of antioxidants and the levels of endogenous Spd and Spm,decreasing the Put/（Spd ＋ Spm） ratio and the levels of ROS,promoting free proline and soluble protein synthesis in cucumber seedling leaves.     

镉对紫茉莉叶片蛋白质·脯氨酸和抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的]了解镉诱导的植物生理生化变化。[方法]采用盆栽试验,以氯化镉配制土壤镉含量分别为1、5、10、25、50、100 mg/kg干土,以不加镉处理作为对照,研究镉处理20 d对80 d龄紫茉莉叶片叶绿素、蛋白质、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响。[结果]随着镉处理浓度的增加,紫茉莉叶片总叶绿素和蛋白质含量、硝酸还原酶活性降低,叶绿素a/b值和脯氨酸含量升高。过氧化物酶活性随着镉处理浓度的增加而增加,可作为指示重金属植物毒性的一种生物指标。在较低浓度镉处理下,抗氧化酶活性随镉处理浓度的增加而增加,谷胱甘肽还原酶和过氧化氢酶在25 mg/kg镉处理下活性最高,而超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶在50 mg/kg镉处理下活性最大,但在100 mg/kg镉处理下,这4种酶的活性都明显回落,过氧化氢酶活性甚至低于对照。[结论]抗氧化酶是紫茉莉抗氧化防御系统的重要组成部分,能有效降低氧化胁迫对植株造成的伤害。     

NO介导ABA诱导的玉米叶片叶绿体和质外体的抗氧化防护

用硝普钠（SNP，NO供体）和ABA处理玉米幼苗，结果显示，ABA和SNP均增强了玉米叶片中抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、GR和APX的活性；激光共聚焦显微检测显示，ABA能够诱导叶片中NO的合成；NO清除剂PTIO和合成抑制剂L-NAME预处理阻断了ABA诱导的抗氧化酶活性的上升及NO的合成。对不同亚细胞区室的研究显示，ABA和NO对质外体和叶绿体中的抗氧化酶系统均表现出诱导效应，而PTIO和L-NAME阻断了这种诱导。上述结果表明，在玉米叶片中，NO介导了ABA的信号转导，诱导叶绿体和质外体中的抗氧化酶系统协同作用，共同提高了叶片的抗氧化防护能力。     

低温胁迫下西瓜嫁接苗的生理变化与耐冷性关系的研究

 以自根苗为对照 ,研究了不同砧木对嫁接苗耐冷性的影响及生理机制。结果表明 ,与自根苗相比 ,嫁接苗的耐冷性明显提高。在低温胁迫下 ,嫁接苗冷害指数、电解质渗透率、丙二醛 (MDA)含量明显低于自根苗的 ;而叶绿素、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (AsA POD)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶 (DR)活性明显高于自根苗。不同嫁接苗由于砧木的不同其耐冷性也有较大差异。耐冷性强的嫁接苗叶片中电解质渗透率、MDA含量低于耐冷性弱的嫁接苗 ;脯氨酸含量、SOD、AsA POD、DR活性高于耐冷性弱的嫁接苗。因此 ,耐冷性与在低温下植株具有较高的抗氧化能力和细胞膜稳定性有关。单一生理指标不能完全正确评价西瓜嫁接苗的耐冷性 ,应以综合指标来评价鉴定其耐冷性     

Effects of Selenium on Maize Ovary Development at Pollination Stage Under Water Deficits

Maize ovary development is linked to kernel formation. Soil water deficit results in ovary abortion because of low water potential （ψw） resulting in inhibition of photosynthesis from anthesis to silking stage. Thus, drought is a key factor causing yield losses in maize, especially near the time of pollination. Earlier studies have indicated that selenium （Se） maintains antioxidative defence systems and enhances sugar and starch accumulation. The effects of Se on maize ovary development were studied in drought stress conditions. Maize ovary development was studied through observations on starch, membrane integrity, fresh weight and dry weight in drought-treated or unstressed glasshouse-grown plants, and crop yield, yield structure, leaf, stem and ear biomass accumulation were also analyzed. Results indicated that Se increased the stress tolerance of the crop, even though ovary abortion was not eliminated by Se treatments under low ψw. Under well-watered control conditions, Se had also negative effects. When the first ear was not succesfully pollinated or the ovaries aborted, the plants developed more ears. Even though these later formed ears did not produce kernels, they significantly increased the dry weight of the plants under water deficit. It could be concluded that The optimal concentration for maize of Se applied through roots is about 0.01 mg kg^-1 （supplied as Na2SeO4） soil or less.     

Cd胁迫对苦瓜叶片活性氧代谢的影响

以苦瓜为材料,进行砂培研究Cd胁迫对苦瓜叶片活性氧代谢的影响.结果表明:Cd胁迫促使苦瓜叶片O2.-、H2O2产生速率增大,启动膜脂过氧化,从而导致细胞伤害;Cd胁迫促使叶片游离脯氨酸(Pro)积累,起到保护叶片的作用,同时增强抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性;当Cd2+含量为20 mg.L-1时,DR活性最高,Cd2+含量为80 mg.L-1时,GR活性最高.     

小麦叶片内几个抗冷相关基因cDNA片段的克隆

运用RT-PCR法,从小麦叶片中克隆出SOD、CAT、APX、GR、CBF、GI等几个抗冷相关基因的cDNA片段,序列比对结果显示,这些基因与GenBank上已登录的大麦、小麦、玉米、水稻等相关基因的同源性较高,表明克隆出了上述几个小麦抗冷相关基因,其中的APX和GR为普通小麦中首次报道。     

外源水杨酸对锰污染红壤中玉米的生长与抗氧化酶活性的调节作用

采用盆栽实验方法研究了外源水杨酸(SA)对锰污染红壤中玉米的生长、脂质过氧化程度、活性氧水平以及抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明,过量锰明显降低玉米植株干重,显著提高了茎叶和根中锰的含量.SA促进锰胁迫下玉米的生长,但对植株中锰的含量与分布无影响.过量锰处理下,玉米叶片超氧阴离子(O-2)和过氧化氢积累显著增加,脂质过氧化、电解质渗透率和脯氨酸含量显著升高;而SA和过量锰复合处理下,这些指标则显著降低.过量锰诱导超氧化物歧化酶(SOD,EC 1.15.1.1)、过氧化物酶(POD,EC 1.11.1.7)活性升高,抑制过氧化氢酶(CAT,EC 1.11.1.6)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX,1.11.1.11)活性;SA处理促进锰胁迫下SOD和POD活性进一步升高,减小CAT和APX活性下降的程度.这些结果提示,SA调节抗氧化酶活性,保护组织细胞免遭氧化损伤,是SA缓解过量锰对玉米毒害作用的重要生理原因.     

镉胁迫对烤烟叶片抗氧化系统的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫(0mg/L,5mg/L,25mg/L,50mg/L)对烤烟叶片抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:25mg/L镉胁迫下,过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性最大;5mg/L时,过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性最大;随着镉浓度增大,烤烟叶片抗氧化酶活性逐渐降低;丙二醛(MDA)含量随镉浓度增大而逐渐增加。