棉花黄萎菌拮抗细菌BDT-25抑菌蛋白的分离纯化

拮抗细菌BDT-25是从根际土壤中分离得到的1株芽孢杆菌,其菌株发酵液产生的抑菌物质对棉花黄萎菌具有较强的抑制作用。为了明确其抑菌活性组分,本研究通过硫酸铵沉淀的方法从BDT-25菌株去菌体发酵液中提取得到对棉花黄萎病菌具有抑制作用的抑菌蛋白,分别采用阴离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析的方法对其进行了纯化,抑菌活性检测结果显示,P1具有抑菌活性,为有效抑菌活性组分。经SDS—PAGE电泳纯化为单一蛋白带,分子量约为30kDa。     

5株生姜促生菌的初步鉴定及产IAA和抑菌能力测定

为明确5株生姜促生菌的分类地位和促生活性,本试验通过观察其菌体及菌落形态特征、生理生化特性和16S r DNA序列分析,初步确定GJ3为解淀粉芽孢杆菌,GJ130为纳什维尔链霉菌,NS87为非脱羧勒克氏菌,NS178为枯草芽孢杆菌,NS111为路德维希肠杆菌。用抑菌谱法测定了5株促生菌的拮抗特性,其中GJ3和NS178具有较广的抑菌谱,对14种病原真菌均具有拮抗效果。Salkowski比色法定量测定了5株促生菌产吲哚乙酸能力,菌株NS111产吲哚乙酸能力最强,其发酵液IAA含量为148.80 mg/L。     

一株蜡样芽孢杆菌16S rDNA分子鉴定及其发酵液抑菌谱的测定

从食源中筛选出一株具有广谱抗菌活性的蜡样芽孢杆菌,为新抗菌肽的开发利用奠定基础。本实验是采用16S rDNA基因序列分析进一步鉴定具有抑菌活性的食源筛选菌株(命名为BC1),并采用琼脂扩散法测定该菌株发酵液的抑菌谱。结果表明:BC1菌株16S rDNA基因序列分析结合生理生化特征鉴定为芽孢杆菌属的蜡样芽孢杆菌;该菌株发酵液抑菌谱较宽,对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌等常见病原菌具有抑制作用。     

溶菌酶快速诱导蜡样芽孢杆菌L型的研究

[目的]研究溶菌酶诱导蜡样芽孢杆菌L型的技术条件。[方法]利用溶菌酶诱导蜡样芽孢杆菌L型,观察其形成、形态、生长及其对渗透压的敏感性等特性。[结果]在培养基中加入2 mg/ml的溶菌酶能够较好地诱导蜡样芽孢杆菌L型的产生,通过连续的培养获得了稳定的L型蜡样芽孢杆菌。L型蜡样芽孢杆菌呈球状,革兰氏染色阴性,对渗透压敏感。[结论]确定了蜡样芽孢杆菌溶菌酶法诱导L型的最佳浓度。     

产ε-聚赖氨酸菌株的筛选、鉴定及发酵

分别在培养基中添加2 g/Lε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)和复合抗生素抑菌剂,结合ε-聚赖氨酸与亚甲基蓝形成透明圈的现象初筛产ε-PL的菌株,根据ε-聚赖氨酸与道夫根试剂的特殊沉淀反应现象复筛获得5株菌株,经生理生化试验和16S rDNA分析鉴定,5株菌株中包括1株解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),1株蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),1株链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.,未鉴定到种)菌株,1株糖多孢属(Saccharopolyspora sp)菌株,1株白色链霉菌(Streptomyces albulus),其摇瓶发酵ε-聚赖氨酸产量分别为0.06、0.08、0.70、0.82、1.56 g/L;采用2阶段法对wzj4、wzj5进行5 L发酵罐发酵,结果发现,其ε-聚赖氨酸最大产量分别为2.54、6.99 g/L。凝胶色谱分析表明wzj5发酵液中ε-聚赖氨酸分子量大小与对照品相近,最小抑菌浓度为250μg/mL,对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果良好。     

寒地水稻病害生防菌株L1的鉴定及抑菌机理研究

本研究从寒地水稻根际筛选并鉴定了1株生防细菌,初步命名为芽孢杆菌L1,芽孢杆菌L1发酵培养5 d时发酵液中具有抑菌活性的次生代谢产物对水稻稻瘟病菌及纹枯病菌菌丝生长抑制率都达到最高,分别达74.57%和83.23%,随时间延长抑菌效果不再增加;芽孢杆菌L1的发酵液用硫酸铵梯度沉淀法提取粗蛋白,7个梯度下的粗蛋白对两种菌菌丝均具有抑菌作用,但对稻瘟病菌起主要抑菌作用的蛋白在硫酸铵饱和度50%～60%下沉淀,而对水稻纹枯病菌则在60%～70%,说明芽孢杆菌L1分泌对水稻稻瘟病菌和纹枯病菌起主要抑菌活性的蛋白可能不是同一类。     

9株芽孢杆菌的初步分离鉴定与拮抗性试验

通过对采集样品中细菌的分离与纯化,获得9株芽孢杆菌,经纯化培养后观察其个体和群体形态特征,并进行了12项生理生化特征鉴定。结果表明,B10为地衣芽孢杆菌,B13为巨大芽孢杆菌,B12、B14为短小芽孢杆菌,B15为苏芸金芽孢杆菌,B16为蕈状芽孢杆菌,B11,B17,B18为蜡样芽孢杆菌。通过对8株植物病原菌和3株动物病原菌的拮抗试验,初步确定B13,B16,B17,B18的抗菌谱较广,其中B10,B15对棉花枯萎菌,B13,B17对辣椒疫霉菌,B11对西瓜枯萎菌,B10,B17,B18对3株动物病原菌有较好的拮抗能力。     

拮抗细菌对烟草黑胫病的防治效果研究

采用温室盆栽试验测试5株芽孢杆菌属生防细菌对烟草黑胫病的拮抗作用。结果表明,拮抗细菌芽孢杆菌1205对苗期烟草黑胫病有较稳定的防治效果,其分泌物还有促进烟株生长的作用,经鉴定1205菌株为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。     

芽孢杆菌抑制多种经济作物病原真菌及稳定性研究*

 78株对水稻稻瘟病具有拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌中,有32株分别对所参试的经济植物病原真菌具有明显的抑菌效果,占参试菌株的41.03%,同时显示,随着抑菌谱的增加,拮抗菌株数量随之下降,在78株芽孢杆菌中,仅有一株99－13菌株对7种经济作物病原真菌（柑桔黑腐病菌、柑桔炭疽病菌、番茄早疫病菌、玉米大斑病菌、油菜菌核病菌、甘薯黑斑病菌和芦荟黑斑病菌）具有显著的抑菌效果,占参试菌株的1.28％。芽孢杆菌之间对不同病原真菌的抑菌效果存在较大差异。99-13发酵液和代谢产物对上述植物病原真菌具有广谱抑菌效果（抑菌效果在56%～82%）,其代谢产物具有耐高温和耐酸碱等特点,有待进一步研究和开发利用。     

一株短短芽孢杆菌X23培养基优化及其抑菌活性研究

通过平板对峙培养试验发现短短芽孢杆菌X23对细菌、真菌、卵菌等多种植物病原菌都有拮抗作用,在NB培养基基础上通过单因素变量法进行优化,并对发酵液稳定性进行研究。结果表明:当培养基中牛肉膏1 g/L,蛋白胨5 g/L,葡萄糖10 g/L时,发酵液抑菌效果最好。60和70℃加热处理1 h的发酵液抑菌活性不变,80℃以上抑菌活性下降,100℃以上活性丧失;不同pH值中过夜处理,抑菌活性不降低;紫外光照2~8h抑菌活性不变,10 h以上活性下降。试验证明抑菌活性物质具有良好的耐热性,耐酸碱性以及紫外稳定性。     

ICP-OES法同时测定果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡含量

果蔬样品经混酸消化后,控制一定的酸度,定容后应用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对果蔬中铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡六种有害重金属进行测定,研究了分析测定条件,方法简单快速。测定结果表明,五种元素的加标平均回收率在91.0%~107%之间。其RSD均小于3.5%。按该方法进行处理及测定铅、砷、镉、铬、铜、锡,在选择的测定条件下最低检出限分别为0.0006 mg/kg、0.0003 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.00005 mg/kg、0.00003 mg/kg、0.0006 mg/kg。     

贵州樟科、景天科等9个科药用植物资源的种类与分布

通过野外调查、标本采集、分类学研究及资料考证,基本摸清了贵州樟科、莲叶桐科、景天科、堇菜科、柳叶菜科、鹿蹄草科、柿科、山矾科、木犀科等9个科药用植物资源的种类与地理分布.结果发现贵州现有樟科药用植物49种4变种,莲叶桐科药用植物5种,景天科药用植物21种,堇菜科药用植物19种1变种,柳叶菜科药用植物20种4变种,鹿蹄草科药用植物7种1变种,柿科药用植物9种1变种,山矾科药用植物12种,木犀科药用植物30种3变种.其中,4种为贵州特有药用植物,40种5变种为贵州药用新资源.     

原花青素的性质、功能、纯化和利用

原花青素广泛分布于高等植物的多种器官和组织中,是黄烷-3-醇的游离、寡聚或多聚物,存在侧基修饰、异构性质、聚合方式、聚合度等的多样性,可采用多种色谱和质谱技术进行纯化和鉴定。原花青素对于植物具有抗紫外线、清除自由基、抗病驱虫、影响种子休眠等功能,影响作物品质等性状,对人体也具有多种生理功效,在药物、化妆品、食品等领域有良好的应用前景。     

微波消解——原子吸收法测定烟叶中铜铁锰锌钙镁钾含量

用微波消解火焰原子吸收法测定了烟叶中的铜、铁、锰、锌、钙、镁、钾含量。该法快速、简便、准确,相对相差为0.1%～8.3%,回收率为94%～106%。     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

重金属稀土元素污染在水生物体内的生物富集

对铅、镉、汞以及镧、铈在鲤鱼体内的生物富集作用进行了室内试验和讨论。结果表明,重金属及稀土元素在鱼体各部位均有较强的富集作用,其中肌肉部分富集能力较弱,内脏富集能力最强;鱼体各部位对重金属及稀土元素的富集作用随时间的增加而增加,在一定的时间后趋于平衡;并且,鱼体中各部位对重金属及稀土元素的生物富集作用存在较大差异。     

Nonconversion of o,p'-DDT to p,p'-DDT in rats, sheep, chickens, and quail

The finding of appreciable quantities of p,p'-DDT after feeding o,p'-DDT to rats led to the proposal of a theory, that an isomeric metabolic conversion occurs. The presence of p,p'-DDT as an impurity in supposedly pure samples of o,p'-DDT is the correct explanation for the appearance of p,p'-DDT. Purified o,p'-DDT and (14)C-labeled o,p'-DDT yielded no data to support the idea that o,p'-DDT is converted to the p,p'-DDT isomer.     

Mineralogy, petrology, and surface features of lunar samples 10062,35, 10067,9, 10069,30, and 10085,16

The primary rocks are a sequence of titanium-rich basic volcanics, composed of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, and ilmenite with minor olivine, troilite, and native iron. The soil and microbreccias are respectively loose and compacted mixtures of fragments and aggregates of similar rocks, minerals, and glassy fragments and spheres. Impact events are reflected by the presence of shock metamorphosed rock fragments, breccias, and glasses and their resulting compaction to form complex breccias, glass-spattered surfaces, and numerous glass-lined craters. Chemistry of the glasses formed by the impact events is highly variable, and the high iron and nickel content of a few moundlike features suggests that at least some of the projectiles are iron and nickel-rich meteorites.     

Portrait of Science. Scientist, technologist, proto-feminist, superstar

Although Marie Curie is known primarily for her discovery of radium, her true gift to science was her realization that radioactivity is an intrinsic atomic property of matter rather than the result of chemical processes. She was one of the few Nobel laureates to win the prize twice (physics and chemistry). During her career and as one of the first prominent women scientists, she became increasingly aware of the need for funding for research and of the scientific freedom that money can bring. By nature shy and reserved, Marie's fame, as both a scientist and as an exemplar of a liberated professional woman of the roaring twenties, grew to superstar proportions.     

Water, hydrogen, deuterium, carbon, carbon-13, and oxygen-18 content of selected lunar material

The water content of the breccia is 150 to 455 ppm, with a deltaD from-580 to -870 per mil. Hydrogen gas content is 40 to 53 ppm with a deltaD of -830 to -970 per mil. The CO(2) is 290 to 418 ppm with delta (13)C = + 2.3 to + 5.1 per mil and delta(18)O = 14.2 to 19.1 per mil. Non-CO(2) carbon is 22 to 100 ppm, delta(13)C = -6.4 to -23.2 per mil. Lunar dust is 810 ppm H(2)O (D = 80 ppm) and 188 ppm total carbon(delta(13)C = -17.6 per mil). The (18)O analyses of whole rocks range from 5.8 to 6.2 per mil. The temperature of crystallization of type B rocks is 1100 degrees to 1300 degrees C, based on the oxygen isotope fractionation between coexisting plagioclase and ilmenite.