Microsomal hydroxylase induction in liver cell culture by phenobarbital, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and p,p'-DDT

Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by phenobarbital, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and the insecticide, 2.2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), occurs in rat fetal liver cell cultures. The maximum net rate at which the hydroxylase activity accumulates is about the same when phenobarbital, 3-methlcholanthrene, or benz[a]anthracene is in the growth medium at optimum concentrations. An additive effect is obtained when either phenobarbital or p.p'-DDT is present with a polycyclic hydrocarbon in the growth medium, but not when the cells are treated with phenobarbital plus p.p'-DDT or with the combination of two polycyclic hydrocarbons.     

Avian thyroid: effect of p,p'-DDT on size and activity

Feeding sublethal amounts of p,p'-DDT to pigeons caused an increase in thyroid weight and a reduction in colloid content of the follicles. This may reflect a hyper- or hypo-functioning gland and may be cotnnected with recent reductions in egg shell weights in wild birds. The effect was accompanied by increased liver weight.     

p,p'-DDT: effect on calcium metabolism and concentration of estradiol in the blood

Ringdoves given 10 parts per million p,p'-DDT showed a decrease of estradiol in the blood early in the breeding cycle and egg-laying was delayed. There was also a decrease in deposition of medullary calcium and in eggshell weight. Injection of p,p'-DDE (150 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) caused reduction of eggshell weight and inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the oviduct.     

p，p′-DDT在黄河兰州段沉积物上的吸附/解吸特性及影响因素研究

采用批量平衡实验,研究了黄河兰州段沉积物对p,p′-DDT的吸附/解吸特性,并考察了环境因素温度、pH值、沉积物粒度等对吸附的影响。结果表明,p,p′-DDT在黄河兰州段沉积物上的吸附在24h内可以充分达到平衡。吸附过程是非线性的,Freundlich模型可以较好地描述吸附行为,分配作用和表面吸附作用同时存在;解吸过程存在明显滞后性,即解吸要比吸附困难。正交结果表明吸附质浓度和吸附剂浓度对p,p′-DDT在沉积物上的吸附量有显著影响,而温度、pH值、有机质含量、沉积物粒度影响不显著。     

Comparative Toxicity of DDT Isomers and Related Compounds to Mosquito Larvae and Fish

The p, p'-DDT isomer is several times as toxic as the o,p'-DDT isomer to both goldfish and mosquito larvae. The methoxy analogue equals DDT in toxicity to fish, but is less toxic to mosquito larvae. On the other hand, the DDD analogue ranks about as high as DDT in toxicity to mosquito larvae, but appears to be less toxic to goldfish.     

Dechlorination of DDT in frozen blood

Dechilorination of a commercial mixture of o, p'-DDT and p, ppDDT to p, p'-DDD and p, p'-DDE occiurs in avian blood stored at-20 degrees C, indicatinig nonenzymalic degradation. The subsequent disappearance of these two metabolites suggests conversion to other metabolites which cannot be detected by gas chromatography with an electron-captutre detector.     

Estrogenic activity of o,p'-DDT in the mammalian uterus and avian oviduct

When rats and birds were treated with o, p-DDT, their reproductive tissues exhibited the same response as when they were treated with estrogen. Weight, water content, glycogen, and RNA increased in uteri and oviducts of rats, chickens, and quail receiving o, p-DDT; p, p-DDT produced little if any response. The o, p-DDT did not accumulate in the reproductive or adipose tissues to a greater extent than p, p-DDT.     

Insecticide inhibition of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone binding in the rat ventral prostate

The chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides dieldrin and o,p'-DDT inhibit binding of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to specific receptor proteins in rat prostate cytosol. Dieldrin is less inhibitory than o,p'-DDT.     

Degradation and disappearance of ortho, para isomer of technical DDT in living and dead avian tissues

The O,p'-DDT in technical DDT is broken down to p,p'-DDT and then to 1,1-dichloro- 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene in living avian tissue. In the anaerobic conditions existing after death, O,p'-DDT is metabolized to 1,1-dichloro-2-(O-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane. The absence of O,p'-DDT and metabolites in field specimens is ascribed to the rapid rate of breakdown and a masking of the 1,1-dichloro-2-(O-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane residue during analysis by the relatively large amounts of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene.     

DDT-induced inhibition of avian shell gland carbonic anhydrase: a mechanism for thin eggshells

The shell-forming glands of Japanese quail fed p,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDE had carbonic anhydrase activity 16 to 19 percent lower than shell glands of quail on a diet free of pesticides.     

DDT residues in marine phytoplankton: increase from 1955 to 1969

Phytoplankton samples collected in Monterey Bay, California, from 1955 to 1969 contained compounds identified as p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDE. Total concentrations of these compounds were approximately three times greater in the later samples. Lower concentrations throughout the period were associated with higher densities of standing crop.     

Does DDT inhibit carbonic anhydrase?

At a concentration of 50 to 100 micrograms per milliliter, p,p'-DDT (and p,p'-DDE) did not inhibit the rate of hydration or dehydration of carbon dioxide by carbonic anhydrase. At concentrations greater than 500 micrograms per milliliter, partial inhibition of the rate of dehydration of carbonic acid was observed, but this involved precipitation of drug in the reaction vessel. This degree of inhibition suggests that DDT may not inhibit carbonic anhydrase effectively at the usual concentrations found in tissue after exposure of organisms to DDT in the environment.     

Synergism of insecticides by herbicides

The herbicides atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) enhanced the toxicity of selected insecticides to Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, Musca domestica L., and larvae of Aedes aegypti L. The insecticides-nine organophosphorus compounds, two chlorinated hydrocarbons, and one carbamate-were used at dosages that resulted in low insect mortalities, while the herbicides by themselves were nontoxic. Atrazine was most effective. With increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of fruit flies were observed. Exposure of the insects for 24 hours to carbofuran (0.5 microgram), p,p'-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] (4 micrograms), parathion (0.35 microgram), and diazinon (0.2 microgram) alone resulted in mortalities of 7.5, 9.5, 8, and 10.5 percent, respectively. Based on dosage mortality curves obtained with increasing amounts of atrazine, mortalities of 50 percent of the insect populations would have been achieved with 23, 40, 6, and 10 micrograms of atrazine added to the abovementioned dosages of carbofuran, DDT, parathion, and diazinon, respectively.     

珠江口14种习见水生动物体内滴滴涕含量的测定与评价

对珠江口伶仃洋海域14种习见鱼类、甲壳类、双壳类和头足类动物体内的有机氯农药滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量进行测定。结果显示,在各种生物体内共检测出DDTs的6种同分异构体p,p-DDT、p,p-DDD、p,p-DDE、o,p-DDT、o,p-DDD和o,pDDE,其浓度范围分别是0.11~147.29,ND~165.37,0.22 45.85,ND~16.21,ND~12.71,ND~30.68 ng·g-1干质量,DDTs浓度范围是0.33~394.38 ng·g-1干质量。DDTs在10种鱼类体内的平均含量为133.27 ng·g-1干质量,其含量高低顺序为:斑鰶≥梭鱼≥蓝圆鲹≥七丝鲚≥长蛇鲻≥棘头梅童鱼≥鯻鱼≥斑鲆≥孔鰕虎鱼≥黄斑蓝子鱼。甲壳类体内仅检测到p,p-DDT、p,p-DDD、p,pDDE和o,p-DDT,其浓度分别为0.81,1.08,2.17,1.45 ng·g-1干质量,DDTs的含量为5.51 ng·g-1干质量。两种双壳类体内p,pDDT含量最高,分别为52.17,75.61 ng·g-1干质量,DDTs在双壳类体内的平均含量为175.77 ng·g-1干质量。头足类体内只检测到p,p-DDT和p,p-DDE,含量分别为0.11,0.22 ng·g-1干质量,DDTs含量最低,仅为0.33 ng·g-1干质量。研究结果还表明,斑鰶、梭鱼和翡翠贻贝体内DDTs含量超过了国家规定的安全食用标准(DDTs≤1 mg·kg-1),应引起相关部门的关注。     

DDT降解菌2D-1的分离鉴定与降解特性研究

从洪泽湖湿地淤泥中分离得到1株能高效降解DDT的革兰氏阳性细菌2D-1。通过生理生化分析,以及16SrDNA序列同源性比较分析,将2D-1鉴定为蜡状芽抱杆菌（Bacillus cereus）。在基础盐酵母培养基中,接种量5％,摇床转速150r／min,培养温度33℃,pH值6．5的条件下,2D-1菌株在8d内能对总量为53．46mg／L的DDT进行95．64％的降解,对p,p’-DDT、p,p＇-DDE、p,p＇-DDD和o,p＇-DDT的绝对降解浓度分别为5．32、22．98、6．66和16．17mg/L。结果表明,2D-1对4种异构体的适应性不同,p,p＇-DDE是其最适底物,且2D-1瞻解DDT的主娶产物有6种。     

Synergism of insecticides by herbicides: effect of environmental factors

The synergism of parathion and p,p'-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] by atrazine was investigated as a function of soil type, age of pesticide soil residues, and the presence of soils in quiet or turbulent water. Compared to previous tests in which the pesticides were applied on glass surfaces, a significant reduction of the toxicity of the insecticides to fruit flies and of the synergistic effects of atrazine was observed with soils, particularly a silt loam. The effects of atrazine as a synergist in soil declined rapidly within 4 days. The toxicity of parathion in water and its synergism by atrazine were significantly reduced by soil sediments, depending on the type and amount of soil present. Soils were highly effective in turbulent water: in water containing the relatively high parathion concentration of 0.3 part per million, 93 percent of the mosquito larvae present died within 24 hours, yet this solution was rendered nontoxic by being mixed with 5 grams of a loam soil. With atrazine present in the latter system, however, 38 percent of the mosquito larvae died. Thus, insecticides can be more or less toxic, depending on their concentrations, the presence of synergists, and the environmenetal conditions.     

Atomlike, hollow-core-bound molecular orbitals of C60

The atomic electron orbitals that underlie molecular bonding originate from the central Coulomb potential of the atomic core. We used scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory to explore the relation between the nearly spherical shape and unoccupied electronic structure of buckminsterfullerene (C60) molecules adsorbed on copper surfaces. Besides the known pi* antibonding molecular orbitals of the carbon-atom framework, above 3.5 electron volts we found atomlike orbitals bound to the core of the hollow C60 cage. These "superatom" states hybridize like the s and p orbitals of hydrogen and alkali atoms into diatomic molecule-like dimers and free-electron bands of one-dimensional wires and two-dimensional quantum wells in C60 aggregates. We attribute the superatom states to the central potential binding an electron to its screening charge, a property expected for hollow-shell molecules derived from layered materials.     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide, the southern oscillation, and the weak 1975 el nino

The observed rate of change of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the South Pole, Fanning Island, Hawaii, and ocean weather station P correlates with an index of the southern oscillation and with El Ni?o occurrences. There are changes at all four stations that seem to be in response to the weak 1975 El Ni?o. Thus, even poorly developed El Ni?o events may affect the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.     

恩诺沙星在异育银鲫体内的组织分布及消除规律

在24～26℃水温条件下,以10 mg.kg-1剂量,用高效液相色谱法检测组织中药物浓度,研究静脉注射和口服给药后恩诺沙星在健康异育银鲫组织内的代谢分布规律。结果表明:静脉注射后,药物在组织中代谢动力学特征符合二室模型;口服给药后,药物吸收良好,生物利用度(F)为86%,组织药物浓度-时间曲线呈现双峰,推测是由于药物在异育银鲫体内的肠肝循环作用所致。静脉注射和口服两种给药方式下,恩诺沙星在异育银鲫体内均具有良好的组织分布,肾脏、肌肉、肝胰脏、鳃和血液5种组织中的药物浓度时间曲线下总面积(AUC)分别为624.2、965.9、721.8、298.0、239.6μg·h·mL-1和465.3、343.1、542.9、411.4、205.9μg·h·mL-1,最大药物浓度(Cmax)分别为33.48、16.91、26.44、18.71μg.g-1和15.30μg·mL-1,9.20、5.39、7.78、6.88μg.g-1和4.50μg·mL-1;药物在各组织中消除时间较长,消除半衰期(T1/2β)分别为169.0、141.4、113.4、36.7、63.5 h和27.3、49.2、77.0、38.5、62.7 h。结论:恩诺沙星以10 mg.kg-1剂量单次口服给药,对细菌引起的异育银鲫病可以起到较好的治疗作用,但需注意药物残留问题。     

An anti-apoptotic role for the p53 family member, p73, during developmental neuron death

p53 plays an essential pro-apoptotic role, a function thought to be shared with its family members p73 and p63. Here, we show that p73 is primarily present in developing neurons as a truncated isoform whose levels are dramatically decreased when sympathetic neurons apoptose after nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal. Increased expression of truncated p73 rescues these neurons from apoptosis induced by NGF withdrawal or p53 overexpression. In p73-/- mice, all isoforms of p73 are deleted and the apoptosis of developing sympathetic neurons is greatly enhanced. Thus, truncated p73 is an essential anti-apoptotic protein in neurons, serving to counteract the pro-apoptotic function of p53.