玉米—花生混作体系中不同施氮水平对花生铁营养及固氮的影响

盆栽试验结果表明,不同氮水平条件下玉米—花生混作可明显改善花生铁营养。与单作相比,混作花生新叶叶绿素SPAD值明显提高,新叶活性铁浓度提高12.4%～27.1%,同时花生根瘤数和固氮酶活性显著增加。在本试验种植密度下,施氮水平和种植方式对单株花生生物量无显著影响,而施氮对玉米根际土壤活性铁浓度的提高有一定的促进作用,并且花生根瘤数和固氮酶活性受施氮水平影响较大。说明石灰性土壤上玉米—花生混作对花生铁营养改善及提高花生的固氮能力具有重要作用;施氮水平对花生铁营养影响不大,但随施氮量增加对花生共生固氮有抑制作用。     

小麦与花生间作改善花生铁营养的效应研究

采用砂-土联合培养根箱试验装置,模拟田间试验研究石灰性土壤小麦与花生间作改善花生Fe营养的效应结果表明,石灰性土壤高pH和高CaCO3是导致花生缺Fe黄化的主要原因。叶片已发生黄化的花生与小麦间作可明显改善花生缺Fe症状,间作16d后花生根际土壤有效铁含量、花生新叶叶绿素和活性Fe含量均显著提高。小麦与花生间作对改善花生Fe营养的效应可能与缺Fe小麦根分泌的Fe载体对土壤中Fe活化有关。     

利用~(14)示踪研究玉米/花生间作玉米根系分泌物对花生铁营养影响的机制

通过14 C示踪技术研究间作条件下玉米根系分泌物改善花生铁营养的作用。结果表明 ,玉米根系的分泌物可穿越尼龙网而到达间作花生的根际 ,同正常间作的花生一样 ,与单作相比 ,两种间作花生的铁营养状况得到了明显的改善 ,玉米光合作用固定的碳可通过根系分泌物进入花生根际并转移到花生的根系和地上部 ,玉米根系分泌物可活化土壤难溶性铁而提高土壤有效铁含量 ,这部分活化的铁可被花生吸收和利用     

玉米花生混作对花生根系还原力和花生铁营养的影响

采用自行设计的立培一营养液联合体系培养装置．研究了混作对花生根系还原力和铁营养状况的影响。向营养液中供给难溶性的氢氧化铁后,在不同的时间内测定花生根系的还原力及新叶中铁的含量。结果表明,在3～9天中单作花生还原力明显高于混作花生,12～15天期间单作花生还原力迅速下降并低于相应的混作花生;而混作花生在6～15无中缓慢上升,并在较长时间内维持了较高的还原力。花生新叶活性铁含量测定结果表明,在加入难溶性氢氧化铁后第3天,单作、混作花生新叶活性铁含量无明显的差异,而至第9天、第15天时,单作花生活性铁含量低于混作花生。玉米与花生混作对改善花生营养状况具有重要的作用。     

玉米-花生混作对系统内氮营养的影响研究

试验研究玉米-花生混作对系统内N营养的影响结果表明,种植密度花生∶玉米=5∶3混作对玉米、花生单株生物量、植株全N及单株吸N量均无明显影响,但显著降低混作花生根际土壤NO3--N浓度,同时显著增加混作花生根瘤数,提高单株根瘤固N酶活性。     

酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤pH和铁有效性的影响研究

在无植物栽培的条件下通过肥料在土壤中的扩散试验研究酸性根际肥对石灰性土壤 pH值、有效铁含量的影响 ,利用盆栽试验验证对石灰性土壤上花生缺铁失绿黄化症的矫正效果。结果表明 ,酸性根际肥 (pH 1.0～ 2 .0 )中的酸在土壤中扩散的影响半径可达 6cm ,但对土壤pH降低作用最显著的是在距肥料 2cm内 ;在施肥 2 8d内 ,距肥料 2cm处 ,土壤 pH值降低了 0 .9个单位 ,土壤铁有效性 (DTPA浸提量 )增加了 5 .9mg kg ;施用酸性根际肥可使花生叶绿素SPAD值与叶片活性铁含量显著提高 ,克服了花生缺铁黄化症状 ,使施肥区 (肥料周围 2cm内 )土壤pH值显著降低 ,并显著提高了该区土壤铁的有效性和花生对土壤Fe的吸收量。     

玉米—花生混作对改善花生铁营养及固氮的影响

盆栽试验模拟研究结果表明,当花生单作时,花生新叶出现严重的缺铁黄化症状,而与玉米混作时,铁营养明显地改善。与单作相比,花生新叶叶绿素含量明显提高,总吸铁量增加１９．４％,根瘤吸铁量提高３２．７２％,根瘤干重增加２５．８９％,单株固氮酶活性和单位根瘤固氮酶活性分别增加４４７．０６％和４０８．６９％,这说明,在石灰性土壤上,玉米—花生混作对花生铁营养的改善及对花生根瘤固氮起了重要的作用。     

根系分隔方式对玉米/大豆根际土壤碳含量及磷有效性的影响

【目的】豆科与禾本科间作体系中对磷有效性的影响主要集中在根系分泌物的活化作用,由根际沉淀引起的土壤碳含量与磷酸酶活性变化及其对红壤磷有效性的影响机制尚不清楚。【方法】本研究以间作玉米大豆为研究对象,设置根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔、不分隔3种方式,在0、21.83、43.67、65.50和87.34 P mg kg-1（分别记为P0、P1、P2、P3和P4）磷肥施用水平下进行盆栽试验,研究根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、溶解性有机碳（DOC）、根际土壤有机碳（ROC）、酸性磷酸酶活性（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶活性（ALP）、速效磷和Hedley磷组分的影响。【结果】相比完全分隔,根系不分隔可提高玉米和大豆根际土壤MBC含量,显著降低玉米根际土壤DOC含量,低磷水平（P0、P1）时显著提高大豆DOC含量,显著提高玉米（仅在低磷时）和大豆根际土壤ACP活性,低磷时显著提高大豆根际土壤ALP活性。除玉米活性磷组分外,根系分隔方式对间作玉米大豆根际土壤速效磷、磷组分有显著或极显著影响。根系不分隔较完全分隔可通过降低大豆根际活性无机磷（Pi）(P0除外)和中活性Pi从而提高玉米根...     

玉米?水稻轮作和水稻连作土壤根际和非根际氮含量及酶活性

【目的】以水稻连作为对照,研究玉米?水稻水旱轮作模式对稻田作物根际和非根际土壤氮素含量及酶活性的影响,为稻田系统玉米?水稻轮作对土壤氮素转化与稻田土壤质量的影响提供科学依据。【方法】利用根际袋盆栽试验进行水稻连作与玉米?水稻轮作,在玉米喇叭口期、抽穗期及成熟期,水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及成熟期分别采取根际与非根际土样,测定土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量与脲酶、硝酸还原酶活性变化。【结果】两种种植模式及作物生育期对土壤氮素含量和酶活性均有显著影响。不同种植模式下土壤酶活性变化趋势基本相同。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作土壤铵态氮减少了24.7%;土壤硝态氮含量增加了153.4%,主要表现在第一季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作条件下两季作物成熟期土壤全氮含量降低,土壤脲酶活性整体提高24.3%,土壤硝酸还原酶活性整体降低34.6%。水旱轮作对各个指标的影响可持续到第二季。根际土壤铵态氮含量及脲酶活性整体低于非根际土壤,玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量低于非根际,水稻根际土壤硝态氮含量高于非根际土壤,根际土壤硝酸还原酶活性高于非根际土壤。【结论】在本试验中,轮作在第一季对土壤氮素及酶活性的影响可持续至第二季。与水稻连作相比,玉米?水稻轮作可以提高作物根际与非根际土壤的脲酶活性及硝态氮含量,有利于氮素有效性的提高。     

复合微生物菌剂对棉花生理特性及根际土壤 微生物和化学性质的影响

为了系统地阐述复合微生物菌剂在改善土壤化学性质、生物学性质和促进植物生长方面的效果及机理,采用盆栽试验,研究常规和灭菌条件下不同用量的微生物菌剂对棉花生长、生理代谢、根际土壤生物学特性和养分含量的影响。结果表明:施用复合微生物菌剂能够提高苗期棉花叶片光合色素总量,叶片和根系内抗氧化物酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低过氧化物质含量(MDA、O2·-),进而提高了棉花的光合性能和抗氧化能力;降低了土壤pH,提高了根际土壤细菌和放线菌数,而降低了根际土壤真菌数,同时提高了根际土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性,最终提高了根际土壤有效养分和有机质含量,改善了根际微域环境,促进了棉花苗期生物量的累积和抗病性。除根际土壤养分含量外,常规复合微生物菌剂对各指标的改善效果优于灭菌复合微生物菌剂,且用量为10L/667m2时效果较明显。因此,复合微生物菌剂可通过改变土壤pH,改善根际土壤微生物群落的数量和结构来改变土壤酶活性和有效养分含量,优化根际生长环境,增强植物抗逆性和光合能力,最终实现养地增产的效果。此外,复合微生物菌剂中的有益活菌在改土、促生方面具有极其重要的积极效应。     

Role of Phosphatases,Iron Reducing,and Solubilizing Activity on the Nutrient Acquisition in Mixed Cropped Peanut and Barley

The effect of interspecific complementary and competitive root interactions and rhizosphere effects on primarily phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) but also nitrogen (N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) nutrition between mixed cropped peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). In order to provide more physiological evidence on the mechanisms of interspecific facilitation, phosphatase activities in plant and rhizosphere, root ferric reducing capacity (FR), Fe-solubilizing activity (Fe-SA), and rhizosphere pH were determined. The results of the experiment revealed that biomass yield of peanut and barley was decreased by associated plant species as compared to their monoculture. Rhizosphere chemistry was strongly and differentially modified by the roots of peanut and barley and their mixed culture. In the mixed cropping of peanut/barley, intracellular alkaline and acid phosphatases (AlPase and APase), root secreted acid phosphatases (S-APase), acid phosphatases activity in rhizosphere (RS-APase), and bulk soil (BS-APase) were higher than that of monocultured barley. Regardless of plant species and cropping system, the rhizosphere pH was acidified and concomitantly to this available P and Fe concentrations in the rhizosphere were also increased. The secretion Fe-solubilizing activity (Fe-SA) and ferric reducing (FR) capacity of the roots were generally higher in mixed culture relative to that in monoculture treatments which may improve Fe and Zn nutrition of peanut. Furthermore, mixed cropping improved N and K nutrition of peanut plants, while Ca nutrition was negatively affected by mixed cropping.     

Iron Nutrition of Peanut Enhanced by Mixed Cropping with Maize: Possible Role of Root Morphology and Rhizosphere Microflora

Abstract

Field observations have indicated that Fe deficiency chlorosis symptoms in peanut are more severe and widespread in monoculture than intercropped with maize in calcareous soils of northern China. Here we report a pot experiment that investigated the mechanisms underlying the marked improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut grown in mixture with maize. Iron deficiency chlorosis occurred in the young leaves of peanut in monoculture and was particularly obvious at the flowering stage, while the young leaves of peanut grown in mixture with maize remained green throughout the experiment. The chlorophyll and HCl‐extractable Fe concentrations in young leaves of peanut grown in mixture were much higher than those in monoculture, indicating that maize may have markedly improved the peanut Fe nutrition. Growth in mixture was associated with greatly altered root morphology and microbial populations in the rhizosphere of peanut. Visual observation of peanut roots in monoculture showed that they were larger in diameter and shorter than those in mixture. Moreover, peanut roots in mixture with maize produced more lateral roots and had increased root length compared with plants in monoculture. Peanut grown together with maize showed obvious rhizodermal transfer cells in the subapical root zone, but cells with cell wall ingrowths were poorly developed in peanut in monoculture. Mixed culture resulted in a significantly decreased abundance of bacteria in the rhizosphere of peanut compared with monoculture, and electron microscope observations indicated that this was associated with a thicker mucigel layer on the root surface of peanut in mixture with maize. Several root morphological and rhizosphere microbial factors may thus have contributed to the improvement in Fe nutrition of peanut in mixed culture.     

A study on the improvement iron nutrition of peanut intercropping with maize on nitrogen fixation at early stages of growth of peanut on a calcareous soil

Abstract

A glasshouse study employing a split-root technique was conducted to investigate the influence of intercropping with maize (Zea mays L.) in a calcareous soil on N₂ fixation by peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at early stages of growth. In this intercropping system, competitive interactions between maize and peanut for N and improvement of Fe uptake were likely to be important factors affecting N₂ fixation of peanut. The experiment was comprised of three treatments which included treatment I: peanut monocropping; treatment II: maize/peanut intercropping (the major and the minor compartments with low N, 50 mg kg^?1); treatment III: maize/peanut intercropping (the major compartment with low N, 50 mg kg^?1 and the minor compartment with high, N 200 mg kg^?1). The minor compartment of treatment III was fertilized with 200 mg kg^?1 N for reducing or eliminating the competition of N coming from intercropping maize. Intercropping with maize corrected Fe chlorosis of peanut by significantly increasing plant Fe concentration and uptake. Compared with the monocropping treatment, iron uptake increased from intercropping treatment II and III by 22 and 24% per plant, 30 and 29% shoots, 38 and 60% nodules. Iron uptake by the root nodules was especially enhanced in the intercropping system. In contrast, intercropping with maize had little effect on NO₃ ^?1-N concentrations in the soil rhizosphere of peanut or on N concentrations and uptake by peanut compared with plants in monoculture. The results indicate that the improvement in Fe nutrition was an important factor promoting N₂ fixation by peanut in the intercropping system at the flowering stage of peanut growth, and that competition for N by intercropped maize had little effect on N₂ fixation by peanut under the experimental conditions.     

连作对花生根系分泌物化感作用的影响

采用连续收集法提取连作5 年、3 年和轮作处理的花生结荚期根系分泌物, 研究其对土壤微生物及花生种子发芽、幼苗生长发育和细胞膜过氧化的化感作用及连作对花生根系分泌物化感作用的影响。结果表明,花生结荚期根系分泌物对花生根腐镰刀菌36194 菌丝的生长、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量存在促进作用, 对固氮菌14046 的生长, 花生种子胚根的伸长、幼苗的苗高、茎叶鲜重、根系鲜重、叶片叶绿素含量等有抑制作用, 促进和抑制作用均随根系分泌物添加浓度和连作年限的增加呈增强趋势。连作花生结荚期根系分泌物化感物质在土壤中的累积, 很可能是导致花生连作障碍的原因之一。     

花生缺铁黄化的敏感时期及耐低铁品种的筛选指标

采用盆栽试验,系统研究了石灰性土壤上16个花生品种在各个生育时期新叶的黄化度、叶绿素值、活性铁含量的差异及其动态变化。结果表明,缺铁胁迫下花生耐低铁和铁敏感品种间叶片的黄化程度存在着显著差异,大多数铁敏感品种在出苗后50～65 d时黄化度最高。供试16个品种顶部新展开叶片的叶绿素值（SPAD值）和活性铁含量在整个生育期的变幅分别为4.5～34.6和8.0～36.3 mg/kg, FW,随生长时间的延长两者均呈高―低―高的动态变化趋势。在生长前期,耐低铁品种新叶的叶绿素值和活性铁含量均显著高于铁敏感品种;开花期是花生对缺铁胁迫最为敏感的时期,此阶段黄化现象最严重、各品种新叶的叶绿素值和活性铁含量最低。相关分析表明,在生长前期叶绿素值与黄化度、活性铁及荚果产量之间均呈极显著的相关关系。新叶叶绿素值可作为花生耐低铁品种筛选的一可靠指标。     

玉米花生间作改善花生铁营养提高其光合特性的机理

  【目的】  研究玉米花生间作改善花生铁营养后对花生功能叶片光能吸收、转化、电子传递和CO₂固定的影响，揭示玉米花生间作改善花生光合性能的机理。  【方法】  试验在河南科技大学试验农场进行，采用两因素两水平完全随机设计，两个种植模式包括玉米花生间作 (2行玉米间作4行花生) 和花生单作，两个磷肥施用水平为:不施磷 (P0) 和施P₂O₅ 180 kg/hm2 (P1)。单作花生于新叶完全展开时 (7月14日) 出现黄化，8月2日严重黄化，间作花生未出现黄花。测定了黄化和正常花生功能叶片光合作用强度对光照和CO₂ 浓度的响应，并分析了相关参数，运用JIP-test建立了叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线并计算了相关参数。  【结果】  与单作缺铁花生相比，间作花生功能叶单位面积光能的吸收 (ABS/CS_o)、捕获 (TR_o/CS_o) 和电子传递 (ET_o/CS_o)、PS I受体侧电子还原的能量 (RE_o/CS_o) 和单位面积反应中心数目 (RC/CS_m) 明显提高，光合电子传递链电子传递能力明显增强，PSⅡ最大光化学效率 (Ψ_Po)、捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中Q_A–下游电子受体的概率 (Ψ_o)、用于电子传递的量子产额 (Ψ_Eo)、电子从还原系统传递到PS I电子受体侧的效率 (δ_R)、PS I末端受体还原的量子产额 (Ψ_Ro) 均显著提高，增幅依次为36.7%～39.6%、79.6%～92.2%、151%～163%、16.3%～20.0%和177%～215%；PS I光化学活性 (ΔI/I_o) 及PS I与PSⅡ之间的协调性 (Φ_PSⅠ/PSⅡ) 也显著增强；间作花生功能叶SPAD值、光饱和时净光合速率 (LSP_n)、光饱和点 (LSP)、羧化效率 (CE)、CO₂饱和时净光合速率 (A_max)、Rubisco最大羧化速率 (V_{c, max})、最大电子传递速率 (J_max) 和磷酸丙糖利用率 (TPU) 显著提高。施磷能显著提高间作花生功能叶SPAD值、Ψ_Po、Ψ_o、Ψ_Eo、δ_R、Ψ_Ro、铁含量、净光合速率和生物量 (P < 0.05)，却了加剧单作花生的缺铁症状，显著降低其功能叶SPAD值、Ψ_Po、Ψ_o、Ψ_Eo、δ_R和Ψ_Ro、铁含量、净光合速率和生物量 (P < 0.05)。与单作正常花生相比，间作降低了花生功能叶ABS/CS_o、TR_o/CS_o、ET_o/CS_o、LSP_n和单株干物质量，却显著提高了功能叶Ψ_Eo。  【结论】  玉米花生间作显著改善了花生铁营养，因而促进了花生功能叶PSⅡ对光能的吸收、转化和电子传递，提高PS I光化学活性、PSⅡ与PS I的协调性和电子传递链稳定性，还显著提高暗反应CO₂羧化固定能力，从而提高净光合速率和生物量。施磷加剧单作花生缺铁症状，降低其光化学效率、暗反应能力、净光合速率和生物量，却能增强间作种间作用，提高间作花生光能吸收转化能力和CO₂固定能力。     

Effect of application of exogenous nitric oxide at different critical growth stages in alleviating Fe deficiency chlorosis of peanut growing in calcareous soil

This study was to investigate peanut response to application of nitric oxide (NO) at different growth stages and the effects of NO application on peanut yield and quality in calcareous soil. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) solution was poured into calcareous soil at sowing, seedling, flowering, and podding stages, respectively, or at each aforesaid critical stage. Results showed that NO application increased the content of active Fe and leaf chlorophyll, which improved the photosynthesis of peanut; enhanced the ability of resistance to oxidative stress by decreased the accumulation of O₂^??, H₂O₂, and MDA and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Nitric oxide increased the content of soil available Fe and root FCR activity, which can promote peanut absorb more Fe from the calcareous soil. What's more, peanut plants may pump a large amount of H⁺ from root cell membrane to consume in neutralization of HCO₃^?, and decrease the pH in apoplast, cytoplasm, and xylem, finally balance the mineral elements (Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Cu) uptake and distribution. These results indicated that NO could improve peanut growth and development, increase peanut yield and quality. Furthermore, the application of NO at sowing or seedling stage did the most obvious effect on alleviating chlorosis of peanut in calcareous soil.