固、液态磷源在石灰性土壤中的移动性及其对土壤有效磷含量影响的研究

采用同心圆扩散法对固体和酸性液体磷肥在石灰性土壤中的移动性与有效性进行研究。结果表明,土壤Olsen-P含量随施肥点圈层由内向外层而递减,液肥处理的Olsen-P量在施肥点以外的3个土壤圈层中均高于固肥处理。固体肥料大部分停留在距施肥点0~7.5 mm圈层,占施磷总量的55%~70%;液体肥料虽在0~7.5 mm层的含量低于固体肥料(约占15%~40%),但在远离施肥点的后3个圈层(7.5~43 mm)中均高于固体肥料处理,其中7.5~13.5 mm最为明显(液肥占35%,固肥占20%)。3种施磷量在砂土、壤土及粘土上均表现出一致的变化规律。肥料对土壤pH值的影响仅限制在距施肥点最近的0~7.5 mm范围,该层的pH值显著低于后层。本研究说明在石灰性土壤中液体磷的移动性、有效性明显高于固体磷,但对土壤pH值无显著影响。     

根际施肥调控对油菜硝酸盐含量的影响研究

利用盆栽试验,测定了肥料周围不同距离处土壤中NH4+与NO3-增量的变化,验证不同施肥方式对小油菜产量与NO3-含量的影响。结果发现,通过肥料在土壤中的扩散作用,肥料氮对土壤NH4+与NO3-增量的影响范围主要是在距肥料4cm内,但集中施肥与酸性根际肥(Ph1.0～2.0)的显著差异则是在2cm内;后者的NH4+扩散与硝化作用都较前者弱。其中,在距肥料1cm处,集中施肥的土壤NH4+增量于施肥一周后达最大值,而酸性根际肥则在两周后,且两者NH4+增量差异显著;在2cm处,二者土壤NH4+增量达最大值的时间都较1cm处晚一周,且前者显著低于后者,而后者土壤的NO3-增量都低于前者。在盆栽试验中,酸性根际肥使小油菜的土壤NH4+含量显著提高,而NO3-含量却很低。与集中施肥比较,土壤NH4+含量提高13%,NO3-含量降低72%～89%,小油菜的硝酸盐累积量降低了28%,小油菜产量增加39%。     

石灰和硅肥对非污染土壤Cd有效性和花生Cd含量的影响

本文研究了花生盆栽过程中,不同用量石灰及石灰、硅肥配施对非污染土壤有效态Cd和花生籽仁Cd含量的影响。结果表明：（1）在常规施肥条件下,施用石灰及石灰、硅肥配施均能显著提高土壤pH值,同时使得花生叶片细胞膜透性具有降低的趋势;石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时的土壤有效态Cd含量降低了12.6%（显著低于CK）,而石灰、硅肥配施组合对降低土壤有效Cd含量的作用不显著,可能与硅肥中Cd含量较高有关。（2）不同石灰施用量均有降低花生籽仁中Cd含量的趋势,其中石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时花生籽仁Cd含量比CK降低26.1%;但石灰、硅肥配施对降低花生籽仁Cd含量的作用不显著。（3）花生籽仁Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量达正相关显著水平,表明土壤Cd有效性是影响花生籽仁Cd含量的主要原因。     

石灰性土壤肥际磷酸一钙的转化及肥料磷的迁移

肥际是肥料与土壤接触后肥料养分浓度很高、肥料与土壤组分相互作用强烈的区域.P肥肥际反应尤为强烈,其过程对肥料P在土壤中迁移及生物有效性可能起着至关重要的作用.本文以肥际为切入点,通过土柱培养试验,研究了磷酸二氢钙(MCP)在石灰性潮土肥际的形态转化及肥料P的迁移.结果表明,MCP施肥31天后,肥料P的迁移距离达45 mm.MCP异成分溶解导致约30%的肥料P残留在原施肥点;另有约70%进入土壤.无机P形态分级结果显示,进入土壤的肥料P仍保持较高的有效性,且主要以磷酸钙盐存在.其中,近10%仍以水溶态(WE-P)存在,近35%转化为Ca2-P,近35%转化为Ca8-P,近15%转化为A1-P,约5%转化为Fe-P,仅不足1%转化成O-P,而Ca10-P没有明显变化.肥际(0～2 mm)新增各形态含P矿物中,Ca8-P所占比例显著增加,O-P的比例略有增加,其他形态P的比例相应减少.MCP施肥后土壤WE-P和Ca2-P的分布呈明显的分段特征,即由自施肥点开始的快速线性下降阶段和随后的缓慢线性下降阶段构成,其他形态的P的分布也有肥际集中分布特性,使得进入土壤的肥料P90%左右集中在不足一半的扩散距离内.MCP施肥引起肥际土壤pH显著下降,对肥际碳酸盐及铁、铝矿物溶解破坏作用极为显著,特别是2 mm内碳酸盐被完全分解.土壤CaCO3溶解释放的Ca2+是进入土壤的肥料P转化固定的主要因素,其次是施肥伴随的Ca2+,肥际铁、铝矿物溶解释放出的Fe3+、Al3+对P的固定也有重要贡献.MCP对土壤矿物的溶解破坏及其异成分溶解作用是石灰性土壤中该肥料有效性的主要限制因素.     

石灰性土壤肥际磷酸一铵的转化及其机制探讨

以肥际为切入点,通过土柱培养试验,研究了磷酸二氢铵(MAP)在石灰性潮土肥际的转化及肥料磷的迁移。结果表明,MAP施肥31 d后,约90%进入土壤,肥料磷的迁移距离达57 mm。无机磷形态分级结果表明,进入土壤的肥料磷仍保持较高的有效性。其中,以Ca8-P和Ca2-P增幅较大,其次为水溶态(WE-P)、Al-P和Fe-P,O-P仅有少量增加,而土壤Ca10-P没有明显变化。肥际(0~2 mm)新增含磷矿物中,Ca8-P所占比例显著增加,其它形态磷的比例则相应减少。空间上,WE-P与Al-P相似,在56 mm内显著增加,且随距施肥点距离的增加整体呈线性下降。Ca2-P亦于56 mm内显著增加,但包括0~14 mm的快速下降和随后缓慢线性下降两个阶段,并在0~14 mm内相对富集。Ca8-P分布与Ca2-P相似,但表现为集中在6 mm内快速下降。Fe-P在56 mm内显著增加,但在13 mm处含量最高,并在26 mm内相对集中形成,26 mm后缓慢线性下降。O-P仅在30 mm内略有形成。MAP施肥后,进入土壤的肥料磷相对集中,其中,约20%分布于0~2 mm内,6mm内磷的增加量即达土壤磷总增量的50%左右。MAP施肥引起土壤pH显著下降,对土壤碳酸盐及铁铝矿物溶解作用较为显著,特别是0~2 mm内碳酸盐被完全分解,6 mm内土壤碳酸盐含量显著降低。CaCO3溶解释放的Ca2 是导致进入土壤中的水溶性磷转化固定的主要因素,而土壤难溶性铁铝矿物溶解释放出的Fe3 、Al3 离子对水溶性磷的固定也有一定贡献。MAP对土壤难溶性铁的活化作用显著,明显提高了土壤铁的有效性。     

石灰性土壤施磷、铁对柠条生长及根际土壤环境的影响

采用随机区组和裂区设计,通过盆栽和根箱模拟试验研究了石灰性土壤,在水分充足的条件下施磷及磷、铁对柠条生长发育及根际土壤养分有效性的影响。盆栽试验结果表明,柠条的生物产量随着施磷水平的增加而增加;在低磷或磷胁迫条件下,柠条的地上部生长受到抑制,根冠比增大,土壤pH值迅速降低。根箱模拟试验发现,不同的铁、磷施肥配比对柠条生物产量的影响不同,当磷和铁的施用量分别为P2O50.15 g kg-1 和FeSO4·7H2O0.03g kg-1时能明显提高柠条的生物量。不同铁、磷配比对柠条根际土壤有效磷含量影响的根际范围是0-6 mm之间,在此范围内供试土壤有效磷含量随距离快速下降,并与根际土壤pH值呈反比。柠条对根际土壤pH的调控主要受磷水平的影响,而施铁水平对根际和根外土壤pH值的影响比较小。     

波尔多液营养保护剂对石灰性土壤铜、铁有效性及花生产量的影响研究

选用山东省花生主产区的代表性石灰性土壤，通过土培试验的方法，研究了波尔多液营养保护剂BNPP和美国铜基杀菌剂Koeide两种可湿性粉剂对石灰性土壤pH值和铜、铁有效性及其对花生产量的影响。结果表明，与CK（喷清水）相比，喷施BNPP后，土壤pH值有所降低，而土壤有效铁、铜含量都有所提高。同时喷施BNPP后土壤有效铜含量要低于Kocide处理。另外．BNPP处理花生叶绿紊、活性铁、全铁含量以及生物量都有显著提高，产量比CK提高了1．25～1．53倍。波尔多液营养保护剂效果要优于美国Kocide产品。     

花生耐低铁性的基因型差异及其生理特性研究

通过田间试验对16个花生品种在石灰性土壤上的耐低铁性进行了评价。不同花生品种耐低铁能力存在显著的基因型差异,这种差异表现在生长过程中叶片活性铁含量、叶绿素含量以及最终的荚果产量上。溶液培养试验结果表明,根系Fe3+还原力提高是抗缺铁花生品种适应缺铁胁迫的主要机制,抗缺铁品种铁还原力高峰出现期早于铁敏感品种,且峰值远高于铁敏感品种。同时缺铁胁迫下介质pH值、新叶过氧化氢酶活性也存在显著的基因型差异。     

石灰性土壤中铁肥的形态转化及其供铁机理研究

通过土培试验的方法 ,研究了复混铁肥、硫酸亚铁两种肥料在石灰性土壤中的形态转化、对土壤因子的调控作用及在有效性上的差异。结果表明 ,与硫酸亚铁相比 ,复混铁肥具有更强的调控土壤因子的能力 ,并提高了铁在有效和较有效形态中的分配 ,显著增加了有效铁的供给。结果也表明 ,交换态铁、碳酸盐结合态铁和氧化锰结合态铁是石灰性土壤中有效铁的主要供给形态。土壤pH值、有机质与土壤铁动态密切相关     

长期施肥对棕壤铁形态及其有效性的影响

【目的】利用沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对耕层土壤酸碱度（pH）、氧化还原电位（Eh）和有机质的影响,探讨不同施肥条件下土壤游离态氧化铁、无定形氧化铁、亚铁总量和有效铁含量的变化以及与pH、Eh和有机质的关系。 【方法】本文选取试验处理为CK（不施肥）、N（氮肥）、NP（氮磷肥配施）、NPK（氮磷钾肥配施）、M（有机肥）、MN（有机肥与氮肥配施）、MNP（有机肥与氮磷肥配施）、MNPK（有机肥与氮磷钾肥配施）。在2014年大豆收获期,采集了不同施肥处理0-20 cm耕层土壤样品,分析了土壤pH、Eh、有机质含量以及游离态氧化铁、无定形氧化铁、亚铁和有效铁含量。 【结果】与1979年原始土壤相比,所有处理土壤pH显著降低了0.6~1.4个单位。不施肥处理土壤有机质下降了11.5%,化肥处理有机质略有下降,而有机肥处理有机质含量显著增加。所有处理有效铁含量显著增加,化肥有机肥配施增加幅度更大;与2014年不施肥处理相比,施用氮肥处理土壤pH最低,而氮肥配施磷、钾和有机肥中的一种或几种pH又有所上升,其中配施有机肥效果最明显;施用化肥处理土壤Eh增加,而施用有机肥处理Eh则下降。施用化肥土壤游离态氧化铁和有效铁含量增加,亚铁含量下降,而施用有机肥土壤游离态氧化铁降低,亚铁总量及有效铁含量增加。 【结论】经过长期耕作和施肥,土壤pH显著下降,有效铁含量显著增加。长期不施肥土壤有机质显著下降。施用氮肥土壤酸化趋势明显,磷、钾和有机肥配施能够缓解氮肥引起的酸化现象。施用有机肥显著降低土壤氧化还原电位,有利于氧化态铁向还原态铁转化,更有利于增加土壤有效性铁的含量。     

Improving iron bioavailability and nutritional value of maize (Zea mays L.) in sulfur-treated calcareous soil

Soil factors such as pH, calcium, carbonate, and bicarbonate precipitation products in calcareous soils reduce iron (Fe) availability to crops and limit grain Fe concentrations. In the present greenhouse study, we evaluated the potential of Fe fertilizer amendments combined with organic amendments, like biochar (BC) and poultry manure, in sulfur (S)-treated low pH calcareous soils (pH_S1) to assess Fe biofortification of maize. Elemental sulfur (S) was used both for lowering soil pH and Fe solubilization. Soil pH was successfully lowered down from 7.8 to 6.5 by S application at the rate of 2.5 g kg^?1 soil. Pot experiment results revealed that Fe fertilizer combined with BC and S (pH_S1) significantly increased root and shoot dry weight, grain weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance by 69%, 86%, 28%, 74%, 57%, and 33%, respectively, relative to the control. Similarly, combined application of Fe + BC in S-amended (pH_S1) soil increased starch (34%), protein (64%), and fat (1 fold) while antinutrient phytate and polyphenols were decreased up to 29% and 40%, respectively, over control. Regarding the maize nutrients profiles, application of Fe with BC gave the maximum increase of Fe and ferritin was increased 1.7 fold at pH_S1. The results of this study showed that Fe fertilization with BC at pH_S1 soil is beneficial for crop growth and Fe bioavailability.     

Iron and/or acid foliar spray versus soil application of Fe-EDDHA for prevention of iron deficiency in Valencia orange grown on a calcareous soil

A two-year experiment was conducted in an iron(Fe)-deficient orchard with calcareous soil to find out an alternate method for soil application of Fe ethylenediamine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (Fe-EDDHA) in orange trees. Foliar sprays of Fe-EDDHA (5 g l^?1, pH = 7.8), sulfuric acid (pH = 3), citric acid (5 g l^?1, pH = 2.4), Fe (II) sulfate solutions (250, 500, and 750 mg Fe l^?1) with their initial pH (6.5, 6.35, and 6.12) and reduced ones to pH of 3 were compared with soil applied (75 g tree^?1) Fe-EDDHA and a control test. Although optimum chlorophyll content, leaf Fe concentration, fruit quantitative and qualitative attributes were resulted from soil application of Fe-EDDHA, repeated sprays of Fe-EDDHA or acidified Fe solutions created suitable results. Acidification of Fe solutions made them more effective in alleviation of leaf Fe concentration and Fe chlorosis, probably due to remobilization of inactive Fe within the plant and prevention of Fe oxidation and precipitation in foliar solutions.     

Effects of exogenous SA supplied with different approaches on growth,chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes of peanut growing on calcareous soil

To assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) supplied with 5 approaches in alleviating chlorosis induced by iron (Fe) deficiency in peanut plants growing on calcareous soil, SA was supplied as soil incorporation, making slow-release particles, seed soaking, irrigation and foliar application. SA application, particularly, SA supplied by slow release particles, dramatically increased growth parameters, yield and quality of peanut, and increased Fe concentration in peanut grain. Meanwhile, SA application increased the H⁺-ATPase activity, reduced pH of soil, increased Fe³⁺-Chelate Reductase (FCR) activity in roots, and increased Fe concentration in roots. Furthermore, SA increased active Fe content and increased chlorophyll content. In addition, SA improved enzymes activities containing superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and protected Fe deficiency induced oxidative stress. Therefore, SA has a good effect on alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency on calcareous soil. However, in the 5 SA supplied approaches, foliar application and making slow release particles were more effective.     

Behaviour of Potassium and Trace Elements in Rhizosphere of Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.)

The study on the behaviour of potassium,phosphate and trace elements,Fe,Mn,Cu and Zn,in the rhizosphere of different varieties of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)with high and low potassium application rate with rhizobag technique showed that soil available K,soil available P,and slow available K was in depletion status,whereas DTPA extractable Fe,Mn,Zn and Cu accumulated obviously in rhizosphere.The depletion and accumulation rates of mineral nutrients differed in degree with K application rate,soil type,and tobacco variety.The content of available K in both rhizosphere and bulk soil and K concentration in tobacco leaf increased significantly,and the available P in rhizosphere dropped with more K application.The DTPA-Fe content of red soil much lower in pH was higher than that of calcareous soil in bulk soil.But the DTPA-Fe content of calcareous soil was much higher than that of red soil in rhizosphere,which was considered perhaps to be mainly related to releasing of Fe phytosiderophore.Nitrate coule increase depletion of a vailable K in rhizosphere and also soil pH in comparision with ammonium.     

Chemical soil properties and bromegrass hay composition as affected by 23 annual fall and spring applications of ammonium nitrate and urea

Abstract

The influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on grass forage yield and quality as well as soil properties may vary with type of N fertilizer and time of application. The effects of 23 annual applications (from 1974 to 1996) of ammonium nitrate (AN) and urea (112 kg N ha^‐1) applied in early fall, late fall, early spring and late spring on chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay were evaluated in a field experiment on a thin Black Chernozemic soil located near Crossfield, Alberta, Canada. The influence of N addition, fertilizer type and application time on the soil properties was most pronounced in the 0–5 cm layer and declined in deeper soil layers. Application of N increased extractable ammonium (NH₄)‐N, zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in the 0–5 cm layer; and sodium (Na), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) in the 0–10 cm layer. But, N addition reduced extractable phosphoras (P) in the 0–30 cm; potassium (K) in the 0–60 cm; and pH, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in the 0–5 cm soil layers. There was little effect of N fertilization on nitrate (NO₃)‐N in soil. Soil pH, and extractable Ca and Mg in the 0–5 cm layer and Zn in the surface 15‐cm soil depth were lower with AN compared to urea, whereas the opposite was true for Fe, Mn, and Cu in the 0–5 cm layer and Na and Al in the top 15‐cm soil depth. Most of the changes in chemical soil properties due to N fertilization were reflected in elemental concentration of bromegrass hay, except for the increase of P concentration in bromegrass with N fertilization. In bromegrass hay for example, N addition increased total N and Cu with both N fertilizers and Mn and Zn with AN, but it lowered K and Ca with both fertilizers. There was more N and less Na with AN than urea in bromegrass hay. The effect of application time on chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay was much less pronounced than N addition and fertilizer type. In conclusion, both N fertilizers changed chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay, but the effects of 23 annual applications on soil properties were confined to shallow soil layers only. The greater lowering of soil pH with AN than urea may have implications of increased liming costs with AN.     

固体磷肥和液体磷肥对石灰性土壤不同形态无机磷及磷肥肥效影响的研究

土壤磷固定是影响石灰性磷肥肥效的主要原因。本文在田间滴灌条件下采用连续浸提的方法对液体磷肥和固体颗粒磷肥及其不同施用方法对石灰性土壤各形态无机磷含量动态变化的影响进行了研究,并比较了不同处理下加工番茄磷素营养效应。结果表明:各施肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量随施肥时间明显下降,而Ca10-P含量则显著上升,表明磷肥在石灰性土壤中不断向Ca10-P转化并被固定。液体磷肥追肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P含量在各时期均显著高于其他施肥处理(P＜0.05),且液体磷肥追肥可以明显保持土壤0—20 cm土层较高的Ca8-P含量。与其他施肥处理相比,液体磷肥追施可减少石灰性土壤对磷的固定,增加0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量(P＜0.05),显著提高土壤磷的有效性。液体磷肥追施处理可显著提高加工番茄叶片含磷量和经济产量(91725 kg/hm2)。与传统过磷酸钙颗粒磷肥作基肥处理（CK1）相比,液体肥料全做追肥可使加工番茄经济产量提高26.7%,并明显提高了磷肥利用率。在滴灌条件下石灰性土壤上液体磷肥分次追施比传统的固体颗粒磷肥基施具有明显的优势,是一种非常具有应用前景的施肥方式。     

Effects of long‐term applications of various nitrogen sources on chemical soil properties and composition of bromegrass hay

Effects of 15 annual applications (from 1979 to 1993) of ammonium nitrate (AN), urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and calcium nitrate (CN) applied at 168 and 336 kg N ha^‐1 to bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) on soil acidification, and concentration of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in soil and in hay were investigated in a field experiment on a thin Black Chemozemic (Typic Boroll) soil in Alberta, Canada. Soil was acidified and the concentration of extractable Al, Fe, and Mn was increased by nitrogen (N) application, but the magnitude varied with N source. Soil acidification was greatest with AS, followed by AN and urea, with no effect of CN. At 336 kg N ha^‐1 rate, soil was acidified to a depth of 10, 15 and 30 cm with urea, AN AS, respectively. Soil acidification was also greater at 336 kg than 168 kg N ha^‐1. The CaCl₂‐extractable Al and Fe in the 0–15 cm layer increased with N application, which closely followed the decrease in soil pH from various N sources. Extractable Al and Fe concentration in the 15–30 cm layer increased in response to reduction in soil pH by AS only, and there was no change in the extractable Al and Fe below the 30‐cm depth by any form of N. The DTPA‐extractable Mn in soil generally changed in response to N application. There was no effect of N source on the DTPA‐extractable Zn and Cu in soil. When soil pH had been lowered from N application, the concentration of Al in hay decreased while Zn concentration increased. The Mn concentration in forage increased markedly in response to reduced soil pH from application of AN, urea and AS. There was no effect of N fertilization on the Cu and Fe concentration in hay. In conclusion, the magnitude of soil acidification, changes in the Al, Fe, and Mn concentrations in soil and changes in the Al, Zn, and Mn concentrations in bromegrass hay varied with N source. The results suggest the need for periodic monitoring of soil pH and consideration of liming costs in the economics of various N fertilizers.     

盆栽研究钢渣用作铁肥对玉米生长和土壤改良的作用

The feasibility of steel slag used as an iron fertilizer was studied in a pot experiment with corn. Slag alone or acidified slag was added to two Fe-deficient calcareous soils at different rates. Results showed that moderate rates （10 and 20 g kg^-1） of slag or acidified slag substantially increased corn dry matter yield and Fe uptake. Application of steel slag increased the residual concentration of ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid （AB-DTPA） extractable Fe in the soils. The increase of extractable Fe was usually proportional to the application rate, and enhanced by the acidification of slag. Steel slag appeared to be a promising and inexpensive source of Fe to alleviate crop Fe chlorosis in Fe-deficient calcareous soils.