我国北方山区坡地分布规律研究

坡度和海拔是制约山区土地利用至关重要的影响因子。基于SRTM-DEM数据对北方山区的坡度和海拔信息进行提取和分级,通过叠加分析,研究了山区各级坡地在不同海拔带下的面积分布变化规律。结果表明:北方山区坡度25°的土地面积为3 061 639.8 km2,占北方山区总面积的89.47%;坡度2°—6°的缓坡地和6°—15°的坡地分别占山区总面积的38.23%和28.69%,其中分布在海拔1 500 m以下的土地分别占各自面积的79.80%和73.41%;同坡度级不同海拔带下坡地分布面积的变化表现出分阶梯起伏的规律,其中6°—15°和15°—25°的坡地表现尤为明显。     

福建省水土流失现状分析

[目的]运用遥感技术监测福建省水土流失状况,为研究区的水土保持工作提供一定的科学依据。[方法]利用2014年Landsat-8OLI等遥感数据,基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE)定量计算得到研究区的土壤侵蚀量,并运用GIS空间分析和数理统计的方法分析水土流失在地理空间上分布特征。[结果]福建省2014年的水土流失总面积为10 939.8km2,总流失率为8.93%,其中以轻度流失为主,占总流失面积的82.3%,境内流失等级为强度及以上的区域主要集中在北部的宁德和南平、南部的漳州和西部的龙岩一带;其中22个水土流失重点县流失面积为4 786.65km2,占全省流失总面积的43.76%,平均流失率为10.54%。[结论]水土流失主要发生在海拔高程为200~1 000m的区域,流失面积有8 954.35km2,占流失总面积的81.85%;坡度与水土流失关系密切,水土流失主要发生在坡度为8°~25°的区域,流失面积有69 871.71km2,占总流失面积的57.23%;容易发生水土流失的土地利用类型是裸地和林地,流失比例分别达到30.99%和9.47%。     

老挝沙湾水经济区生态用地利用评价

[目的]探索老挝沙湾水经济区的生态用地特征,为土地利用规划提供依据,并保证在土地合理利用的同时,保障生态环境的健康发展。[方法]从景观格局和生态敏感性2个方面选取适宜的指标,并采用变异系数法,客观确定评价因子权重,综合评价研究区内生态用地的敏感程度和空间分布。[结果]极敏感区、高敏感区、中敏感区、低敏感区、不敏感区分别占研究区总面积的1.42%,19.36%,32.85%,46.01%,0.36%;林地景观类型破碎度相对其他景观类型最低,受人类活动干扰最小;水域和农用地景观类型破碎度最高,形状复杂,受人类活动影响严重;建设用地景观类型由于研究区自身发展条件的制约,面积较小,破碎度相对其他景观类型而言位处于中等水平。[结论]研究区生态用地可划分为生态用地优先建设区、生态用地次优先建设区、生态用地过渡区和生态用地保育区4种生态用地类型。     

基于Google Earth影像的横断山区沟蚀及侵蚀沟类型调查研究

[目的]探讨横断山区侵蚀沟的类型、分布特征及影响因素,为研究沟蚀对横断山区土壤侵蚀及土地退化的影响提供依据。[方法]基于Google Earth高清影像结合GIS的方法,基于可见性的基本原则,对横断山区开展侵蚀沟的抽样调查。共布设调查单元2 242个,每个单元尺寸1km×1km。[结果]共有571个调查单元发现有侵蚀沟分布,占调查单元总数的25.5%,平均沟壑密度为2.20km/km2。沟蚀在海拔低于1 500m的区域发育显著,沟壑密度随坡度增加而增长,与年降雨相关性较弱。草地是沟蚀发育的主要土地利用类型,燥红土的沟蚀分布率及平均沟壑密度显著高于其他土壤类型。通过总结国内外现有的侵蚀沟分类体系及其异同,结合调查结果,判定该次调查的横断山区侵蚀沟类型主要为切沟和冲沟(包括有泥石流事件的冲沟)。[结论]横断山区切沟和冲沟分布广泛,发育强烈,其分布受海拔、坡度、土地利用及土壤类型等因素的影响较为显著。     

基于DEM的烟台市农用土地适宜性评价

[目的]根据"耕地优先,兼顾园、林、草用地"的原则,进行烟台市农用土地适宜性评价,为烟台市土地合理利用提供理论依据。[方法]以山东省烟台市为研究区域,以DEM数据为基础,运用ArcGIS的空间分析功能提取海拔高度、坡度、地表起伏度,结合有效土层厚度因子,确定最佳农用土地适宜性评价指标体系,生成耕地、园地、林草地的适宜性等级分布图,最终得到烟台市农用土地适宜等级的空间布局。[结果]与烟台市第二次土地调查数据进行对比,烟台市目前的土地利用以耕地为主,占土地总面积的33%,大于适宜性耕地面积;实际园地面积小于适宜性面积;林草地的实际面积略小于适宜性面积。[结论]烟台市土地利用存在一定的不合理性,具有一定的调整空间。     

陕西省丹汉江流域土地利用时空变化动态分析

基于中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心1985,1995和2000年3期土地利用图,利用地理信息系统空间分析和数据统计的方法,分析了丹汉江流域1985—2000年土地利用的数量变化、转移情况和变化速率。研究了该地区主要土地利用类型在不同坡度的分布面积和变化特征。结果表明,耕地、林地和草地3种主要土地利用类型占该研究区土地利用面积的99%以上,是该研究区主要的土地利用类型。1985—2000年,耕地、林地、建筑用地和水体均呈先减少后增加的趋势,但草地相反。15a间,耕地和建筑用地分别增加了105.08和14.85km2,林地和草地分别减少了41.02和77.63km2;在不同坡度上,土地利用变化主要发生在5°～35°,而且在15°～25°之间变化最大。     

快速城镇化地区土地利用变化的地形梯度特征分析——以榆次区为例

为探讨快速城镇化地区——山西省晋中市榆次区不同地形梯度上的土地利用变化特征,本研究以2000年、2008年和2016年3期影像和ASTERGDEM为数据源,分析2000—2016年间土地利用变化的时空特征,选用坡向、坡度变率、地形起伏度、地形位指数和土地利用类型分布指数对土地利用的地形梯度分布特征和变化过程进行分析。结果表明:1)2000—2016年,榆次区建设用地主要向西北方向扩张,主要分布在地形起伏度30m、坡度变率2°、阳坡和半阳坡及地形位为1～3级的地区。土地利用以建设用地、耕地和未利用地为主,其中耕地所占面积最大,2000年、2008年和2016年的平均比例为46.91%。2000—2008年建设用地面积增加43.07 km2,未利用地面积减少37.33 km2; 2008—2016年未利用地面积减少221.00 km2,而耕地面积和建设用地面积分别增加170.61 km2和37.36 km2。2)在坡度变率、地形起伏度和地形位梯度上,建设用地、耕地和水域主要分布于低梯度带,而林地和未利用地分布于中高梯度带;建设用地和耕地在平地、阳坡和半阳坡呈分布优势,林地在阴坡和半阴坡具有分布优势,而未利用地的优势分布区为阳坡和半阳坡;2000—2016年耕地的主要分布区向地形起伏度30 m、坡度变率为2°～15°、地形位为4～11级的区域扩张。榆次区土地利用变化地形梯度差异明显,地形因素、人类活动、政策因素、交通和区位为其主导因素。该研究结果为区域城镇化过程中的土地合理规划利用提供科学依据,为生态环境治理提供决策支持。     

中国山地城镇的土地适宜性评价研究——以重庆市武隆县为例

以重庆市武隆县为研究区域,采用25m×25m栅格大小,针对中国山地城镇的特点,综合运用GIS和RS技术,构建土地适宜性评价模型,参与评价的弹性因子包括:距离城镇的距离、距离主要道路的距离、高程、地表起伏度、坡度和各种土地利用现状,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定各因子的权重,权重结果分别为0.253 3,0.211 6,0.093 0,0.136 9,0.206 9,0.098 3,刚性因子包括基本农田、重要生态用地和各类保护区,刚性因子作为评价的限制因素。综合运用ArcGIS 10.0软件的数据管理和空间分析功能,结合选取的评价因子建立武隆县土地适宜性评价数据库,为武隆县城镇建设提供数据支撑。研究结果表明:适宜建设用地和较适宜建设用地面积分别为46.78,70.11km2,占总面积的比例分别为1.62%,2.43%。     

基于土地利用的三峡库区生态屏障带生态风险评价

[目的]揭示三峡库区生态屏障带生态风险,为库区生态风险评估及土地利用优化提供理论依据。[方法]基于遥感影像数据,运用RS与GIS技术,计算土地利用相对合理性指数,同时构建生态风险评价模型,划分高程/坡度带定量评价三峡库区生态屏障带的生态风险情况,划分生态风险等级,并对生态风险进行空间自相关分析。[结果]较低生态风险区占比例最大,为36.77%,高生态风险区及较高生态风险区主要分布在沿长江两岸建设用地及耕地较为集中的区域,土地利用相对合理性指数随高程增高逐渐变大,随坡度增大逐渐减小,研究区生态风险空间自相关分析呈现出十分显著的局部自相关性。[结论]研究区内生态风险总体呈现较低值,沿江高值区需对土地利用进行重点优化。     

土地利用与地形因子关系研究——以砖窑沟流域为例

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的砖窑沟流域为例,依据2003年和2008年两期土地利用现状图,采用地理信息系统(GIS)软件和统计分析(SPSS)软件,进行了基于10m×10m栅格单元的土地利用与地形因子关系的研究,探讨了土地利用格局的演变及其驱动力。结果表明:基于栅格的土地利用类型与坡度、坡向和海拔关系的综合分析是从数量上准确剖析土地利用空间分布特征及其演化规律的有效方法;砖窑沟流域的海拔、坡度、坡向的平均值分别为1069m、19.24°和279°(西坡);采用各种土地利用类型的sin(坡向)和cos(坡向)平均值绘制坡向分布图,可直观地显示各种土地利用类型坡向分布特征。分析表明,农田和宜林荒山共占流域总面积的80%左右,二者的分布和变化控制着整个流域土地利用的地形分布格局。农田主要以坡地和梯田的形式分布于坡上、峁顶和梁顶,坡度较低,而海拔较高,与坡度呈显著负相关,与海拔呈显著正相关;而宜林荒山往往分布于坡度较大而海拔较低的位置,与坡度呈显著正相关,而与海拔呈显著负相关。研究结果反映了黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用的地形地貌特征。生态建设项目的实施可在短时间使土地利用的空间分布发生较大变化。     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。     

Potential of wild species for genetic enhancement of some semi-arid food crops

Discovery and incorporation of genes from wild species provide means to sustain crop improvement, particularly when levels of resistance in the cultigens are low and virulent strains of pests and pathogens overcome the host plant resistance. The extent of utilization and the potential of the wild genepool for genetic enhancement were reviewed in five important food crops viz. sorghum, pearl millet, chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut grown in the semi-arid tropics. Introgression from compatible wild germplasm in the primary gene pool resulted in transfer of new cytoplasmic male sterility systems in pearl millet and pigeonpea, development of high protein, cleistogamous flower and dwarf pigeonpea lines and foliar disease resistant groundnut cultivars. Utilization of wild species in secondary and tertiary gene pools has been generally limited due to sterility, restricted recombination or cross incompatibility. Nevertheless, these species are extremely important as they contain high levels of resistance to several important biotic and abiotic stresses. Several of them, like those belonging to the Parasorghum section and the rhizomatous Arachis species are sources of multiple resistances and hold great promise to sustain crop productivity.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications     

Effect of some fungicide seed treatments on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybean [Glycine max. (L) Merr.]

Several commercial fungicide seed treatments were evaluated for their possible effect on the survival of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on seeds and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans in a greenhouse and a field experiment. quinolate Pro (carbendazim and oxine copper), Vitavax 200FF (carboxin and thiram), and Monceren (pencycuron) had a small effect or no effect on the survival of B. japonicum and on the nodulation and yield of soybeans. They can thus be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation. Germipro UFB (carbendazim and iprodione), Apron 35J (metalaxyl), and Tachigaren (hymexazol) decreased B. japonicum survival and the nodulation and yield of soybeans and thus cannot be considered compatible with soybean seed inoculation.     

Einfluss der düngungsmethoden auf die entwicklung von zuckerrübenkrankheiten

Während neunjähriger (1994-2002) Untersuchungen in der Versuchsanstalt Ba?cyny (Fahlerde, Fall-Gleyboden, ausgebildet aus leichtem Lehmboden) wurde der Befall mit Krankheiten an der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von der Düngungsmethode bewertet. Folgende Methoden wurden angewendet: A - Mineraldünger, B - Stalldung und Mineraldünger, C - Stroh-, Gründung und Mineraldünger, D - Kompostdünger und Biopräparate (ökologische Düngung). Auf den Objekten A, B, C wurden bei konstanter Phosphor-Kalium-Düngung die Stickstoffgaben von 0 bis 180 kg.ha^?1 differenziert. Auf dem ökologischen Objekt D ohne Mineraldünger wurden statt Stickstoff die Biopräparate P₅₀₀ und P₅₀₁ verabreicht. Der geringste Befall von Krankheiten wurde an der Zuckerrübe auf jenem Objekt festgestellt, das mit Kompost und den Biopräparaten gedüngt worden war. Im Rahmen der konventionellen Düngungsmethoden wurde allgemein die höchste Intensität der Krankheiten an der mit Stroh, Gründung und Mineraldünger gedüngten Zuckerrübe beobachtet. Ausnahmen von dieser Regel bildete das Vorkommen von echtem Mehltau und Keimlingsfäule. Auf den Objekten A, B, C nahm die Intensität der Krankheiten mit der Steigerung der Stickstoffgabe zu. Auch die auf Objekt D verabreichten Biopräparate stimulierten die Entwicklung der Krankheiten. The effect of various fertilization methods on the diseases of sugar beet was estimated on the basis of nine-year studies (1994-2002) conducted in the Experimental Production Farm in Ba?cyny on loess-based, sedimentary-gley, light-clay soil. The following fertilization methods were applied: A - mineral fertilization, B - mineral and manure fertilization, C - straw, green manure and mineral fertilization, D - ecological compost and biodynamic preparations fertilization. In the objects A, B and C fertilized with phosphorus and potassium, various doses of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 180 kg/ha^?1 were used. In the ecological object D, where mineral fertilization was not used, biodynamic preparations P₅₀₀ and P₅₀₁ were applied instead of nitrogen. The lowest ratio of the diseases of sugar beet was observed in the object fertilized with the compost and biodynamic preparations. In view of the conventional fertilization methods, generally the highest incidence of diseases was noted in the sugar beet fertilized with straw, green manure and mineral fertilizers. The exception was the occurrence of powdery mildew and the black leg. In objects A, B and C the incidence of the diseases increased with the increase in nitrogen doses. The applied biodynamical preparations in the object D stimulated the development of diseases too.     

Prospects for control of Pythium damping-off of lettuce with Trichoderma,Gliocladium and Enterobacter spp.

Summary Damping-off of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) caused by Pythium ultimum was studied in pots containing a non-sterile potting mix in the glasshouse. Fifty P. ultimum sporangia g^-1 compost reduced the plant stand to 15% and shoot dry weight to 18%, but this reduction was totally prevented by applying Trichoderma harzianum at 2×10⁵ viable propagules g^-1 potting mix. Gliocladium virens and Enterobacter cloacae also alleviated the damping-off. E. cloacae did not adversely affect the action of the fungal antagonists. The co-existence of the bacterial and fungal antagonists was revealed on the root surface and inner surface of the testa by scanning electron microscopy, indicating the compatibility of the biocontrol agents.