银鲫消化酶活性与pH值的关系

实验结果表明：在肝胰脏、前肠、中肠、后肠，胰蛋白酶的最适pH值分别是7．5、7．5、8．5、8．0；脂肪酶的最适pH值均为7．5。淀粉酶的最适pH值均为6．5；纤维素酶在肝胰脏的最适pH值是4．8，在前肠、中肠、后肠均有两个峰值，分别为3．6和4．8。说明胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶分别适宜在弱碱性、弱碱性、弱酸性和酸性条件下发挥酶的活力。     

二种微生物制剂对青虾池水质和生长的影响

将二种微生物制剂施用于青虾养殖池,观察池塘水质的变化和对青虾规格及产量的影响,结果表明,施用微生物制剂后,池水的溶解氧、总磷增加,氨氮值下降,而COD、pH和总氮则没有明显变化和差异。试验池青虾的生长速度明显要大于对照池,说明微生物制剂可明显改善水环境,提高养殖青虾的产量和规格。     

盐度对寄主暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)存活影响及其对车轮虫的杀灭作用

为防治河鲀车轮虫病,分别设置0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0、17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0、35.0和40.0共13个盐度梯度,对暗纹东方鲀进行了浸浴实验。结果显示,盐度为15以下,对暗纹东方鲀的存活没有影响;盐度为0、2.5、5.0时,4 d内车轮虫的数量没有减少反而有增加趋势;盐度7.5作用4 d,盐度10.0作用3.5 d,盐度12.5作用3 d,杀虫率可达95%以上;盐度15.0作用32 h,盐度17.5作用24 h,盐度20.0作用10 h,盐度25.0作用4 h,盐度30.0作用1.5 h,盐度35.0作用1 h,盐度40.0作用0.5 h,对车轮虫的杀虫率均可达100%。应用SPSS软件,对杀虫盐度和时间进行拟合曲线方程分析,其数学模型为对数曲线方程y=34.19-5.55lnx。另外,车轮虫在暗纹东方鲀体表的复活试验显示,用提高盐度的方法杀灭暗纹东方鲀体表车轮虫后,再恢复到正常养殖盐度5.0的情况下,暗纹东方鲀的体表车轮虫病不再复发,说明盐度7.5以上能治疗暗纹东方鲀的车轮虫病。结合提高盐度治疗暗纹东方鲀车轮虫病的生产性试验结果,建议以盐度为7.5–15.0作为治疗暗纹东方鲀体表车轮虫的适宜盐度。     

Effect of Setting Condition on the Gel-Forming Ability of Rohu

To investigate the setting condition of the gel-forming ability of rohu, optimum setting temperature for strong and weak gels of unwashed and washed rohu gel and optimum setting time for maximum proteolytic activity were investigated. Nine setting temperatures were studied for textural properties and trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble peptide contents. Both unwashed gel (UW-gel) and washed gel (W-gel) showed similar optimum setting conditions for producing a strong gel that was set at 40°C for 30 min, followed by heating at 90°C for 20 min. They displayed different optimum setting conditions for weak gel. Weak gel from the degradation of UW-gel and W-gel formed at 65 and 60°C, respectively. The occurrence of protein degradation of W-gels during setting at 60°C suggested that washing did not remove the endogenous protease, and the degradation of unwashed and washed mince was due to water-soluble protease and myofibril-bound protease, respectively. Eight setting times for maximum proteolytic activity were shown by the TCA-soluble peptide contents, accompanying the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) pattern. Both gels had similar results for setting for 120 min.     

冷冻等处理对不同孵化进程的卤虫卵存活率的影响

研究了冷冻、双氧水和干燥处理对处于不同孵化进程中的卤虫卵的存活率(孵化率)的影响。冷冻对未经孵化处理的卵的孵化率影响很小,冷冻1~8周,基本保持不变。孵化进行了3h的卤虫卵,冷冻8周后,其孵化率降低了10个百分点。孵化进行了6h的卤虫卵,冷冻8周后,其孵化率降低了31个百分点。孵化进行了9h的卤虫卵,冷冻8周后,其孵化率降低了40个百分点。处于不同孵化阶段的卤虫卵经冷冻处理8周后,再经3%双氧水处理10min和40℃干燥处理6h,其孵化率表现为不同的特点。未经孵化处理卵的孵化率基本保持不变。孵化进行了3h的卤虫卵,其孵化率再次降低5个百分点。孵化进行了6h的卤虫卵,其孵化率再次降低了20个百分点。孵化进行了9h的卤虫卵,其孵化率再次降低了37个百分点。     

Comparison of estimates of digestibility of two diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbiaum), using two markers and two methods of faeces collection

Estimates of apparent digestibility using an indirect method were made for two rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), diets (NF and LT) containing 450 g kg^?1 fish meal. Two inert markers, titanium dioxide and chromic oxide, were used as digestibility markers. Faeces collections were made using two methods: stripping and the Choubert (tank) method. Faecal oil (g kg^?1) and gross energy (GE; MJ kg^?1) were higher for the tank system, but differences were greater for NF (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 for method X diet interaction, respectively). Faecal titanium and chromium contents were also higher for the tank system, but the differences were greater for LT (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). The main method effects were significant for crude protein (CP) and carbohydrate (CHO) content in that values were higher (P < 0.001) for the stripping method. The main diet effects were significant for ash and CHO contents (P < 0.001), with values being highest for LT and NF, respectively. The only significant method X diet interaction for apparent digestibility was with oil (P < 0.01) in that tank values were higher than stripping for NF but not for LT. Marker X method interactions were significant with dry matter (DM), ash, CP, GE, CHO (P < 0.05) and oil (P < 0.01) in that titanium values were lower than chromium values for the tank method. Marker X diet interactions were also significant with DM, ash, CP, GE, CHO (P < 0.05) and oil (P < 0.01) in that titanium values were lower than chromium values for NF. Both methods of faeces collection have inherent weaknesses, but it is suggested that the Choubert method gives more accurate and repeatable estimates of apparent digestibility of diets for fish.     

Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Nauplii of Artemia salina

Artemia salina cysts (San Francisco Bay Brand) were exposed in seawater containing multiple concentrations of either a single heavy metal (Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe) or combination of heavy metals. The heavy metal accumulation in Artemia nauplii increased linearly with an increase in the heavy metal concentration in water. The metals could be detected in nauplii exposed to a single heavy metal at dosages of 5 μg/L for Hg, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu; 25 μg/L for Cd and Cr; 50 μg/L for Co; 100 mUg/L for Ni; and 250 μg/L for Pb. Cysts exposed to several heavy metal combinations had minimum effective dosages equal to or lower than the single heavy metals- 5 μg/L for Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe; 25 μg/L for Cd and Ni; 50 μg/L for Co; and 250 μg/L for Pb. The accumulation of Cu, Ni and Co by Artemiu nauplii did not differ for animals exposed to single or combined heavy metal solutions. Cr, Zn and Pb had a synergistic effect of heavy metal uptake in combined heavy metal element solutions, however, Fe, Cd and Mn had an antagonistic effect.     

Modeled transport of winter flounder larvae spawned in coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine

Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from southern New England and the Gulf of Maine were historically considered to be obligate estuarine spawners. However, recent experiments and observations document that winter flounder in the Gulf of Maine also utilize coastal waters for spawning. An individual‐based modeling approach was used to investigate the transport of winter flounder larvae from three hypothesized coastal spawning grounds in the Gulf of Maine. Transport success rates were greatest for larvae released from Ipswich Bay, intermediate for Stellwagen Bank and least successful for those released from Jeffreys Ledge. There was substantial interannual variability in larval transport and geographic patterns of potential connectivity. Furthermore, the date of spawning had an important influence on transport success. Model results suggest that certain coastal spawning grounds used by winter flounder may serve as an important source of larvae to estuaries and nearshore nursery areas. The potential influx of coastal spawned larvae could have implications for the resilience, productivity and gene flow in local populations. Model results provide further support for the conclusion that winter flounder in the Gulf of Maine may not be solely dependent upon estuaries for spawning. Results also suggest that coastal spawning groups should be considered explicitly in the management of winter flounder, and protected under Essential Fish Habitat regulations.     

多重RT-PCR体系检测4种虾病毒的方法

根据多重RT-PCR的技术原理,利用对虾传染性表皮与造血组织坏死症病毒、白斑综合征病毒、黄头病毒和桃拉综合征病毒的基因序列分别设计了4对特异引物,建立多重RT-PCR体系用于虾4种病毒的检测。多重RT-PCR体系能特异地扩增出IHHNV、WSSV、YHV和TSV的目的片段:TSV特异性扩增片段508 bp,WSSV 特异性扩增片段435 bp,IHHNV 特异性扩增片段301 bp 和YHV。特异性扩增片段614 bp。结果表明,多重PCR虾病毒检测系统具有较高的特异性和敏感性,并对其它对虾病原呈阴性。IHHNV、TSV、WSSV和YHV模板在多重PCR虾病毒检测体系中的检测下限分别为0.1,1,0.02和0.2 pg。病毒感染病料检测试验中,该检测体系的检测结果与单纯PCR的检测结果呈现出较好的吻合度。     

1种可用于检测WSSV蛋白酶的微量酶活测定技术

以酪蛋白为底物 ,对常规蛋白酶检测方法进行改进并与偶氮酪蛋白法进行比较 ,建立适应病毒微量蛋白酶的快速检测方法。结果表明 ,改进的微量蛋白酶检测方法具有微量、快速、灵敏度高的特点 ,适于病毒微量蛋白酶的检测。蛋白酶的最低检出量可达ng级。     

三角帆蚌对藻类滤食及消化的研究

研究了三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cum ingiiLea)对藻类的滤食和消化能力。通过对三角帆蚌生活的池塘以及三角帆蚌的胃、中肠、直肠中所含藻类的鉴定和含量的对比发现,三角帆蚌能滤食环境中大部分的藻类;对于滤取到消化道中的藻类,除一些结构复杂的外,都能很好的消化。其中,蓝藻门的总消化率为78.8%,消化度为+4;硅藻门的总消化率为90.0%,消化度为+5;隐藻门的总消化率为41.1%,消化度为+3;裸藻门的总消化率为46.5%,消化度为+3;绿藻门的总消化率为49.1%,消化度为+3。研究结果为利用滤食性贝类治理富营养化水体中的水华污染提供了可行的路径。     

宽礁膜原生质体的分化与发育

为缩短传统育苗时间,开发室内种质保存技术,满足大规模栽培苗种需求,实验用4%的果胶酶和2%纤维素酶混合,将来自于不同月份和不同藻体部位的宽礁膜切段,分别在相同条件下解离成原生质体,详细研究了这些不同部位和不同生长时期细胞的再生、分化和发育途径。根据体细胞后代的外形、有无假根、有无公共膜、细胞大小和排列方式,以及它们最终的发育分化趋势,将宽礁膜原生质体发育方式分为8种结果,既可形成体细胞,也可形成生殖细胞。形成体细胞的发育途径又分3种类型7种结果,即细胞团、畸形苗和正常苗3种类型,其中发育成细胞团的类型又分为规则细胞团和不规则细胞团2种结果,发育成畸形苗的类型又分为假根为主的畸形苗、有类假根的畸形苗、无假根的畸形苗和管状畸形苗4种结果。各种发育类型与藻体的日龄、大小及部位有关,其原生质体直接发育形成正常形态藻体的发育方式只是8种发育结果的一种。     

鲨鱼类年龄和生长特性的研究进展

鲨鱼是海洋生态系统的重要生物类群。鲨鱼的年龄与生长作为基础的生活史特征,是资源评估所需的关键种群信息。鲨鱼的年龄与生长研究需要解决样本的选择与处理、年龄鉴定的方法和校正、生长模型的运用和参数估计等基本问题,否则难以得到可靠的结果。总结分析了两大类年龄鉴定方法及3种年龄校正技术的优缺点和应用局限性,比较分析了各种生长模型的应用差别,并对常见大洋性鲨鱼的生长参数进行了总结。研究认为,第一背鳍上部的脊椎骨是鲨鱼年龄鉴定的最佳硬质,硬质的处理需要借助化学方法,以提高轮纹清晰度;对年龄鉴定的校正是避免或减少系统误差的关键,校正方法的选择需要考虑鱼种的寿命;生长曲线的拟合需要选择多种备选模型,建议通过AIC信息准则筛选最优模型,为鲨鱼年龄与生长的进一步研究提供方法和技术上的参考,也可以为有关种类的资源评估提供生长参数。     

不同氮源对铜绿微囊藻增殖的影响

在实验室条件下,利用单细胞藻一次性培养方法,研究了硝酸氮、铵氮和尿素对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）增殖的影响。结果表明：以硝酸氮作为氮源时,铜绿微囊藻增殖速率优于另外2种氮源条件下的,其最适增殖浓度为1.5～5.0mmol/L。低浓度铵氮（0.5mmol/L）即适宜铜绿微囊藻生长,而高浓度时会抑制铜绿微囊藻生长。尿素氮浓度0.5～1.5mmol/L时最利于铜绿微囊藻生长。试验结果提示在监测水体氮营养盐时应该包括多种无机氮和有机氮,只测总氮难于准确预测水华。     

Direct and indirect methods of the diagnosis of pregnancy in mares

This review article deals with a critical comparison between the direct clinical diagnosis for the pregnancy of the mare (rectal and in some cases also vaginal exploration) and indirect methods. Both methods are discussed whether they can be seen as a mutual completion or are suitable for their own. The indirect methods for the pregnancy diagnosis include the hormone-analytic tests as progesterone concentration in serum or milk, the biological and immunological measurements for PMSG in the serum, finally the biological and chemical methods for estrogen contents in the urine of the mare. Furthermore the physical methods mainly the ultrasonic detection are discussed.     

斑节对虾虾苗活力检测方法

该研究通过肉眼观察、镜检,进行干露、饥饿、盐度突降、福尔马林等抗性试验,并采用病毒检测等方法,以期建立评估斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）虾苗活力和质量标准。结果表明,斑节对虾健康虾苗具有趋光性、集群性,体表光洁,肌肉透亮,肠胃食物充盈等特性。测试虾苗干露时间以15min为宜,健康虾苗干露后能立即恢复活力,而病弱虾苗多出现死亡、昏迷现象;虾苗的成活率随饥饿时间的延长而降低,随福尔马林浓度升高和时间延长而降低,随盐度突降幅度增加而降低。健康虾苗能忍受100～200μL·L^-1福尔马林溶液30min,成活率近100％;在盐度20～30下虾苗的成活情况较好,而其在淡水中仅能存活1h。对虾苗进行病毒检测,可以避免养殖中因虾苗携带病毒而可能导致的病毒性疾病的暴发。     

饥饿和再投喂对哲罗鱼幼鱼血液生理生化指标的影响

将哲罗鱼(Hucho taimen)幼鱼进行7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d的饥饿处理后恢复投喂,研究饥饿和再投喂对其血液生理与生化指标的影响,各组实验期为56 d。结果显示:饥饿过程中哲罗鱼幼鱼血液红细胞数、血红蛋白和白细胞数均在饥饿14 d后显著上升(P<0.05),21 d后则开始下降;饥饿7 d后血糖浓度显著下降(P<0.05),14 d后趋于稳定;总蛋白、球蛋白和白蛋白均呈下降趋势,分别在饥饿的第21天、28天和7天后与饥饿前差异显著(P<0.05);甘油三酯和总胆固醇分别在饥饿7 d和14 d后显著下降(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶均在饥饿14 d后显著下降(P<0.05);碱性磷酸酶在饥饿7 d后显著下降(P<0.05);饥饿7 d后Na+和Cl-浓度显著下降(P<0.05),14 d后均显著回升(P<0.05);Ca2+浓度在饥饿14 d后显著升高(P<0.05),28 d后显著降低(P<0.05);K+浓度在饥饿后升高,但与饥饿处理前比较无显著性差异。恢复投喂结束后,哲罗鱼幼鱼血液的各项生理生化指标均有不同程度的恢复。     

罗氏沼虾早繁苗中间培育及商品虾两茬养殖技术探讨

在上海地区进行罗氏沼虾商品虾两茬养殖，关键是抓好早繁苗的中间培育和第二茬养殖用苗的囤养。采用温室保温、锅炉增温和气泵充气等技术措施对罗氏沼虾的早繁苗进行集约化中间培育，可以提前１个月，在５月１０日左右为商品虾的第一茬养殖培育出大规格虾苗。利用室外土池囤养晚苗，为第二茬养殖培育虾苗，重点应处理好饲料投喂与水质调节之间的矛盾。     

Economic analysis of land based farming of salmon

Abstract

Land-based farming of salmon is emerging for a number of reasons. The demand for salmon is increasing in many parts of the world. In recent years there has been limited growth in production due to binding government regulations and environmental challenges in sea-based salmon aquaculture. This is true both for Norway (sea lice, salmon escapes) and Chile (sea lice, disease problems), the two largest producers of salmon. Growing demand and limited expansion in production have made for a very profitable industry. At the same time, there have been technological developments when it comes to land-based farming (a technology used for smolt production and species such as sole and turbot), and cost of production has changed. Currently, land-based salmon farming is in operation or in development in several countries including the USA, Denmark, and Norway. In this paper, the economics of land-based salmon farming in a Norwegian context is presented, with an emphasis on the relative competitiveness of this vis-à-vis sea-based farming. If successful, land-based farming could potentially have an important impact on the dynamics of the salmon market.     

长江江苏段浮游植物群落结构特征调查报告

2004年9月￣2005年3月长江江苏段枯、平、丰3个水期的浮游植物的采集调查,共检出长江江苏段浮游植物10门96属168种(包括未定种),其中绿藻门64种,占38.10%;硅藻门58种,占34.52%;蓝藻门25种,占14.88%;裸藻门8种,占4.76%;黄藻门5种,占2.98%;金藻门3种,占1.79%;甲藻门2种,占1.19%;红藻门、隐藻门和轮藻门各1种,占0.60%。丰水期浮游植物优势群为直链藻(Melosira)、颤藻(Oscilatoria)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria)和纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus);平水期优势群为直链藻(Melosira)、颤藻(Oscilatoria)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria)、微孢藻(Microspora)和圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus);枯水期优势群为星杆藻(Asteri-onella.)、新月藻(Closterium)、直链藻(Melosira)和脆杆藻(Fragilaria)。各江段浮游密度都以枯水期最高,基本以丰水期为最低。