The efficacy of recombinant fowlpox vaccine protection against Marek's disease: its dependence on chicken line and B haplotype

Earlier studies have shown that the B haplotype has a significant influence on the protective efficacy of vaccines against Marek's disease (MD) and that the level of protection varies dependent on the serotype of MD virus (MDV) used in the vaccine. To determine if the protective glycoprotein gene gB is a basis for this association, we compared recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) containing a single gB gene from three serotypes of MDV. The rFPV were used to vaccinate 15.B congenic lines. Nonvaccinated chickens from all three haplotypes had 84%-97% MD after challenge. The rFPV containing gB1 provides better protection than rFPV containing gB2 or gB3 in all three B genotypes. Moreover, the gB proteins were critical, since the B*21/*21 chickens had better protection than chickens with B*13/*13 or B*5/*5 using rFPV with gB1, gB2, or gB3. A newly described combined rFPV/gB1gEgIUL32 + HVT vaccine was analyzed in chickens of lines 15 x 7 (B*2/*15) and N (B*21/*21) challenged with two vv+ strains of MDV. There were line differences in protection by the vaccines and line N had better protection with the rFPV/gB1gEgIUL32 + HVT vaccines (92%-100%) following either MDV challenge, but protection was significantly lower in 15 X 7 chickens (35%) when compared with the vaccine CVI988/Rispens (94%) and 301B1 + HVT (65%). Another experiment used four lines of chickens receiving the new rFPV + HVT vaccine or CVI988/Rispens and challenge with 648A MDV. The CVI 988/Rispens generally provided better protection in lines P and 15 X 7 and in one replicate with line TK. The combined rFPV/gB1gEgIUL32 + HVT vaccines protected line N chickens (90%) better than did CVI988/Rispens (73%). These data indicate that rFPV + HVT vaccines may provide protection against MD that is equivalent to or superior to CVI988/ Rispens in some chicken strains. It is not clear whether the rFPV/gB1gEgIUL32 + HVT vaccine will offer high levels of protection to commercial strains, but this vaccine, when used in line N chickens, may be a useful model to study interactions between vaccines and chicken genotypes and may thereby improve future MD vaccines.     

表达马立克氏病病毒CVI988／Rispens株糖蛋白B基因的重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的免疫保护研究

用鸡痘病毒载体表达马立克氏病病毒（MDV）糖蛋白B（gB）基因构建成重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV）。以MDV　GA或Md5和RBIB混合攻毒，在不同品种的鸡中评价rFPV－gB／R单价苗和与火鸡疱疹病毒（HVT）组成的二价苗的免疫保护效力。试验结果表明，MDV疫苗和FPV母源抗体阴性的SPF鸡和母源抗体阳性的商品鸡中，rFDV－gB／R均能提供免疫保护作用，且其中一种商品蛋鸡中rFPV－gB／R与HVT液氮苗或HVT冻干苗结合使用，均有显著的免疫协同保护作用。免疫学研究指出，rFPV－gB／R与常规疫苗一样，可显著地降低疫苗免疫攻毒鸡的病毒血症和羽囊排毒。     

抗鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗同居感染试验

疫苗的接触传播是疫苗免疫接种需要考虑的重要因素,为了检测重组鸡痘病毒载体疫苗水平传播的能力,对隔离条件下饲养的SPF鸡用重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗接种,同时设立非免疫对照鸡,饲养期间特意延长清粪时间以增加感染的机会,1个月之后攻击传染性喉气管炎WG株强毒和鸡痘102株强毒,疫苗免疫鸡全部获得保护,而非免疫鸡则全部发病.在试验动物饲养场的自然条件下,将免疫鸡和试验对照两组鸡饲养在同一个鸡舍内,让疫苗毒的传播更接近自然条件.在每个月的攻毒试验中,对照鸡都没有获得对鸡痘和传染性喉气管炎强毒的保护.在疫苗免疫期间进行连续5个月的跟踪检测,同居未免疫鸡没有检测到抗传染性喉气管炎病毒gB抗体.这些实验结果表明抗鸡传染性喉气管炎重组鸡痘病毒基因工程疫苗不能通过接触传播.     

ILTV gB基因与鸡IL-18基因共表达DNA疫苗的免疫原性

本试验构建了能分别或同时表达ILTV gB和IL-18基因的重组质粒pIRES-gB、pIRES-IL18、pIRES-gB/IL18。将重组质粒通过腿部肌肉多点注射免疫21日龄雏鸡,35日龄加强免疫1次,二免后2周用ILTV HN1株进行攻毒。pIRES-gB/IL18和pIRES-gB+pIRES-IL18免疫雏鸡后均能促进外周血T淋巴细胞亚群数量和血清中特异性抗体水平的增加,能明显增强ILTV DNA疫苗对强毒的攻击保护,但pIRES-gB/IL18免疫组要优于pIRES-gB+pIRES-IL18混合免疫组及其他对照组,差异显著或极显著。结果表明,鸡IL-18能明显增强ILTV DNA疫苗的免疫原性。     

表达鸡马立克氏病病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒的遗传稳定性及生物安全性评价

为了评价表达鸡马立克氏病病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-gB/R)的遗传稳定性,我们将纯化后的重组病毒在CEF单层上连续传30代,引起细胞病变的速度和形态均未发生明显变化;覆盖含X-Gal的琼脂引起的空斑均为蓝色;间接免疫荧光实验证明rFPV-gB/R中的gB基因始终能稳定表达;序列测定结果表明,重组病毒在细胞上连续传30代、在SPF鸡上连续传5代后,gB基因序列没有发生任何变化;以0、10、20、30代重组病毒制成冻干疫苗进行的实验室免疫效力实验表明,细胞连续传代后rFPV-gB/R仍然保持了原有的免疫原性。可见重组鸡痘病毒gB基因的结构和免疫原性都是高度稳定的。为了评价rFPV-gB/R的生物安全性,我们将rFPV-gB/R通过SPF鸡连续传5代,检测病毒在鸡体的存在部位及其消长、生长繁殖性能和毒力变化;将rFPV-gB/R免疫鸡与未免疫鸡同笼饲养,攻击FPV-102E6强毒,以检测rFPV-gB/R感染鸡的接触传染性。结果显示,rFPV-gB/R在鸡体的存在时间大约为7d,在体内仅存在于接种部位;鸡体传代后痘病毒毒力有一定程度下降,gB基因核苷酸序列未发生任何变化;同居未免疫SPF鸡在痘病毒强毒攻击后全部发痘,可见重组病毒免疫鸡没有接触传染性,能在鸡体内稳定地传代,rFPV-gB/R具有高度的生物安全性。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(江苏株)的分离与初步鉴定

本研究从江苏省某养鸡场采集临床疑似鸡传染性喉气管炎(infectious laryngotracheitis,ILT)的病鸡喉头气管,接种鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜分离病毒,命名为LJS091151。以分离毒人工感染SPF鸡,于攻毒后d3出现了ILT的典型临床症状,剖检亦可见喉头气管黏膜充血肿胀、消化道空虚、黏膜充血等病理变化。根据GenBank发表的鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(Infectiouslaryngotracheitis virus,ILT)gB、TK基因保守序列设计2对引物对分离株基因组DNA进行扩增和序列测定。序列分析表明,获得的核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列与GenBank发表的序列相似性均在99%以上,证明了分离株LJS091151为鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒。     

禽马立克氏病毒糖蛋白B基因在家蚕中的表达

将马克克氏病毒（Marek'sdiseasevirus，MDV）糖蛋白B（gB）基因克隆入转移载体pBac－PAK8中，得到重组转移载体质粒pBacPAK（gB）。经限制性酶切图谱结合Southernblot分析鉴定表明，gB基因以正确方向插入转移载体，受多角体蛋白基因启动子控制。将此转移载体与经CvnI酶切线性化的亲本病毒Bm－BacPAK6DNA通过脂质体法共转梁家蚕细胞，只有发生重组的病毒才有复制增殖的能力。然后通过蓝白斑筛选、结合点杂交，纯化得到重组的空斑病毒vBM，用该重组病毒接种家蚕5龄幼虫，对表达产物进行SDS－PAGE分析，检测到gB基因在家蚕中高效表达，表达产物的分子量主要为97KD，表达量约为1mg／mL血淋巴。     

Marek's disease in turkeys. II. Characterization of the viral glycoprotein B gene and antigen of a turkey strain of Marek's disease virus

Marek's disease virus (MDV) causes immunosuppression and tumors in chickens. As sporadic cases of Marek's disease (MD) were recorded in turkeys, the antigenic and genomic characteristics of the MDV glycoprotein B (gB) gene and antigen of turkeys were compared to the chicken MDV gB. The whole chicken and turkey gB genes were sequenced and found identical. By immunoblotting of infected-cell culture lysates using chicken convalescent and gB monoclonal antibodies, the antigenic epitopes of the chicken and turkey viruses were found to differ. The turkey MDV had a unique epitope, compared to the chicken MDV and compared with our previous findings. While the chicken MDV had two epitope types, heat-labile but dithiothreitol (DTT)-stable and heat-stable but DTT-labile, the turkey MDV gB epitope is both heat and DTT-labile.     

传染性喉气管炎新城疫鸡痘重组病毒免疫效力的研究

在表达鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)糖蛋白gB基因和新城疫病毒(NDV)F基因的重组鸡痘病毒(rF-PV-gB-F)安全性检验合格后,以5.0×101~5.0×104PFU不同含量按0.1mL/鸡的剂量免疫100只30日龄SPF鸡,30d后分组分别用ILTVWG株和NDVF48E9株强毒进行攻击。免疫鸡抗鸡痘病毒抗体都转为阳性,痘反应和接种剂量有关,重组疫苗的最小反应剂量为50PFU。重组疫苗可以诱发对新城疫和传染性喉气管炎的保护,0.1mL/鸡的接种量在500~5000PFU浓度范围内的免疫效果最好,对于ILTV攻击的发病保护率在70%以上,对NDV强毒攻击的抗死亡保护率可以达到80%,这为进一步考察疫苗的免疫效力试验以及进行田间试验奠定了基础。     

表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗的遗传稳定性评价

为了检测表达鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒糖蛋白gB基因重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV-ILTVgB)的稳定性，我们对重组病毒进行6代和16代克隆纯化，对纯化后的病毒通过转瓶连续培养传20代，结果发现第6代纯化病毒（rFPV-ILTVgB-C6)在传代过程中有白斑出现，说明病毒纯度不够；经过16代纯化的病毒（rFPV-ILTVgB-C16)对细胞的嗜性加强，病毒的效价进一步升高，20代传代后蓝斑率仍然为100％，PCR的检测进一步证明插入的外源基因能在病毒的长期传代过程中稳定地遗传。抽取病毒细胞传代过程中的第5，10，15，20代次的病毒翅膀内侧无血管处皮下接种2周龄SPF鸡，20天后分为两组，分别用传染性喉气管炎病毒WG株和鸡痘病毒102株攻击，结果不同代次的重组病毒均可以使免疫鸡抵抗传染性喉气管炎病毒和鸡痘病毒强毒的攻击，鸡体内病毒传代试验表明，重组病毒在接种部位仅存在6天，之后就检测不到病毒，重组病毒通过SPF鸡连续传代，不存在病毒返祖的可能，由此可以得出一个结论：rFPV-ILTVgB在结构上和免疫原性上是稳定的，无论是在体外传代，还是在体内均可以稳定遗传，不存在因为接种重组疫苗而给免疫鸡群带来安全威胁的可能，完全可以作为疫苗毒株进行商品化开发。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒截短gB基因原核表达与间接ELISA诊断方法建立

用DNAstar-Protean分析牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒gB蛋白的亲水性、抗原性和表面展示概率,据IBRVgB全基因序列设计引物,PCR扩增编码385-550位氨基酸的基因序列。将目的片段克隆,酶切鉴定并测序鉴定后,定向连接到pET-28b载体上,转化表达菌DE3并诱导表达。经SDS-PAGE分析,获得大小约为21.4 ku的目的蛋白,与预测值相符。纯化后的蛋白浓度约为2.0 mg/mL,纯度为95.27%。间接ELISA及Western blotting证明,表达的目的蛋白具有抗原性。以该蛋白作为诊断抗原建立的间接ELISA诊断方法,确定的抗原包被量为50μg/mL,血清的最佳稀释倍数为50。与进口IBRV全毒ELISA抗体诊断试剂盒比较,特异性为92.3%、敏感性为93.8%、符合率为93.3%;试验结果表明该诊断方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性。     

Protection and synergism by recombinant fowl pox vaccines expressing multiple genes from Marek's disease virus

Recombinant fowl poxviruses (rFPVs) were constructed to express genes from serotype 1 Marek's disease virus (MDV) coding for glycoproteins B, E, I, H, and UL32 (gB1, gE, gI, gH, and UL32). An additional rFPV was constructed to contain four MDV genes (gB1, gE, gI, and UL32). These rFPVs were evaluated for their ability to protect maternal antibody-positive chickens against challenge with highly virulent MDV isolates. The protection induced by a single rFPV/gB1 (42%) confirmed our previous finding. The protection induced by rFPV/gI (43%), rFPV/gB1UL32 (46%), rFPV/gB1gEgI (72%), and rFPV/gB1gEgIUL32 (70%) contributed to additional knowledge on MDV genes involved in protective immunity. In contrast, the rFPV containing gE, gH, or UL32 did not induce significant protection compared with turkey herpesvirus (HVT). Levels of protection by rFPV/gB1 and rFPV/gl were comparable with that of HVT. Only gB1 and gI conferred synergism in rFPV containing these two genes. Protection by both rFPV/gB1gEgI (72%) and rFPV/gB1gEgIUL32(70%) against Marek's disease was significantly enhanced compared with a single gB1 or gI gene (40%). This protective synergism between gB1 and gI in rFPVs may be the basis for better protection when bivalent vaccines between serotypes 2 and 3 were used. When rFPV/gB1gIgEUL32 + HVT were used as vaccine against Md5 challenge, the protection was significantly enhanced (94%). This synergism between rFPV/gB1gIgEUL32 and HVT indicates additional genes yet to be discovered in HVT may be responsible for the enhancement.     

表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗免疫持续期试验

用表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因和新城疫病毒F基因的重组鸡痘病毒（rFPV～gB—F）制备的疫苗免疫4周龄SPF鸡，免疫后的7、14、21、30、60、90、120、150、180d分别采血，分离血清，检测抗FPV和gB的抗体。结果表明重组疫苗免疫后14d，免疫鸡血清抗体已经全部阳转，免疫后的21d血清抗FPV的抗体出现峰值；此后便开始回落，到免疫后的6个月抗体水平已经接近阴性对照的水平。抗gB的抗体在免疫后的第二周达到阳性，之后的六个月都为阳性。在免疫后的每个月将免疫鸡取20只再分成两组。分别用新城疫强毒与传染性喉气管炎强毒的攻击。在免疫后的第一个月对新城疫的保护率为8／10，第2个月对新城疫的保护为7／10，第3个月为2／10，因此对新城疫的免疫保护期为2个月。在免疫后的5个月内可以使免疫鸡对传染性喉气管炎强毒攻击的保护率达到8／10以上，免疫后的6个月对ILT为8／13．因此rF—PV-gB—F对传染性喉气管炎的免疫保护期为5个月。     

Immunization trials with virus-free antigens against Marek''s disease

Additional immunization trials were performed to study the immunogenicity of the purified skin antigen of Marek's disease virus which was inoculated, together with Freud's complete adjuvant, into one-day-old chicks. As compared to non-vaccinated chickens and also to chickens vaccinated by herpesvirus turkey (which reduced the mortality by 45.54%) the purified skin antigen reduced the mortality by 69.50%.

In the case of immunization with protein extract from the lymphoblastoid cell line of Marek's disease lymphomes mixed with natural dsRNA showed 38.99% reduction of mortality. DEAE-dextran which had exerted an adjuvant effect in our previous report did not by itself reduce mortality caused by Marek's disease.

Groups of chickens vaccinated with the turkey herpesvirus with protein extract mixed with dsRNA, and a group of chickens inoculated with 0.04 g.ml⁻¹ DEAE-dextran, had a higher whole complement activity in pooled serum from 107 days after challenge than chickens free of Marek's disease.     

表达传染性喉气管炎病毒gB基因重组鸡痘病毒疫苗免疫持续期试验

将200003批疫苗免疫4周龄SPF鸡,免疫后的7、14、21、30、60、90、120、150、180和225 d分别采血,分离血清,采用ELISA方法检测血清抗FPV抗体,结果表明重组疫苗免疫后14 d,免疫鸡血清抗体已经全部阳转,免疫后的21 d血清抗FPV的抗体出现峰值,此后便开始下降,到免疫后的6个月抗体水平已经接近阴性对照的水平.用ILTV WG株和FPV 102株强毒进行的攻毒保护试验与血清检测的结果基本一致,在免疫后的5个月内可以使免疫鸡获得100%(10/10)保护,免疫后的6个月对ILT和FP的免疫保护分别为1/7和2/10,此时需要对鸡群实施二次免疫.其他5批疫苗(200001、200002、200101、200102和200103)免疫SPF鸡后5个月用ILTV WG株和FPV 102株攻击也获得了完全保护.     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒TaqMan real-time PCR检测方法的建立

为建立鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(ILTV)TaqMan Real-time PCR检测方法,本研究根据GenBank中登录的ILTV gB基因序列设计了2对引物与一条特异性TaqMan探针,通过对反应体系和反应条件的优化,特异性、敏感性以及重复性试验,证明该方法在核酸含量108拷贝/μL～101拷贝/μL范围内具有良好的线性关系;能够检测初始模板中10-3EID50的病毒核酸及16拷贝的标准品;与其它相关的鸡源病毒均无交叉反应,并且批内、批间变异系数均小于2%,具有良好的重复性。该检测方法的建立为ILTV的临床检测和定量分析提供了一种快速、准确的技术手段。     

Development and evaluation of an ELISA for the detection of antibody to infectious laryngotracheitis virus in chickens

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibody to infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus in chickens was developed and compared with the serum-neutralization assay. The ELISA routinely yielded 16-to-32-fold higher titers than the serum-neutralization test. To overcome the requirement for large amounts of purified viral antigen, the microtiter trays were initially coated with an antibody prepared against purified ILT virus. A relatively crude viral preparation could then be used to coat the trays. Sera from specific-pathogen-free chickens less than 12 weeks of age did not show nonspecific binding, although 2.7% of all sera from chickens between 13 and 64 weeks of age had nonspecific activity. The majority of nonspecific reactors came from one highly inbred flock of specific-pathogen-free chickens. A number of modifications of ELISA procedures reported to reduce the nonspecific binding of chicken sera were investigated. Treatment of the serum or the plate and changes in the composition of the diluent did not increase the relative sensitivity of the anti-ILT assay.     

Marek's disease virus infection in the brain: virus replication, cellular infiltration, and major histocompatibility complex antigen expression

Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection in the brain was studied chronologically after inoculating 3-week-old chickens of two genetic lines with two strains of serotype I MDV representing two pathotypes (v and vv+). Viral replication in the brain was strongly associated with the development of lesions. Three viral antigens (pp38, gB, and meq) were detected in the brain of infected chickens. Marked differences between v and vv+ pathotypes of MDV were identified for level of virus replication, time course of brain lesions, and expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Two pathologic phenomena (inflammatory and proliferative) were detected in the brain of chickens inoculated with vv+MDV, but only inflammatory lesions were observed in those inoculated with vMDV. Inflammatory lesions, mainly composed of macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, started at 6-10 days postinoculation (dpi) and were transient. Proliferative lesions, characterized by severe infiltrates of CD4+CD8- T cells (blasts), started at 19-26 dpi and persisted. Expression of MHC antigens in endothelial cells and infiltrating cells within the brain was influenced by MDV infection. Upregulation of MHC class II antigen occurred in all treatment groups, although it was more severe in those inoculated with vv+MDV. MHC class I antigen was downregulated only in those groups inoculated with vv+MDV. These results enhance our understanding of the nature and pattern of MDV infection in the brain and help to explain the neurovirulence associated with highly virulent MDV.     

Serological response of chickens to oral vaccination with Newcastle disease virus

Conventional Newcastle disease vaccines are not suitable for application to village chickens in tropical countries of Asia. Trials with food-based vaccines are being initiated and the following experiments were performed to evaluate oral vaccination with Newcastle disease virus. Experimental chickens were vaccinated orally with the avirulent V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus and haemagglutination-inhibition antibody responses were measured. V4 virus was introduced into the crop by tube and total faecal output was collected daily and assayed for Newcastle disease virus. Virus was recovered on Days 5 and 6 after vaccination from most chickens that had received 10(7.4) and 10(6.4) 50% egg-infectious doses (EID50) of virus. There was no recovery of virus from birds receiving a lower dose of vaccine. Groups of chickens kept in cages with wire floors were given various doses of vaccine into the crop. Higher antibody titres were achieved with higher doses of virus. This dose responsiveness was not observed when various doses of vaccine were presented on food pellets and the groups of chickens were kept on concrete floors. Similar antibody responses were then seen with nominal doses of 10(5.2) and 10(8.2) EID50 per bird, possibly as a result of excretion and re-ingestion of the vaccine virus. Spread of the vaccine virus was demonstrated when control chickens and chickens receiving 10(7.7) EID50 of V4 virus on food pellets were housed together on a concrete floor. Similar antibody titres were achieved in both vaccinated and in-contact chickens.     

猪伪狂犬病毒囊膜糖蛋白gB主要抗原表位区基因的克隆及原核表达

参照GenBank发表的猪伪狂犬病毒囊膜糖蛋白gB主要抗原表位的编码区基因序列,设计一对引物,通过PCR扩增后,将约为600bp的目的片段克隆到pGEM-T载体上,酶切后插入原核表达载体pET-32(a)的T7启动子下游,构建的重组质粒pET-gB经IPTG诱导,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中获得了高效表达。SDS-PAGE结果显示,表达产物分子量约为42.4KDa,主要以包涵体形式存在。BandScan分析表明,表达量约占菌体蛋白的60.5%。利用His亲和层析方法得到了纯化的表达产物。Western blotting结果显示,重组蛋白能与阳性血清发生特异性反应,具有较好的抗原反应原性,可以作为检测用抗原。