鸭MyoG基因启动子的生物信息学分析及其甲基化频率对基因表达的影响

采用RT–PCR技术扩增和克隆鸭Myo G基因启动子,并对其启动子序列进行生物信息学分析,采用Sequenom Mass Array技术检测Cp G岛在鸭肌肉组织中的甲基化水平,用q RT–PCR检测Myo G基因的表达量。结果表明,扩增得到鸭Myo G基因启动子序列2 730 bp,对启动子序列预测后,发现存在2个Cp G岛,其中Cp G岛(–2 536~–1 997 bp)存在5个转录因子结合位点和多个真核生物结构元件。甲基化检测结果表明:在鸭的个体和组织水平上,启动子甲基化率均未聚类在一起;Cp G位点甲基化频率存在个体差异,22%Cp G位点的甲基化频率与Myo G的m RNA表达量呈负相关(P0.05),78%Cp G位点的甲基化频率呈正相关(P0.05),其中,腿肌甲基化位点Cp G_1、Cp G_26.27.28.29的甲基化频率与Myo G基因表达水平均呈显著相关(P0.05)。Myo G基因在鸭与在哺乳动物中的转录调控机制存在差异。试验中发现多个影响鸭Myo G基因转录的潜在甲基化位点,其中Cp G_1与Cp G_26.27.28.29能通过DNA甲基化修饰影响Myo G基因在鸭腿肌中的转录。本研究结果可为鸭Myo G基因转录调控提供参考依据。     

母鸡叶酸缺乏对子代MTHFD2和TYMS基因甲基化和表达水平的影响

为探究母鸡叶酸缺乏对子代与叶酸代谢相关的MTHFD2和TYMS基因甲基化模式和基因表达水平的影响,利用亚硫酸盐测序和定量PCR方法进行测定。结果表明:1)亲代叶酸缺乏对子代MTHFD2基因启动子区甲基化没有影响,该基因启动子区16个CpG位点不存在甲基化;2)子代TYMS基因ATG下游8个CpG位点甲基化主要发生在第2、3、4和5位点,但这4个CpG位点的甲基化比率在对照组和叶酸缺乏组之间均未达到差异显著水平(P0.05);并且TYMS总体甲基化水平在对照组和叶酸缺乏组之间差异也不显著(P0.05);3)母鸡叶酸缺乏可引起子代肝脏组织MTHFD2和TYMS基因表达水平均显著增加(P0.05)。综上所述,亲代叶酸缺乏对子代MTHFD2和TYMS基因表达水平发生作用,但未对基因甲基化比率造成影响,表明DNA甲基化模式由多个因素决定,可能存在叶酸以外的其他调控机制。     

猪 MKRN3 基因启动子区CpG岛在胚胎心脏组织甲基化模式分析

以梅山猪-大白猪正反交为模型,以65日龄和100日龄的胚胎心脏组织为研究材料,对MKRN3基因启动子区CpG岛进行预测,根据预测的CpG岛设计引物,采用重亚硫酸盐测序法(BSP法),分析MKRN3基因启动子区CpG岛在胚胎心脏组织的甲基化程度。结果显示:对于65日龄胚胎,猪MKRN3基因启动子区CpG岛在大白×梅山和梅山×大白杂交后代的胚胎心脏组织中均表现高度甲基化(75.6%、76.4%);对于100日龄的胚胎,大白×梅山杂交后代的胚胎心脏组织表现高度甲基化(80%),而梅山×大白杂交后代的胚胎心脏组织呈现低甲基化(35.6%)。由此可见,猪MKRN3基因启动子区CpG岛的甲基化模式随着正反交、胚胎发育时期不同而呈现出一定变化,即在胚胎发育65日龄时,正反交子代均具有高度甲基化;而在胚胎发育至100日龄,正交子代呈现高度甲基化,反交子代呈现低甲基化,说明在胚胎发育晚期父本或母本等位基因可能会发生明显的去甲基化。     

Analysis of DNA methylation of CD79B in MDV-infected chicken spleen

Marek's disease (MD), an immunosuppressive disease induced by Marek's disease virus (MDV), provides an ideal model for studying diseases caused by a carcinogenic virus. CD79B is a B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein β-chain precursor which is involved in the activation, proliferation, differentiation of B-cell and the transmission of downstream signals. This study analyzed CD79B gene mRNA expression and methylation by two schemes #20 (5´ flanking to intron 1) and #27 (intron 2 to intron 3), between MDV-infected tumorous spleens (TS) and non-infected spleens (NS). Results showed that average methylation levels of CpGs in #20 and #27 were higher in TS than in NS (P<0.05), while, CD79B mRNA expression was lower in TS than in NS (P<0.01). Six of 40 CpG sites showed significantly (P<0.05) different methylation levels between TS and NS. Correlation analysis showed that the average methylation level rather than a single site methylation level in #20 affected (P<0.05) mRNA expression. Collectively, it was found that the change of CD79B gene expression after MDV infection might be partly explained by modification of DNA methylation.     

LEF1基因在巴什拜羊不同毛色皮肤组织中的DNA甲基化及mRNA表达水平分析

【目的】分析LEF1基因在红棕色与青灰色巴什拜羊皮肤组织中DNA甲基化与mRNA的表达水平。【方法】运用BSP(亚硫酸盐修饰后测序PCR)与RT-RCR(实时荧光定量PCR),检测不同毛色巴什拜羊皮肤组织LEF1基因启动子区的甲基化水平与mRNA表达量。【结果】在红棕色巴什拜羊皮肤组织中的LEF1基因启动子区的甲基化水平高于青灰色的甲基化水平,且二者甲基化CpG位点不同,二者呈显著的负相关(P< 0.05)。【结论】DNA甲基化水平对红棕色与青灰色巴什拜羊的毛色形成具有调节作用,可作为一个候选的巴什拜羊毛色遗传标记。     

猪LPAR3基因克隆及其在子宫内膜细胞的表达

【目的】获得猪LPAR3基因完整mRNA及基因结构,研究其启动子活性;探究LPAR3基因在子宫内膜的转录调控及可能影响母猪产仔的机制。【方法】应用5'RACE和3'RACE技术获取LPAR3基因完整mRNA序列;预测5'调控区潜在的启动子转录因子结合位点及CpG岛,构建不同长度的启动子双荧光素酶报告基因重组载体,与pRL-TK质粒共同转染至猪子宫内膜细胞,检测启动子活性;应用RT-qPCR比较LPAR3基因在妊娠第12天的二花脸猪和长大二元猪子宫内膜的相对表达量;应用亚硫酸氢钠修饰后测序比较LPAR3基因在妊娠第12天的二花脸猪和长大二元猪子宫内膜的甲基化状态。【结果】猪LPAR3 mRNA全长为2 127 bp,其中5'UTR和3'UTR的长度分别为202和860 bp,CDS区为1 065 bp。克隆获得包括LPAR3转录起始位点上游3 080 bp (–2 430/+650bp)的5'调控序列,分析预测显示该调控区不存在TATA box,存在GC元件、CPBP及糖皮质激素受体IR3等调控因子结合位点,且在–190/–84和–44/+651 bp处存在2个潜在CpG岛。成功构建9个不同长度的5'缺失报告重组载体并转染猪子宫内膜细胞。双荧光素酶活性检测结果显示,启动子P4(+454/+80 bp)的转录活性最高,其次是P6(–123/+80 bp)。RT-qPCR结果显示,妊娠第12天二花脸猪LPAR3基因在子宫内膜的表达量高于在其他组织的表达量,且极显著高于在妊娠第12天长大二元猪子宫内膜的表达量,LPAR3在2个猪种子宫内膜均处于低甲基化状态且差异不显著。【结论】猪LPAR3 mRNA全长为2 127 bp,妊娠第12天LAPR3基因在二花脸猪子宫内膜表达高于其在长大二元猪子宫内膜的表达,显示LPAR3可能参与了猪早期妊娠并影响产仔数。     

小鼠胞内氯离子通道5基因启动子核心功能区域鉴定及转录调控分析

为研究胞内氯离子通道5基因(Chloride intracellular channel 5,CLIC5)广泛参与调节细胞内的各项生理活动与生化反应,并探讨该基因自身的表达调控机制,以小鼠基因组序列为模板,利用PCR技术扩增小鼠CLIC5基因5′上游调控序列,将其插入荧光素酶报告基因表达载体(pGL3-Basic)中,同时采用5′侧翼区缺失的方法构建了7个缺失不同DNA片段的荧光素酶表达载体。重组质粒与海肾荧光素酶载体(phRL-TK)共同瞬时转染HEK-293细胞,经双荧光素酶报告基因活性分析后,确定CLIC5基因的核心启动子区。利用生物信息学方法预测其中转录因子结合位点及启动子区甲基化状况。结果表明,CLIC5基因启动子缺乏TATA盒,但含有典型的GC盒及其他潜在转录因子结合位点;双荧光素酶报告基因活性分析表明,CLIC5基因-329～+1、-624～+1、-917～+1和-2 230～+1区域的启动子活性较高,其中-624～+1区域的启动子活性最强。进一步分析表明,启动子区-624～-329存在负性调控元件,预测存在转录因子结合位点RXR heterodimer binding sites与GC-Box factorsSp1/GC,-420～-283范围内存在CpG岛位点。     

牛SOCS5基因5′调控区多态性研究

【目的】筛选SOCS5基因启动子区多态位点（SNP）,并研究其对启动子功能元件的影响。【方法】选择贵州地方优良品种务川黑牛和中国荷斯坦奶牛两种生长性能差异明显的品种构建DNA池。直接测序后用DNASTAR软件进行序列拼接和校正,BLAST分析SOCS5基因多态性,然后用生物信息学软件预测序列核心启动子区和CpG岛,分析SNP位点对转录因子结合位点影响。【结果】牛SOC5基因5′调控区和第1外显子区存在3个SNP位点,分别为：C-577T、T-43C和C＋61T,其中C＋61T与SNP数据库中的rs110977810信息相符,C-577T和T-43C为新发现SNP位点。生物信息学软件预测得到SOCS5基因核心启动子区和CpG岛,SNP位点导致附近大量转录因子结合位点消失和新位点产生;SNP位点对转录因子结合位点有显著影响,但对核心启动子范围和起始位点无明显影响,不在甲基化水平上影响SOCS基因表达水平。【结论】牛SOCS5基因5′调控区存在3个对启动子功能元件有较大影响的SNP位点。     

牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织DDX4基因mRNA表达水平 与启动子区甲基化

【目的】了解牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中DDX4基因mRNA表达水平和启动子区甲基化状态。【方法】采用real-time PCR技术检测牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织DDX4基因mRNA表达水平,采用克隆测序技术获得牦牛和犏牛DDX4基因启动子区序列,采用亚硫酸氢钠测序法检测牦牛和犏牛睾丸组织中DDX4基因启动子区甲基化状态。【结果】牦牛睾丸组织中DDX4基因mRNA表达水平极显著高于犏牛（P＜0.01）;牦牛和犏牛DDX4基因启动子区1 370 bp,含有核心启动子区（251 bp）和CpG岛（918 bp）。犏牛睾丸组织中DDX4基因启动子区甲基化水平（86.5%）极显著高于牦牛（67.0%）（P＜0.01）。【结论】牦牛睾丸组织DDX4基因表达水平极显著高于犏牛,获得了牦牛和犏牛DDX4基因启动子区序列,且犏牛睾丸组织中DDX4基因启动子区甲基化水平极显著高于牦牛（P＜0.01）。     

猪血液和肌肉组织DNA甲基化含量的测定

 摘要: 【目的】通过测定纯种亲本大白猪、长白猪、梅山猪及其正反交大白猪×长白猪、长白猪×大白猪、大白猪×梅山猪和梅山猪×大白猪等杂种猪血液和肌肉组织DNA甲基化含量，分别比较基于不同杂交组合和不同组织，亲本与子代之间在DNA甲基化含量上的差异,为揭示杂种优势的分子机制提供依据。【方法】采用高效液相色谱法测定血液和组织中甲基化含量。【结果】经过测定及计算，163份肌肉组织样平均甲基化含量为16.92%；182份血液样平均甲基化含量为6.49%，两者之间差异达到了极显著水平（p<0.01）。在相同组织不同杂交组合中杂种后代表现不同。同样地，在相同杂交组合不同组织之间杂种后代表现也不尽相同。【结论】杂种甲基化含量升高，可能是利用甲基化关闭了一些影响生长的不利基因的表达。杂种甲基化含量的变化表现为杂交组合和组织特异性。     

鸡IHH基因生物信息学及组织特异性表达分析

为分析鸡印度刺猬因子(Indian hedgehog，IHH)基因生物信息学及IHH基因在不同组织中特异性表达规律，选取体重相近、健康强健的6只鸡，借助生物信息学手段，对IHH基因结构、启动子和CpG岛进行分析，并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测IHH基因在鸡心、肝、脾、肺、肾、软骨、下丘脑、胸肌、十二指肠和胸腺组织中的特异性表达规律，同时对IHH蛋白进行相似性比较，并利用生物信息学分析IHH蛋白的理化和结构特性。结果表明，1)鸡IHH基因开放阅读框长度为1 227 bp，可编码408个氨基酸，具有3个外显子、4个核心启动子区和1个CpG岛。2)成功扩增IHH基因，IHH基因在鸡各组织中均有不同水平的mRNA表达，在软骨组织中相对表达量最高，在心、脾和胸腺组织中的表达量相对较低。3)鸡IHH蛋白在禽类中保守性较高，IHH蛋白大小为44.829 36 ku，属于偏碱性蛋白，具有1个跨膜端和1个信号肽；IHH蛋白二级结构中无规则卷曲的比例最高(44.12%)，只含有1个 HH-Signal功能域，内含大部分丝氨酸磷酸化位点，该蛋白还有14个苏氨酸磷酸化位点和5个酪氨酸磷酸化位点，鸡IHH蛋白存在1处N型糖基化位点和6处O型糖基化位点。综上，鸡IHH基因有3个外显子，有多个启动子区，在软骨组织中极显著高表达，鸡IHH蛋白是具有偏碱性、强热稳性和低亲水性的分泌型蛋白，IHH氨基酸序列在物种进化过程中比较保守，本研究为深入研究鸡IHH基因对软骨发育的调控作用提供依据。     

Patterns of Cytosine Methylation in Parental Lines and Their Hybrids of Large White and Meishan Reciprocal Crosses

The extent and patterns of cytosine methylation in blood DNA were assessed, using the technique of methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism(MSAP),in Meishan, Large White pigs and hybrids of their reciprocal crosses. In all, 1 508 fragments, each representing a recognition site cleaved by either or both of the isoschizomers, MspI and HpaII, were amplified using 20 pairs of selective primers. 10.3% of CCGG sites were methylated in Meishan pigs, 10.5% in Large White pigs, and 10.2% in the hybrids. Cytosine methylation was not significantly different among parental lines and hybrids of reciprocal crosses. Four classes of patterns were identified in a comparative assay of cytosine methylation in the parents and hybrids: (1) the same level of methylation in both parental lines and the hybrids; (2) the same level of methylation in either parent or hybrid; (3) an increased level of methylation in the hybrids compared to the parents, and (4) a decreased level of methylation in the hybrids. 11 crossspecific methylation sites were detected in F1 hybrids of Large White×Meishan, and 10 crossspecific methylation sites in the hybrid of Meishan×LargeWhite. In conclusion, (1) the whole methylation status between parental lines and hybrids was not different, but specific sites were differentially methylated; (2) specific sites were differentially methylated between reciprocal crosses; (3) demethylation and hypermethylation of many sites accounted for mostly (more than 50%) methylated sites in the hybrids compared to parental lines.     

Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome

Differential DNA methylation is important for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Allele-specific methylation of the inactive X chromosome has been demonstrated at promoter CpG islands, but the overall pattern of methylation on the active X(Xa) and inactive X (Xi) chromosomes is unknown. We performed allele-specific analysis of more than 1000 informative loci along the human X chromosome. The Xa displays more than two times as much allele-specific methylation as Xi. This methylation is concentrated at gene bodies, affecting multiple neighboring CpGs. Before X inactivation, all of these Xa gene body-methylated sites are biallelically methylated. Thus, a bipartite methylation-demethylation program results in Xa-specific hypomethylation at gene promoters and hypermethylation at gene bodies. These results suggest a relationship between global methylation and expression potentiality.     

Dietary Methionine Affect Meat Qulity and Myostatin Gene Exon 1 Region Methylation in Skeletal Muscle Tissues of Broilers

Dietary amino acids imbalance will result in stunted broiler performance and deteriorated meat quality, which are involved in various biochemical cycles in vivo. In this study, the effects of dietary methionine on meat quality and methylation of myostatin exon 1 were investigated. Drip loss of the broilers fed with diet of high methionine levels （0.2%） increased from （6.3 ± 0.1）% （control group） to （10.1 ± 1.0）%, and the muscle shearing force increased from （22.8 ± 1.9） N （control group） to （26.3 ±2.3） N. Moreover, many CpG sites were found at the myostatin exon 1 region （nucleotides 2 360-2 540 bp）. To further understand the regulation of broiler myostatin expression, the methylation status of broiler myostatin exon 1 and its mRNA expression were analyzed. At the myostatin exon 1 region where CG enriches （nucleotides 2 360-2 540 bp）, the percentages of methylation were 46 and 84% in low Met and high Met content groups after 55-d feeding, respectively. In skeletal muscle tissues, the exon 1 hypermethylation status of myostatin gene was found to be negatively correlated with the gene expression. These results suggested that methylation of this gene is a dynamic process, which plays a dominant role in regulating gene expression for development of individuals.     

b-Boule基因5′调控序列的克隆与睾丸组织DMR甲基化分析

 【目的】研究b-Boule基因5′调控序列的序列特征,以及牦牛、黄牛与犏牛睾丸组织b-Boule基因DMR甲基化状态的差异,为揭示b-Boule基因的表达调控和犏牛雄性不育的表观遗传机制提供依据。【方法】采用PCR扩增和克隆测序技术获得牦牛b-Boule基因5′调控序列,利用生物信息学方法分析b-Boule基因5′调控序列的序列特征,采用亚硫酸氢钠测序法检测牦牛、黄牛与犏牛睾丸组织中b-Boule基因DMR的甲基化状态。【结果】b-Boule基因5′调控序列长度为1 352 bp,核心启动子区含有SP1等甲基化敏感位点,5′端存在一个CpG岛。犏牛b-Boule基因DMR的甲基化水平（17.78%）高于牦牛（7.50%）和黄牛（6.94%）（P＜0.01）,特别是CpG位点33—35的甲基化水平差异更明显。【结论】犏牛b-Boule基因DMR的甲基化水平高于牦牛和黄牛,结合前期mRNA表达水平和组织学观察结果,认为DMR甲基化在b-Boule基因的表达调控中发挥关键作用,犏牛b-Boule基因可能是通过DMR区的高甲基化抑制其mRNA表达来阻滞精子发生减数分裂过程。     

Determination and Difference Analysis of DNA Methylation Content Both in Blood and Muscle Tissue of Pigs

In this experiment, DNA samples from parental lines Large White, Landrace, and Meishan pigs, and their hybrids Large White × Landrace, Landrace × Large White, Large White × Meishan, and Meishan × Large White pigs were used for the determination of DNA methylation content in both blood and muscle tissue. The differences about DNA methylation content between parental lines and their hybrids were analyzed. These will offer theoretical support from molecular level for heterosis. High performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was firstly used to detect DNA methylation content. The average DNA methylation content in 163 DNA samples of muscle tissue was 16.92%, whereas, the average DNA methylation content in 182 samples of blood was 6.49%, the difference between which was especially prominent （P 〈 0.01）. In blood, the methylation content was lower than 10%, with the highest level of 9.93% in Landrace x Large White and the lowest of 2.97% in Landrace. The difference between Large White and Landrace was highly significant （P 〈 0.01）, but not significant between Large White and Meishan; and the differences between reciprocal cross hybrids in both hybrid systems were significant （P 〈 0.05）. In muscle tissue, the differences in methylation content among three parents were not significant （P 〉0.05）; and the differences between reciprocal cross hybrids in both hybrid systems were not significant （P 〉 0.05）, but between different hybrid systems, the hybrids had a significant difference （P 〈0.05）. The average methylation content in muscle samples was higher than that in blood samples, and the methylation in different tissues was different.     

犏牛及其亲本睾丸组织中印记基因SNRPN DMR甲基化与mRNA表达差异研究

【目的】研究犏牛与黄牛、牦牛睾丸组织SNRPN基因DMR甲基化状态、mRNA表达水平的差异,为揭示犏牛雄性不育的表观遗传机制提供依据。【方法】根据黄牛SNRPN基因序列设计引物,通过克隆测序获得牦牛SNRPN基因5'端序列,采用亚硫酸氢钠测序法检测犏牛及其亲本睾丸组织中SNRPN基因5'端DMR的甲基化状态,并采用Real-time PCR检测犏牛及其亲本睾丸组织中SNRPN基因的表达水平。【结果】牦牛SNRPN基因5'端序列长为1137bp,与黄牛的同源性达98.2%;生物信息学分析发现含有YY1和SP1等甲基化敏感位点。犏牛SNRPN基因DMR的甲基化水平(42.22%)极显著高于黄牛(21.08%)和牦牛(20.81%)(P0.01)。黄牛和牦牛睾丸组织中SNRPN基因mRNA表达水平高于犏牛,但未达到显著水平(P0.05)。【结论】犏牛睾丸组织SNRPN基因DMR的甲基化水平极显著高于黄牛和牦牛,且mRNA表达水平低于黄牛和牦牛,说明犏牛SNRPN基因可能是通过DMR区的高甲基化抑制其mRNA表达来阻滞精子发生减数分裂过程。     

鸡TGF-β2基因启动子区多态性分析

为了研究鸡TGF-β2基因启动子区的SNP及其对启动子功能元件的影响,采用PCR-SSCP方法对16个鸡种的TGF-β2启动子区的554~824 bp(即3号染色体的19 433 476~19 433 746 bp)进行基因分型,经测序,共检测到3个有效的SNPs位点,分别是679位点的C/G,699位点的G/A,774位点的T/C。其中大骨鸡和太湖鸡在3个位点均检测到SNP存在,AA鸡在3个位点都没有发现SNPs。分别利用生物信息学软件JASPAR和MethPrimer预测TGF-β2基因启动子区转录因子结合位点和CpG岛,发现SNP位点可改变转录因子结合位点且位于CpG岛上,表明TGF-β2启动子区SNPs可能通过不同方式影响基因表达调控。