应用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测PRRSV变异株在仔猪体内动态分布

为进一步了解高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株(HuN4株)在体内的动态分布规律和特点,探讨病毒对组织器官的嗜性,本研究将HuN4株和细胞传代致弱毒株HuN4-F65人工感染40日龄健康仔猪,分别于感染后1d、3d、5d、7d、10d、14d、21d和28d各迫杀2头,并应用建立的荧光定量RT-PCR方法对脑、颌下淋巴结、扁桃体、肺脏、肝脏和十二指肠等组织及血清中的PRRSV进行定量检测。结果显示:感染后HuN4组各器官病毒载量比HuN4-F65组高100倍,病毒载量峰值期出现在感染后7d,随后呈下降趋势。HuN4株在仔猪体内分布广泛,在21d的试验期内持续存在,并且各器官的病毒载量呈正态分布规律;而HuN4-F65株血清病毒载量较低,并且集中在单核巨噬细胞相对密集的扁桃体和颌下淋巴结,与HuN4株主要嗜性器官肺脏相比发生了改变。     

HP-PRRSV HuN4株及其致弱过程中的不同代次病毒对仔猪外周免疫器官及肺脏的损伤

为了研究高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)HuN4株在其致弱过程中对仔猪外周免疫器官及肺脏损伤的变化,试验分别采用HuN4F5及其致弱代次F15、F23、F30及HuN4弱毒疫苗F112感染30日龄PRRSV抗原抗体阴性健康断奶仔猪,每天进行体温测定及临床症状观察,并在感染后0,3,5,7,10天检测病毒血症情况。病毒感染后10天剖杀试验猪,观察外周免疫器官及肺脏的病理变化并对肺脏和主要外周免疫器官病毒载量进行测定。结果表明:HuN4 F5、HuN4 F15组在临床症状、病毒血症、外周病毒载量及病理变化方面都明显比其他组严重,HuN4 F23组发病明显减轻,HuN4 F30组、HuN4 F112组无明显发病特征,与空白对照组无明显差异。说明HP-PRRSV HuN4株在致弱过程中,传代至30代时毒力发生显著减弱。     

应用灭光定量RT-PCR方法检测PRRSV变异株在仔猪体内动态分布

为进一步了解高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株(HuN4株)在体内的动态分布规律和特点,探讨病毒对组织器官的嗜性,本研究将HuN4株和细胞传代致弱毒株HuN4-F65人工感染40日龄健康仔猪,分别于感染后1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、10 d、14 d、21 d和28 d各迫杀2头,并应用建立的荧光定量RT-PCR方法对脑、颌下淋巴结、扁桃体、肺脏、肝脏和十二指肠等组织及血清中的PRRSV进行定量检测.结果显示:感染后HuN4组各器官病毒载量比HuN4-F65组高100倍,病毒栽量峰值期出现在感染后7 d,随后呈下降趋势.HuN4株在仔猪体内分布广泛,在21 d的试验期内持续存在,并且各器官的病毒载量呈正态分布规律;而HuN4-F65株血清病毒载量较低,并且集中在单核巨噬细胞相对密集的扁桃体和颌下淋巴结,与HuN4株主要嗜性器官肺脏相比发生了改变.     

PRRSV感染致断奶仔猪肺脏和外周免疫器官的病理损伤

用PRRSV ATCC VR-2332株感染8头28日龄仔猪,同时设立2头健康对照猪.PRRSV单独感染猪分别于感染后7,17,25 d各剖杀2,3,3头,对照组于17,25 d各剖杀1头.剖杀后采集脾脏、肺脏和全身主要淋巴结(颌下淋巴结、肺门淋巴结、腹股沟淋巴结和肠系膜淋巴结)等免疫器官,用甲醛溶液固定,组织石蜡切片以观察显微病理变化.试验组猪的抗体和抗原检测结果均表明,感染后7 d血清PRRSV抗体和免疫器官组织PRRSV抗原部分呈阳性;剖检和石蜡切片结果均显示,试验猪于攻毒后,随着病程的发展,发生了不同程度的间质性肺炎及相应的显微病变,PRRSV单独感染能引起免疫器官以淋巴细胞及巨噬细胞变性坏死为特征的急性炎症变化,造成免疫损伤,进而引起免疫抑制.     

高致病性PRRS活疫苗(HuN4-F112株)抗体对Ⅱ型不同亚群PRRSV的中和效果

为研究高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)活疫苗(HuN4-F112株)诱导的抗体对II型不同亚群PRRSV的中和作用,本研究将10头PRRSV抗原、抗体阴性的6周龄仔猪,每头仔猪肌肉注射1头份疫苗(106.0TCID50/mL),每周采血并分离血清,检测该血清对II型PRRSV第1、2、4亚群的代表病毒株勃林格PRRSV活疫苗(VR-2332株)、PRRSV活疫苗(CH-1R株)和HP-PRRSV活疫苗(HuN4-F112株)的中和效价。实验结果显示,仔猪免疫3周后开始产生针对HuN4-F112的中和抗体,11周至22周抗体水平达到高峰,抗体持续至少25周,但只有少数免疫猪在几个时间点的血清对VR-2332和CH-1R疫苗株具有血清交叉中和作用,而且中和效价较低。     

仔猪感染猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的病毒定位研究

以猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)天津分离株(PRRSV-SJ株)滴鼻感染10日龄～15日龄PRRSV阴性的健康仔猪,采用免疫组织化学法检测PRRSV在仔猪体内靶器官的动态分布,初步探讨PRRSV感染后在仔猪体内的病毒分布规律.结果表明,间接免疫组织化学法发现PRRSV-SJ株感染仔猪后1 d～28 d,均可在仔猪肺、淋巴结、扁桃体、气管、脾、肾等组织中检出PRRSV.感染后1 d～7 d,肺门淋巴结和扁桃体的病毒阳性细胞数量最多,阳性反应强.感染后14 d～28 d,脾脏的病毒阳性细胞数量多,阳性反应强.感染后1d,PRRSV就可在气管、肺门淋巴结和扁桃体检出.     

PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗免疫特性的研究

为进一步研究猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株疫苗的免疫机理和明确PRRSV变异株活疫苗和灭活疫苗各自的免疫特性,本实验分别采用PRRSV变异株(HuN4)活疫苗和PRRSV变异株(JXA1)灭活苗免疫PRRSV抗原和抗体阴性的健康断奶仔猪,免疫后21d用PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒,ELISA方法检测血清中PRRSV特异的抗体水平及TNF-α、IFN-α、IL-1、IL-6和CRP细胞因子水平,荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测病毒血症的发生和持续情况,并取主要器官进行病理组织学观察。结果表明:HuN4活疫苗组免疫后14d便可检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后21d病毒血症完全消失,免疫后各器官没有明显病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化轻微;JXA1株灭活苗组免疫期间没有检测到PRRSV特异性抗体,攻毒后5d～9d各细胞因子水平升高,攻毒后病毒血症持续存在,免疫后各器官有轻微病理变化,攻毒后临床症状和各组织器官病理变化比HuN4活疫苗组严重,但比对照组明显减轻。本实验表明,HuN4活疫苗能够快速有效的激发机体的体液免疫反应,在抵抗PRRSV变异株HuN4强毒攻毒时,临床症状明显优于JXA1灭活苗。     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染仔猪外周血细胞的动态变化

目的是通过检测HP-PRRS仔猪外周血细胞数量,探讨HP-PRRSV致病机制。方法是以HuN4株感染60日龄长白仔猪,应用分子生物学技术、全自动血液分析仪,对感染PRRSV仔猪外周血病毒载量、血细胞数量进行检测。结果显示PRRSV感染仔猪外周血病毒载量超过103copies/mL,WBC显著下降(P<0.05),RBC、HGB、HCT表现出周期性减少和增多(P<0.05),PLT显著下降(P<0.05);相关性分析表明,PRRSV载量对数值与WBC、PLT呈现中度负相关(0.40相似文献   

荧光定量RT-PCR检测高致病性PRRSV疫苗免疫仔猪攻毒前后抗原在体内的动态分布

为了更好地了解高致病性PRRSV疫苗的免疫机理,试验应用荧光定量RT-PCR方法比较了PRRSV变异株(HuN4)活疫苗和PRRSV变异株(JXA1)灭活苗免疫仔猪攻毒前后PRRSV在体内动态分布的差异。结果表明:HuN4活疫苗组攻毒后,病毒在各组织中的含量明显低于JXA1灭活苗组和对照组;JXA1灭活苗组攻毒后,病毒在各组织中的分布、载量与对照组相似,但较对照组轻。说明HuN4活疫苗免疫仔猪攻毒后,能明显抑制病毒在各组织中的复制,其免疫效果明显优于JXA1灭活苗。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒Taq Man-MGB荧光定量RT-PCR方法的建立和应用

本研究设计针对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）ORF7基因的特异性引物和TaqMan荧光探针，建立了一种检测PRRSV的快速、敏感、特异和重复性好的TaqMan荧光定量RT-PCR方法。该方法在检测10^1拷贝／μL～10^7拷贝／μL模板范围内具有良好的线性关系，比常规RT—PCR更敏感，可分别检测最少为10拷贝的阳性标准品和1TCID。病毒。用建立的方法检测高致病性变异株HuN4第5代和第65代体外传代细胞毒人工感染6周龄～7周龄仔猪后的0h、3h、5h、7h、10h、14h、21h血清样品，以及HuN4第5代病毒攻击仔猪21d后迫杀的猪的脑、心、肝、脾、肺、肾和淋巴结等组织样品病毒含量，结果发现HuN4第5代病毒感染仔猪3d后在血液中迅速复制，并在感染后7d血清病毒含量达到最高峰，接近10^10拷贝／mL。攻毒21d后，上述内脏组织中肺脏含毒量最多，接近10^9拷贝／g。HuN4第65代病毒在人工感染猪后21d的血清病毒含量最高，达到10^6拷贝／mL血清。     

Immune responses in piglets infected with highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection compromises the host's innate and adaptive immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune responses of piglets infected with highly pathogenic (HP) PRRSV (HuN4 strain) with or without the immunization with CH-1R attenuated PRRSV vaccine. The response was evaluated for the clinical signs, pathological changes and virus load in immune organs, antibody responses and levels of serum IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10. The result showed that in comparison with the piglets received the immunization, the piglets infected with HP-PRRSV alone had the thymus atrophy, decreased serum levels of IL-4 and increased serum levels of IL-10 and INF-γ. These results suggest that elevated IL-10 levels at the early stage of the infection may enhance virus survival and delay the induction of protective immunity, while increased levels of IL-4 induce the effective immune responses and increase the animals' health status.     

猪繁殖-呼吸综合征活疫苗对仔猪的安全性试验

本试验用猪繁殖-呼吸综合征（PRRS）活疫苗和国内分离的PRRS强毒CH—1a株接种PRRS阴性的断奶仔猪，分别在接种后的3、7、14d各剖杀1头，取各脏器分别做冰冻切片和病理切片观察。用间接免疫荧光法检测各脏器PRRS病毒的分布。结果表明，PRRS活疫苗在免疫初期，抗原主要分布在脾脏、淋巴结，其次是肾脏和肺脏，少见于肝脏和心脏，第14d时在脾、淋巴结和肾脏有一定量的抗原，而肺脏相比则数量很少，肝脏和心脏未检到PRRS病毒抗原的存在，表明接种PRRS活疫苗随着时间的推移抗原分布呈下降趋势。而强毒抗原分布以脾脏最多，依次是肾脏、肺脏、淋巴结、肝脏、心脏，接种后第14d仍能在各脏器检到PRRS病毒抗原。病理组织学检测结果表明，活疫苗产生以下颌淋巴结、脾脏增生为特征的免疫应答，组织损伤轻微，对肺的病变较少，且仔猪生长良好。强毒则引起以大面积的肺泡隔增宽为特点的间质性肺炎和微循环障碍的病理变化，淋巴小结、脾脏滤泡发生崩解与周围界限不清，个别淋巴细胞核浓缩，组织损伤严重。本试验表明弱毒疫苗对仔猪是安全的。     

Multiplication of low and high cell culture passaged strains of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in organs of newborn piglets

Distribution and persistence of four different strains of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus in newborn piglets were compared.The piglets inoculated with high-passaged TO-163 strain did not show any clinical signs of TGE on any days postinoculation (DPI), but the piglets inoculated with one of the other three strains, SH-14, SH-164 or TO-16, had soft feces or diarrhea. In the latter cases, the virus was isolated mainly from respiratory organs, lymph nodes, and digestive tract on any DPI, but was rarely detected in the digestive tract of piglets inoculated with the TO-163 strain. The frequency of virus recovery from the tissues was the highest till 4 DPI in all of the piglets inoculated with one of the four virus strains, and it was markedly reduced thereafter in the piglets inoculated with high-passaged strains.The TO-163 strain was subjected to serial passage in newborn piglets for seven passages. There was no evidence of regained pathogenicity with advance in passage, and detection of virus was restricted to lymph nodes and lung of these piglets.In gnotobiotic piglets inoculated with the TO-163 strain, frequent virus recovery and high titers of virus from the tissues were obtained on up to the 4th DPI. The viruses in high titer were found in the digestive tract of some of the piglets; however, none of them showed any clinical signs of TGE.     

猪瘟病毒感染后对机体免疫系统的影响

为初步探讨猪瘟病毒的致病机理及机体的免疫应答机制,进行了猪瘟病毒感染试验,利用流式细胞术、阻断ELISA、白细胞计数和剖检观察对猪的体液免疫、细胞免疫、白细胞数量及病理损伤进行了研究。结果表明,感染猪的CD3^＋和CD4^＋T细胞亚群的数量在感染过程中均出现了明显的降低;CD8^＋T细胞亚群在感染初期变化幅度不大,后期明显升高;猪瘟抗体于第7天开始产生,呈上升趋势。白细胞数量在感染期间呈下降趋势。病理学观察可知感染猪的肺脏、肾脏、扁桃体等出现了不同程度的损伤。猪瘟病毒感染对机体的免疫系统造成了较大的损伤,抑制了机体的免疫应答。     

猪瘟病毒感染致外周免疫器官损伤的病理组织学观察

将10头28日龄健康仔猪随机分成2组,其中感染组8头,对照组2头。感染组按1 mL/头颈部肌注猪瘟病毒(CSFV)石门株血毒(104TCID50/mL)进行人工感染,对照组不做任何处理。2 d后感染组仔猪体温升至40~41.5℃,稽留不退,而对照组体温正常。采集体温升高的仔猪扁桃体,运用RT-PCR方法检测,结果CSFV均为阳性,表明人工感染CSFV成功。分别于感染后4,7 d剖杀感染组和对照组仔猪各1头,剖解后观察各器官大体病变并采集脾脏和淋巴结等外周免疫器官制作石蜡切片,观察病理组织学变化;其余感染组仔猪分别于感染后13,16(2头),19,23,31 d自然死亡,死亡后按剖杀猪方法同样处理。组织学观察显示:随着病情的发展,感染组仔猪的脾脏和淋巴结的淋巴滤泡逐渐发生萎缩、甚至消失,脾脏的动脉周围淋巴鞘、淋巴结的副皮质区细胞亦逐渐减少坏死,即造成了T、B淋巴细胞的渐进性减少,而对照组无异常变化。结果表明:CSFV感染仔猪后,可引起脾脏淋巴结的淋巴细胞渐进性变性与坏死,造成免疫损伤。     

Characteristics of porcine circovirus-2 replication in lymphoid organs of pigs inoculated in late gestation or postnatally and possible relation to clinical and pathological outcome of infection.

In this study, the characteristics of porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2) replication (infectious virus titrations, distribution, and immunophenotyping of infected cells) in lymphoid organs were examined and related to the development of clinical signs and histological lesions in 26 piglets that had been inoculated with PCV2 either in utero or at 1 day of age. Piglets inoculated in utero at 92 or 104 gestational days (n = 12) were collected by Caesarean section at term and either sacrificed immediately or kept in isolators and allowed to live postnatally until 35 days postinoculation (PI). Caesarean-derived piglets inoculated at 1 day of age (n = 14) were sacrificed at 10, 21, 35, 42, and 49 days PI. Spleen and lymph nodes were collected for virologic and histopathological examinations. Clinical signs were not observed in any of the piglets. High virus titers (10(4.5-5.7) TCID50/g [TCID refers to tissue culture infectious dose]) were detected in 6 of the 26 piglets. Three of these 6 piglets were euthanized at 10 days PI, and infected cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage (SWC3+, CD14+, and sialoadhesin [Sa]+ cells) and infected cells bearing lymphocyte markers (CD4+, CD8+, and immunoglobulin M+ cells) were identified by double-immunofluorescence labeling on serial cryostat sections. The other 3 piglets were euthanized at 21 and 35 days PI, and the majority of infected cells were SWC3+, CD14+, and Sa-. The absence of Sa in these infected cells, together with their localization in lymphocyte-dependent regions, suggests that they were infiltrating monocytic cells. Sialoadhesin is highly expressed in differentiated macrophages and not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In all 6 piglets with high virus titers, lymphocyte depletion and infiltration of monocytic cells were observed. In the remaining 20 piglets with virus titers less than 10(4.5) TCID50/g, the majority of infected cells were SWC3+, CD14+, and Sa+. In conclusion, it can be stated that high PCV2 titers in lymphoid organs may lead to the development of histological lesions similar to those observed in pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome without causing disease. Furthermore, in lymphoid organs with high virus titers, infection occurs mainly in infiltrating monocytic cells and to a limited extent in cells bearing lymphocyte markers.     

Activation of the immune system is the pivotal event in the production of wasting disease in pigs infected with porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2)

Porcine circovirus (PCV)-2, a newly described single-stranded circular DNA virus pathogen of swine is the cause of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). In gnotobiotic piglets, PCV-2 infection alone produces asymptomatic infection without evidence of overt PMWS. Gnotobiotic piglets infected with PCV-2 were injected with keyhole limpet hemocyanin in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (KLH/ICFA), and the effects on virus production and development of PMWS were determined. In the first experiment, piglets were injected subcutaneously on the left hip and shoulder, and viral burden was assessed in regional lymph nodes draining the injection sites and in contralateral lymph nodes 13-14 days after infection. Immune activation increased the number of virus antigen-positive cells in draining lymph nodes and increased the amount of infectious virus recovered by 1-4 log10. In a second experiment, the effects of injections of KLH/ICFA with or without concurrent stimulation of peritoneal macrophages by intraperitoneal injections of thioglycollate broth on induction of PMWS was assessed. All immunized piglets developed moderate to severe PMWS, whereas none of the piglets infected with PCV-2 alone developed PMWS. In PMWS-affected piglets, extensive replication of PCV-2 was documented by both immunocytochemistry and quantitative viral titrations. Thus, immune activation is a key component of the pathogenesis of PCV-2-associated PMWS in swine.