犬细小病毒2a型致弱疫苗株的培育与免疫效力试验

为了获得犬细小病毒(CPV)变异株的致弱疫苗株,将CPV-2a野毒株(YZ10-5)在FK81细胞上连续传代,评价不同代次毒种对易感幼犬的毒力。用高代次传代毒种免疫高母源抗体(MDA)幼犬,经CPV-2a和CPV-2b强毒攻毒,评价致弱株的免疫保护效力。结果表明,CPV-2a毒株(YZ10-5株)在FK81细胞上连续传至31代,毒力明显减弱,传至61代无明显毒力。用61代致弱毒种(YZ10-5/F61),2×10~3TCID_(50)/剂,间隔3周,2次皮下注射接种高母源抗体幼犬,第2次免疫后3周用CPV-2a和2b变异株口鼻攻毒,所有免疫犬无明显临床症状,且粪便无排毒,而未免疫犬全部发病和粪便排毒。初步研究表明, CPV-2a传代致弱毒株(YZ10-5/F61)有希望用于开发CPV防控的新型疫苗。     

猪瘟病毒广西地方流行株GX-3/98的致病性及其与兔化弱毒株的免疫相关性

从广西南宁某猪场分离1株病毒（GX-3/98）,通过RT-PCR扩增出猪瘟病毒约250 bp的E2基因主要抗原编码区,与猪瘟石门系强毒株及兔化弱毒株核苷酸序列同源性分别为80.6%和81.1%,属于基因Ⅱ群,subgroup 2.1亚型。该毒株经本动物传3代,均不表现典型的猪瘟临床症状。用猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗免疫后,以此分离病毒攻毒,进行免疫保护相关试验,结果免疫组100%（2/2）获得保护,且在攻毒前、后扁桃体HCFA检测均为阴性。对照组（非免疫猪）攻毒后50%（1/2）死亡,另1头猪耐过。扁桃体HCFA检测,于攻毒后1周开始出现阳性结果,且一直持续到猪死亡的第79天。本试验结果初步表明,我国现行使用的猪瘟兔化弱毒苗对目前猪瘟病毒流行毒株仍具有良好的保护力。GX-3/98流行株为1株毒力较低的猪瘟病毒,能够长时间散毒。     

猪瘟病毒流行株与疫苗株主要抗原编码基因差异研究

从全国7个省市1200多份可疑猪瘟病料中分离出9个猪瘟病毒（HCV）野毒株，编号分别为HCV－01－09。将9株野毒分别通过PK15细胞分别通过PK15细胞传6代，测其毒价，并提纯做电镜观察，结果表明：毒价范围在10^2-10^7TCID50，电镜观察均可清晰地见到直径为25－70nm，略呈圆形的病毒颗粒，具有较完整的囊膜和纤突结构。从9株野毒中选取5株经猪瘟阴性猪各传3－4代，测其毒力、病原性、致死性，结果表明：各毒株在传代中其上述生物学特性上有变化和差别。用猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗分别对这5株野毒做免疫保护相关性试验，结果证明：攻毒后的疫苗接种猪100％保护，而攻毒对照猪100％死亡，且对照猪在攻毒1周后便出现猪瘟野毒感染，而免疫猪在整个观察期均未见到野毒感染。用不同剂量的猪瘟兔化弱毒，表明猪瘟兔化弱毒不通过胎盘垂直感染仔猪。将猪瘟野毒株、石门系强毒株、兔化弱毒株及1982年分离的郑州野毒等毒株进行主要抗原编码基因差异研究，结果表明：猪瘟病毒可分2个基因组6个基因亚组，HCV－02、03、06、07等4个野毒株与国内的C株、石门强毒株、国外的C株、日本GPE株、ALD株、意大利Brescia株均属同一基困组，而HCV－08株及郑州株等2个野毒与法国的Alfor株同属另一个基因组。     

猪瘟病毒低毒力毒株FJFQ株的分离鉴定

从福建某猪场分离到 1 株病毒,其在PK 15细胞上的毒价为 106.5 TCID50/mL,该病毒能被猪瘟病毒高免血清所中和(效价为1∶8)。通过 RT -PCR 扩增出猪瘟病毒约250 bp的E2蛋白主要抗原编码区序列,其与几株已发表毒株序列的核苷酸及氨基酸同源性分别为79.9%~87.9%,77.7%~86.6%,与Alfort 株同属于基因二群。经本动物传3代均不表现明显的临床症状。用猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗免疫后以此分离毒作强攻进行免疫保护相关实验,结果免疫组猪在攻毒前及攻毒后扁桃体 HCFA检测均为阴性,对照组猪扁桃体HCFA于攻毒后1周开始出现阳性结果,且一直持续到试验结束。用分离株免疫本动物后再攻石门毒, 2 头试验猪中 1 头死亡,1头出现临床症状。初步说明,所分离的病毒为猪瘟病毒(命名为CSFV- FJFQ株),可能是一株低毒力毒株,且其免疫原性不好。     

猪流行性腹泻弱毒疫苗的研究

用从广州地区流行性腹泻病猪分离并适应到Ｖｅｒｏ等传代细胞的猪流行性腹泻病毒Ｇ１强毒株，通过Ｖｅｒｏ、ＳＴ细胞株的连续传代，证明第７２代毒已被致弱。用８３代毒对吃初乳前的小猪以８￣１０ｍｌ剂量口服连续传５代，每代都从接种猪小肠取样接种细胞进行培养鉴定，并于增殖后作为次代接种材料，结果５代毒均未引起小猪发病，证实该代次毒株的安全、稳定、达到了常规弱毒疫苗株要求的标准。     

猪瘟野毒混合毒实验室感染的研究

本研究以本所近年来所分离的高、中、低三株不同毒力（HeNXH3.98、JL1.94和FJFQ1.99）的猪瘟野毒混合毒对敏感猪进行实验室感染试验，利用HCFA、RT－PCR及序列测定进行检测和分析，结果2头试验猪均在感染后2周发病死亡，表现典型的猪瘟临床症状；序列测定及分析结果表明感染后1周及2周2头实验感染猪所分离的病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列完全一致，核苷酸及氨基酸同源性均为1005；与感染毒株序列比较，2头试验感染猪所分离的病毒E2基因主要抗原编码区序列与JL1.94株序列完全一致，核苷酸及 在酸同源性均为100％，且基因分群在同一群；而与HeNXH3.98和FJFQ1.99株序列则有一定的差异，且不在同一基因群或基因亚群，说明在多个猪瘟病毒存在的情况下，敏感猪存在对猪间病毒的优势选择。本试验的条件下3株不同和的猪瘟野毒混合感染以中等毒力毒株JL1.94为优势毒株。     

猪伪狂犬病活疫苗（Bartha-K61株，传代细胞源）生产用毒种不同代次生物学特性的研究

将猪伪狂犬病活疫苗（Bartha-K61株，传代细胞源）基础毒种F7传至F13，并将PRV F8～PRV F13六个代次毒种接种仔猪进行安全性检验，PRV F8、PRV F10、PRV F13三个代次毒种接种仔猪进行免疫原性检验，用以研究猪伪狂犬病活疫苗（Bartha-K61株，传代细胞源）生产用毒种不同代次生物学特性。安全性检验结果显示，各代次毒种经颈部肌肉接种仔猪，观察期内仔猪精神、食欲、体温均正常；免疫原性检验结果显示，免疫组仔猪攻毒后精神、食欲、体温均正常，对照组仔猪攻毒后体温升高，全部发病并死亡。以上结果表明，猪伪狂犬病活疫苗（Bartha-K61株，传代细胞源）不同代次的生产毒种对仔猪均安全且保持良好的免疫原性。     

细胞传代致弱的禽偏肺病毒JC毒株致病性变化的研究

将禽偏肺病毒(aMPV)JC株在Vero细胞上传代传至第50代时,细胞适应毒株毒价为105.6TCID50/m L;雏鸡致病性试验结果显示,aMPV JC株细胞传代第50代与亲本毒F0相比感染雏鸡发病率降低,病理变化减轻,表明第F50细胞适应毒的毒力减弱。     

猪细小病毒自然弱毒N株遗传稳定性研究

本研究将PPV-N株通过敏感猪三代、猪肾传代细胞25代,测定该毒株对敏感猪的致病性,结果表明将PPV-N株连续分别通过PPV HI抗体阴性的4月龄小猪、后备母猪、怀孕母猪三代,均未从试验猪检出病毒血症和分离到病毒,且母猪产仔正常。在IBRS-2细胞中连续传代,随着传代次数的增加其细胞病变未见异常,毒价稳定在103.5TCID50/mL。将第1、5、10、15、20、25代病毒培养物接种PPV HI抗体阴性怀孕母猪,未从母猪测出病毒血症和检出病毒,所产仔猪PPV HI抗体阴性,未从弱仔猪脏器分离到病毒,说明该毒株毒力不返强,具有良好的遗传稳定性。这为该弱毒株成为一株良好的自然弱毒疫苗株提供了依据。     

2猪轮状病毒经细胞培养后对猪的感染试验

选用猪轮状病毒Na—86毒株,在MA104细胞上传至15、30、42、58、70、82及90代的细胞培养毒,口服感染未吮初乳的1日龄仔猪,观察其致病性的变化,结果证明,Na—86毒株在MA104细胞上传代繁殖后,随着代次的增加,对未吮初乳仔猪的致病力逐渐下降。15代次的细毒口服1毫升,足以使仔猪在37小时内发生腹泻。30～58代的细胞毒也能于3～36小时内使仔猪发生典型服泻。但70、72、82及90代毒,尽管每头接种量提高到10～15毫升,也不能引起仔猪腹泻,尤其82和90代细胞毒,重复回猪2～3次,结果一致。其90代细胞毒,在未吮初乳猪上连传3代,未见毒力反强,表明90代细胞毒是一株已失去致病性而较稳定的弱毒株,又在毒力反强试验中,从第1、2、3代回猪的肠内容物中,重新分离出90代细胞毒(核酸电泳证明病毒核酸型相同)。说明90代毒,虽未引起仔猪腹泻,但仍能在仔猪肠上皮细胞内生长繁殖。     

Virulence of pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates for domestic chickens.

The virulence of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was evaluated before and after passage in white leghorn chickens. Four isolates were defined as pigeon paramyxovirus-1 (PPMV-1) and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) with NDV monoclonal antibodies. The four PPMV-1 isolates were passaged four times in chickens, and the APMV-1 isolates were passaged only once. Infected birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized. Tissues were collected for histopathology, in situ hybridization with a NDV matrix gene digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe, and immunohistochemistry with an anti-peptide antibody to the nucleoprotein. Mean death time, intracerebral pathogenicity index, and intravenous pathogenicity index tests performed before and after passage in chickens demonstrated increased virulence of the passaged PPMV-1 isolates and high virulence of the original isolates of APMV-1. Sequence analysis of the fusion protein cleavage site of all six isolates demonstrated a sequence typical of the virulent pathotype. Although the pathotyping results indicated a virulence increase of all passaged PPMV-1 isolates, clinical disease was limited to depression and some nervous signs in only some of the 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorns inoculated intraconjunctivally. However, an increased frequency of clinical signs and some mortality occurred in 2 wk olds inoculated intraconjunctivally with passaged virus. Histologically, prominent lesions in heart and brain were observed in birds among all four groups inoculated with the PPMV-1 isolates. The behavior of the two pigeon-origin APMV-1 isolates when inoculated into chickens was characteristic of velogenic viscerotropic NDVs and included necro-hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Response of pigs to recent isolates of Coxsackievirus B5

Coxsackievirus B5 (CB5) was serially passaged five times in pigs in an attempt to establish clinical disease. No clinical signs were seen although some pigs had a transient rise in rectal temperature. Viremia was not detected although virus was isolated from nasal swabs and fecal samples. No CB5 specific fluorescence or virus was detected in any tissues of five passages by immunofluorescent test and tissue culture methods, respectively.

Brain lesions were noted in all passages; extensiveness of lesions increased slightly up to the third passage although no evidence of increasing viral replication was found. No increase in brain lesions was found in the fourth and fifth passages. The development and progress of brain lesions were similar to but less extensive than those caused by swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) in most pigs examined. Contact pigs also showed more brain lesions than inoculated pigs. In some passages, microscopic changes also were found in the heart. All pigs exposed to CB5 had positive neutralizing antibody titres against CB5 and SVDV but became ill after challenge with SVDV. There was an anamnestic response to both viruses following challenge.     

Enhancement of Campylobacter jejuni virulence by serial passage in chicks

Four isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were studied to determine changes in virulence following six serial passages in chicks. Chicks that received invasive isolates exhibited diarrhea and depressed weight gain. Immature mice were used to assess virulence of the passaged isolates of C. jejuni. Nine-day-old mice infected with passaged isolates showed lethargy, dehydration, depression, decreased weight gain, and occult blood in feces. Mouse pups inoculated with the third and sixth chick passage levels of an invasive isolate showed significant depression in mean daily weight gain and elevated mortality compared with controls and subjects inoculated with unpassaged isolates. This study demonstrated enhancement of virulence in a C. jejuni isolate following chick passage. In contrast, three other passaged isolates failed to show any consistent increase in virulence.     

African swine fever virus: generation of subpopulations with altered immunogenicity and virulence following passage in cell cultures.

Virus subpopulations with variable virulence, immunogenicity, and infectivity to pigs were readily generated by passaging Tengani isolate of African swine fever virus, either biologically cloned or uncloned, in Vero cell cultures. Avirulent virus populations which account for more than 99% of virus in an uncloned preparation of the 27th passage are laboratory artefacts, perhaps do not exist in nature. Furthermore, attenuation of virulence did not occur uniformly in all subpopulations newly generated, and a continuous modulation of virus populations differing in immunogenicity and virulence took place in the same individuals inoculated with the 27th passage virus. The same virus preparation, appearing to be slightly virulent in pigs, contained at least a virulent subpopulation that was manifested only by further inoculating susceptible pigs with viremic blood collected at various times during the clinical course. A cloned virus after 23 passages in cell cultures generated a subpopulation (99.9%) which induced subclinical infection in pigs; however, the infection did not confer a solid immunity to homologous challenge with Tengani isolate in these pigs. The Tengani isolate contained subpopulations of virus with immunogenicities shared by the Lisbon '60 isolate and also contained at least one subpopulation specific for the Tengani only.     

Effect of growth in cell cultures and strain on virulence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae for swine

In an attempt to develop better methods for consistent induction of pneumonia in naturally born swine, using cultures of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, fifty 6-week-old, naturally born pigs from a respiratory disease-free herd were used in 3 trials. Pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232 (passage 21) grown for 1 passage or 5 passages in Eagle minimal essential medium plus 20% porcine serum, with or without human lung fibroblasts, had a mean (+/- SD) value range between 5.4 +/- 3.6 and 9.2 +/- 2.1% of consolidated lung area. In the second trial, pigs inoculated 1, 2, or 3 days in succession with strain 232 grown in Eagle medium or Friis mycoplasmal medium with 20% porcine serum had between 5.1 +/- 7 and 8.7 +/- 4.3% of consolidated lung area. In the third trial, virulence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains 144L (p27), 11 (p26), J (p60), and 232 (p27) grown in Friis mycoplasmal medium was compared. Pigs inoculated with those strains had 5.1 +/- 4.1, 2.6 +/- 3.1, 0, and 4.3 +/- 4% of consolidated lung area, respectively. Significant differences were not found in consolidated lung area among groups in trials 1 and 2, and among groups of pigs inoculated with M hyopneumoniae strains 144L, 11, and 232 in trial 3. Pneumonia was not detected in pigs inoculated with strain J in trial 3.     

猪乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗毒株的选育研究

以乙脑弱毒SA14－14－2作为母种,采用代地鼠肾细胞和乳鼠皮下传代方法并结合蚀斑纯化技术,选育获得乙脑减毒活疫苗猪用毒株SA14－14－2VS株。该毒株经细胞传到15－18代,脑内接种12－14g小鼠不引起发病和死亡;皮下接种10－12g小鼠,从脑组织中不能分离出病毒;经3－5日龄乳鼠回传一代后,脑内毒力Log LD50仅为1.32-2.10,皮下接种小鼠无致病力。该毒株细胞18代毒,用乳猪传至第五代,从乳猪血液、脑、肝组织中分离的病毒再经细胞传二代,其滴度与原毒液相近,并仍对小鼠脑内感染不致死;8头不公猪经该毒接种后,未发生睾丸炎,睾丸组织中未回收到病毒;经静脉接种的2头怀孕30d的初产母猪,蝇接种后2d和4d血样中检出病毒,但接种21d剖杀时,胎儿均健尖,胎盘、羊水及胎儿脑组织中均未回收到病毒,该毒株能使豚鼠和猪产生较强的免疫应答,对小白鼠攻击的保护力比灭活疫苗主;纯毒及外源因子污染 结果表明,该毒株是纯将的乙脑病毒,符合兽用生物制品种毒标准。     

Virus Pneumonia of Pigs; Attempts at Propagation of the Causative Agent in Cell Cultures and Chicken Embryos

Two strains of the agent of virus pneumonia, were tested for the ability to propagate in 12 types of cell cultures and in chicken embryos. The 5 primary cell cultures used were: swine kidney, lung, bone marrow, testicle, and chicken embryo kidney; and the 7 serial passage cell cultures were: swine kidney, kidney-tumor, testicle, bone-marrow, bovine kidney, and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa). The agent of virus pneumonia was propagated in primary swine kidney and in HeLa cell cultures as shown by the production of typical gross and microscopic lesions in pigs inoculated with cell future fluids. Third passage cell culture fluids, produced typical gross lesions in pigs, but fourth passage cell culture fluids produced only microscopic lesions, and no lesions were produced by sixth and eleventh passage fluids. Control pigs receiving fluids from uninoculated cell cultures remained free of gross or microscopic lesions, as did uninoculated controls. Cytopathic effects were not detected in any of the inoculated cell cultures and no cellular changes were detected by staining with Giemsa stain or acridine orange.

Neither lesions nor deaths occurred in chicken embryos inoculated with both strains of virus pneumonia virus. Pneumonia was not produced in pigs inoculated with suspensions from second chicken embryo passage of the 2 strains inoculated by the chorioallantioic sac, the amniotic sac, and the yolk sac routes.

Identical gross and microscopic lesions were produced in pigs inoculated with either pneumonic lung suspensions or with virulent cell culture fluids. Gross lesions consisted of areas of light to reddish-purple consolidation usually limited to the anterior, cardiac, and intermediate lobes of the lungs. Pleuritis and pericarditis were never present in experimentally produced virus pneumonia. The microscopic lesions were characterized by: 1. perivascular and peribronchiolar lymphoid infiltration and hyperplasia, 2. alveolar interstitial thickening and infiltration, and 3. alveolar exudates consisting of alveolar cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophiles.

     

Immunogenicity and safety of an attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine in pigs

The immunogenicity and safety of an attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine for swine atrophic rhinitis (AR) was evaluated in 22 hysterectomy-produced, colostrum-deprived pigs and 18 conventional pigs. None of 8 pigs inoculated at 7 days of age intranasally with greater than or equal to 3 X 10(5) colony-forming units (CFU) of vaccinal strain/pig and 2 of 5 pigs inoculated at 7 days of age intranasally with 3 X 10(4) CFU of the vaccinal strain/pig developed AR after intranasal challenge exposure with a virulent strain at postinoculation week (PIW) 3. The remaining 3 vaccinated pigs and 4 nonvaccinated pigs developed AR. Thirteen pigs were inoculated intranasally with 3 X 10(6) to 3 X 10(9) CFU of the vaccinal strain at 7 days of age. At PIW 12, the pigs were killed and necropsied. None of the pigs had clinical signs of AR and/or pneumonia. Virulence was studied by transmission of vaccinal strain through 3 serial growing passages on the nasal mucosa of a litter of hysterectomy-produced colostrum-deprived pigs. Inoculum (nasal swab samples from 2 pigs 4 days after inoculation with 10(8) CFU of vaccinal strain at 5 days of age) was inoculated into the nasal cavity of 2 nonvaccinated pigs. This procedure was repeated 3 times. After the 1st passage, the vaccinal strain was recovered on postinoculation day 4, but after postinoculation day 4, the vaccinal strain was not recovered until the end of the 3rd passage. Turbinate atrophy or pneumonia was not recognized in these inoculated pigs. The vaccinal strain provided immunogenicity without ill effects.     

禽呼肠孤病毒ZJS株种毒的纯净性鉴定

将禽呼肠孤病毒ZJS株细胞毒(弱毒)在鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)上连续传代,对其CI、C2、C3代种毒进行了无菌和支原体污染检验,对C5、C8和C10代种毒进行了外源病毒污染检验,对C3、C8和C10代种毒还进行了特异性鉴定,以确定禽呼肠孤病毒ZJS株细胞毒(弱毒)作为种毒的可行性.结果显示,禽呼肠孤病毒ZJS株细胞毒(...     

Virulence and in vitro growth of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia virus after serial passage in ponies

Five serial passages of a cell-adapted strain of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus were conducted in Shetland ponies. The 13 recipient ponies became agar-gel immunodiffusion test-positive by 25 days after they were inoculated. The virulence of the cell-adapted strain of EIA virus markedly increased through 3 serial passages, although individual variation within passages was high. The 1st serial-passage recipient remained afebrile through 200 days, whereas a febrile episode occurred about every 185, 44, 35, and 33 days in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th serial-passage recipients, respectively. Severe clinical signs of EIA were noted in the ponies at each serial passage, but the mean virulence rating of each passage, graded on frequency of febrile episodes and number of clinical signs evident within 200 days after ponies were inoculated, increased from 0 through 4, 21, 24, and 29 for the 1st through 5th serial passages, respectively. Isolates of EIA virus, made in fetal equine kidney cells, were obtained from plasma of 75% of the samples of blood collected during febrile episodes and from 45% of the samples collected during afebrile periods, indicating that the cell culture growth capacity of this strain of EIA virus may be relatively stable through 5 serial passages in Shetland ponies.