温度和食料对二点委夜蛾种群生态学特征的影响

室内设置16、19、22、27、32℃5个温度梯度,用玉米、黄豆、花生、小麦4种食料饲喂二点委夜蛾幼虫,测定了不同虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命和产卵量,组建了二点委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。结果表明,取食4种食料的二点委夜蛾幼虫各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;食料不同各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温差异较大;在不同温度和食料下,二点委夜蛾种群趋势指数、净增殖率、世代平均周期、周限增长率和内禀增长率等生命表指数也有所不同。22~27℃是其适宜生长发育温度范围,黄豆和小麦是其较适宜的寄主。     

光周期对二点委夜蛾生长发育的影响

为明确光周期对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(M?schler)生长发育的影响,在温度24±1℃、相对湿度(80±5)%以及13个不同光周期的条件下测定二点委夜蛾幼虫发育历期、成虫生殖等情况。结果表明,光周期对二点委夜蛾生长发育影响显著。当光照时数≥16 h时,二点委夜蛾幼虫至产卵前期的总发育历期在33.7~40.7 d之间,无休眠个体产生,成虫获得率在67.0%~78.7%之间,单雌产卵量在335.3~382.4粒之间,种群趋势指数在116.4~144.0之间。当光照时数16 h时,二点委夜蛾幼虫至产卵前期的总发育历期在40.2~63.2 d之间;老熟幼虫或蛹中的部分个体出现休眠现象,并以老熟幼虫为主;各处理间总休眠率在18.4%~79.6%之间,成虫获得率在15.3%~66.0%之间,单雌产卵量在275.8~419.0粒之间,种群趋势指数在30.4~122.6之间。表明长光照有利于二点委夜蛾的生长发育及生殖。     

温度对异色瓢虫实验种群的影响

为探索饲养异色瓢虫的最适温度,了解其对高温的耐受性,在15、20、25、30和35℃恒温条件下,研究温度对异色瓢虫发育、存活和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在15～25℃时,异色瓢虫各虫态发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,25℃和30℃时世代历期最短,分别为23.0天和22.4天;世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.54℃和432.61日.度。在20～30℃时,雌性成虫的寿命随温度的升高而缩短,且雌雄个体间无明显差异;25℃时单雌产卵量最高、产卵历期最长,为2193.0粒和63.6天,但产卵历期与20℃时无显著差异。在25℃下,异色瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力均较高,分别为916.7和0.12,表明25℃是异色瓢虫生长、繁殖的最适温度。     

不同温度下褐带卷蛾茧蜂实验种群生命表

为了探索温度对褐带卷蛾茧蜂Bracon adoxophyesi发育和繁殖的影响,研究了该蜂在6种温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,褐带卷蛾茧蜂各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,在36℃下产卵前期略高于32℃下的产卵前期,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于卵巢发育。随温度降低,其世代历期显著延长,说明低温会显著抑制该蜂发育。各虫态的发育速率与温度的关系符合Logistic模型。该寄生蜂产卵前期的发育起点温度高于其他阶段的发育起点温度。在24℃下单雌产卵量最高,为619.86粒,16℃和36℃下的产卵量最低,分别为139.60粒和154.43粒。在24、28和32℃时,其种群趋势指数分别为101.78、74.25和73.41,在36℃和16℃时,其种群趋势指数较低,说明温度过高或者过低均不利于其种群繁殖,且低温的影响大于高温。在24~32℃下,褐带卷蛾茧蜂的种群趋势指数较高,说明24~32℃是适宜该寄生蜂种群增长的温度范围。     

温度对甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确温度对甘蔗条螟Chilo sacchariphagus生长发育和繁殖的影响,在20、23、26、29和32℃不同温度下测定甘蔗条螟各虫态的发育历期和成虫繁殖力。结果显示,在20～32℃范围内,各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,20℃下完成1个世代需要83.30 d,而32℃下仅需35.56 d。各虫态的发育速率与温度呈显著正相关,符合Logistic回归模型。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫产卵前期以及全世代的发育起点温度分别为15.87、9.90、13.67、10.79和11.27℃,有效积温分别为69.49、490.99、142.95、26.72和717.68 d·℃。雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高逐渐缩短,雌成虫产卵量在26℃时最高为136.37粒/头。卵和蛹在26℃时的存活率最高,分别为94.71%和93.55%,在29℃时幼虫的存活率最高,为47.73%,在26℃时全世代的存活率最高,为42.08%。表明温度是影响甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的关键因素,26～29℃是甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。     

淡剑灰翅夜蛾在不同温度下的年龄龄期生命表

采用年龄-龄期生命表的方法分析了19、22、26、30和33℃恒温条件对淡剑灰翅夜蛾种群发育的影响。结果表明:在19~33℃范围内,淡剑灰翅夜蛾各虫态的发育历期普遍随温度的升高而缩短,33℃下淡剑灰翅夜蛾的总发育历期最短,为22.5d,其次为30℃下23.4d;平均产卵量随温度升高先增加后减少,雌成虫在26℃下繁殖力最高,为550.2粒。世代平均周期在33℃下最短,其次为30℃和26℃下;内禀增长率、周限增长率在30℃下最大,其次为26℃下;22、26℃下净增殖率均在100以上,表明22~30℃是淡剑灰翅夜蛾种群生长繁殖最适宜的温度范围。     

温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾是新近入侵我国的重大农业害虫,为了弄清其入侵生物学特性,为草地贪夜蛾的监测预警及综合治理提供理论依据,本研究在光照培养箱内设置6个温度(17、22、27、32、37、42℃)饲养草地贪夜蛾,测定其不同阶段的存活率、发育历期、体重及繁殖力等,探究温度对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾在42℃条件下仅能短暂存活,在17～32℃范围内可正常生长发育,其幼虫期、蛹期及世代历期均随着温度的升高而缩短,17℃条件下世代历期和幼虫期分别为(58.73±1.46)d和(21.79±1.03)d,37℃条件下则分别仅为(22.57±0.84)d和(11.12±0.31)d。成虫寿命在17～27℃范围内差异不大,之后随温度升高而缩短,37℃下成虫寿命仅为27℃下的1/4左右,且在该温度下成虫无法正常羽化,雌成虫不产卵。17～32℃下雌成虫产卵前期随温度的升高而缩短,产卵期则随温度升高而有所延长,平均单雌产卵量在27℃下最高,为(565.50±143.40)粒。说明温度升高会导致草地贪夜蛾发育历期缩短,年发生世代数增加,幼虫取食量增大,对作物的为害加重。     

菜粉蝶在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

组建了菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae L.)在16、19 、22 、25 ℃和28 ℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而变快,且在16～28 ℃内,菜粉蝶的各虫态均能正常发育。在16 ℃下世代的发育历期最长为49.52 d,而28 ℃时仅为20.38 d。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,16 ℃时最长为8.62 d,在28 ℃下最短为3.01 d;单雌产卵量在25 ℃时最高,平均为120.13粒,16 ℃和28 ℃最低,平均为110.01粒。在恒温22～28 ℃内,种群趋势指数较高,这说明在该温区较适合于菜粉蝶的生长发育。     

温度对悬铃木方翅网蝽生长发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在室内研究不同温度下悬铃木方翅网蝽各虫态的发育历期、存活率及雌成虫的产卵量,组建不同温度下的实验种群生命表。结果显示,在15~33 ℃范围内,随温度升高悬铃木方翅网蝽的发育速率加快,并符合Logistic模型。悬铃木方翅网蝽卵、1龄、2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄若虫、产卵前期和全世代的发育起点温度分别为10.42、9.49、7.89、10.12、8.82、7.80、9.69和10.42 ℃,有效积温分别为153.9、38.8、41.4、31.8、42.0、69.5、101.9和479.3日·度。悬铃木方翅网蝽世代存活率和单雌产卵量在测定温度范围内均表现为先升高后降低的抛物线关系,在25 ℃时最高,分别为57.81%和87.71粒/雌。成虫寿命和雌成虫产卵期均随温度的升高而缩短。25 ℃时,种群内禀增长率和种群趋势指数最大,分别为0.0388和22.46。25~30 ℃是该虫生长发育的最适温区。     

温度对红棕象甲实验种群生长发育及繁殖的影响

红棕象甲Rhynchophorus ferrugineus(Olivier)是为害我国棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,为探明温度对该虫生长发育的影响,在室内设置19、22、26、30和33℃等5个温度梯度,观察各温度下红棕象甲的发育进度、存活率及生殖力,计算不同温度下实验种群参数。结果表明,19～30℃时,红棕象甲的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,世代平均发育历期在19、22、26、30℃时分别为214.9、141.4、74.1、63.2天。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为14.2℃和1067.7日度。在22～33℃间,成虫的寿命随温度的升高而缩短,各温度下雄成虫寿命普遍比雌成虫长。单雌产卵量在26℃时最高,平均为267.8粒,19℃时最低,仅为30.5粒。26～30℃为红棕象甲最适宜生长发育温度范围,该范围内成虫繁殖力和种群内禀增长率(rm)最高。     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫的寄主趋向和产卵选择

采用固相微萃取(SPME)和GC-MS分析研究木枣和酸枣挥发物成分,并测试枣镰翅小卷蛾触角电位(EAG)反应、寄主趋向和产卵选择,以探明枣镰翅小卷蛾的寄主选择机制。结果显示,在萌芽期,木枣和酸枣嫩叶的挥发成分均为罗勒烯、2-甲基-2-菠烯、α-法呢烯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯4种,但相对含量稍有不同。枣镰翅小卷蛾成虫对木枣和酸枣2种寄主都有强烈的EAG反应,且同一寄主上雌蛾的EAG反应值极显著地高于雄蛾,其EAG值是雄蛾的3.3倍。枣镰翅小卷蛾对木枣表现强烈的趋向反应,而对酸枣的趋向不明显,且雌虫的趋向反应显著高于雄虫。木枣上的产卵量显著高于酸枣,且木枣枣吊上的单雌产卵量为307.9粒,极显著地高于酸枣枣吊上的产卵量(182.9粒)。研究表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾在寄主选择中起主导作用,木枣是其嗜好寄主。     

Effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase in insects

The effect of Melia azedarach extract on the activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and cholinesterase was studied in Spodoptera frugiperda. Larvae were fed an artificial diet containing fruit extract and their midgut was used for enzyme determination. As compared to the control, consumption of the extract containing diet resulted in a 31% inhibition of the cholinesterase activity and a 34% activation of the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. In the cockroach Leucophaea maderae, the effect on reductase activity was even more pronounced (43%).