六价铬对普通小球藻的急性毒性效应

为探究重金属铬在水环境中的致毒机理和生态风险，本实验开展不同浓度Cr⁶⁺(0、0.1、0.75、1.5、2.25和3 mg/L)对受试生物普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的急性毒性实验，分析藻密度、叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量、多糖含量、蛋白(TP)含量、活性氧自由基(ROS)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞膜通透性、总抗氧化(T-AOC)能力、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、植物螯合肽(PCs)含量和吸附效率等指标的影响。研究结果表明在96 h内Cr⁶⁺各浓度组均会抑制藻细胞的生长，其中3 mg/L处理组抑制率最高，为57.32%,96 h-IC₅₀为2.067 mg/L。叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量和藻细胞生物量的变化呈现一致性，3 mg/L处理组最低，仅为对照组的26.60%。藻细胞胞内多糖和TP含量随着胁迫浓度的升高而降低。胁迫浓度的增加诱导了ROS含量的升高，3 mg/L浓度组ROS水平为对照组的6倍，MDA含量呈现相同趋势。此时藻细胞受到氧化损伤，细胞膜通透性显著增强...     

氨氮对栉孔扇贝血淋巴活性氧含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响

实验测定了不同浓度氨氮胁迫下栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)血淋巴中胞内胞外活性氧自由基(ROIs)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化。结果表明，在较低浓度氨氮胁迫下，胞内胞外活性氧含量都随氨氮浓度升高而增加，当浓度继续增加到20～40mg／L时，胞内外活性氧含量都明显下降且低于对照组；不同氨氮浓度下两种酶活性也不同，当氨氮浓度为1．25～20mg／L时，CAT活性随氨氮浓度增加而升高，当浓度增大到40mg／L时，CAT活性明显下降且低于对照组；当氨氮浓度为1．25～5mg／L时，SOD活性随氨氮浓度增加而升高，而当浓度为10～40mg／L时，酶活性显著下降。实验结果说明，适当的氨氮刺激可增加胞内外活性氧的含量，增强扇贝的两种抗氧化酶活性，但较高浓度氨氮则使胞内外活性氧的含量显著下降并明显抑制抗氧化酶的活性。     

亚硝态氮胁迫对斑节对虾(非洲群体)氧化应激、能量代谢和渗透调节的影响

为研究亚硝态氮(NO₂-N)对斑节对虾(非洲群体)氧化应激、能量代谢和渗透平衡的影响,实验选取体长(3.0±0.5) cm的斑节对虾,设置0 (对照组)、5、10和15 mg/L(3个胁迫组)的亚硝态氮浓度梯度,进行了为期72 h的急性胁迫。实验结果显示,肝胰腺氧化应激因子活性(或含量)随着胁迫时间发展而变化。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)以及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性先升高后下降,24 h,SOD和GSH-Px、NOS活性达到最大值,10 mg/L胁迫组的SOD、GSH-Px活性和15 mg/L胁迫组的NOS活性显著高于其他3组;丙二醛(MDA)含量变化相反,24 h胁迫组的MDA含量最小,其中10 mg/L胁迫组显著低于其他3组;48 h,CAT活性达到最大值,10 mg/L胁迫组显著高于其他3组;一氧化氮(NO)含量随着胁迫时间的延长而逐渐升高,72 h,NO含量最高,15 mg/L胁迫组显著高于其他3组。血清能量代谢指标中脂肪酶(LPS)活性先上升后下降,48 h,LPS活性达到最大值,其中10 mg/L...     

盐胁迫对雨生红球藻虾青素累积、虾青素合成相关酶基因表达和抗氧化指标的影响

为探讨盐胁迫对雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)虾青素合成的影响与机理,以及雨生红球藻各抗氧化机制之间的关系,本研究采用生化和分子生物学方法研究了不同浓度(0.04 mol/L、0.08 mol/L、0.12 mol/L和0.16 mol/L)和不同时间(3 d、6 d和9 d)的盐(Na Cl)胁迫对雨生红球藻生长、虾青素积累、番茄红素β-环化酶(Lcy)、β-胡萝卜素羟化酶(Crt R-B)和β-胡萝卜素酮化酶(Bkt)基因表达、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,各胁迫时间的雨生红球藻的密度均随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而不断下降,在盐胁迫的第9天,雨生红球藻的死亡率和孢子比例均随着盐胁迫浓度的增加而不断升高;雨生红球藻虾青素含量、Lcy、Crt R-B和Bkt基因表达量均随着盐胁迫浓度和时间的增加而不断提高;雨生红球藻SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性以及MDA含量在不同浓度和不同时间的盐胁迫下与对照组(0.00 mol/L Na Cl)相比均升高,且在不同时间的0.12 mol/L Na Cl胁迫下与对照组相比均显著升高(P0.05);雨生红球藻虾青素含量、Lcy、Crt R-B和Bkt基因表达量在盐胁迫的早期(第3天)和中期(第6天)阶段较低,在盐胁迫的后期(第9天)阶段较高,而SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性以及MDA含量在盐胁迫的早期和中期阶段较高,在盐胁迫的后期阶段较低。实验结果说明了适当浓度和时间的盐胁迫能促进雨生红球藻累积虾青素,雨生红球藻在盐胁迫下主要是通过提高虾青素合成相关酶基因的转录水平来促进虾青素的合成,其虾青素和抗氧化酶的抗氧化活性可能互为补充,共同保护雨生红球藻免受盐胁迫的氧化损伤。     

多氯联苯(PCB153)对湛江叉鞭金藻生理生态和超微结构的影响

为研究多氯联苯对海洋微藻的生理生态毒性,以湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)为研究对象,进行7 d的六氯联苯(PCB153)胁迫实验,比较其生长、光合色素含量、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及藻细胞超微结构的变化情况。结果显示,PCB153胁迫对湛江叉鞭金藻的生长、光合色素含量及抗氧化和解毒相关指标均有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着PCB153浓度的增大,其对湛江叉鞭金藻生长抑制作用不断增大,250 μg/L胁迫组藻细胞在第5天全部死亡。PCB153胁迫后,湛江叉鞭金藻叶绿素a、叶绿素c、类胡萝卜素和总光合色素均显著下降(P<0.05),且随着PCB153浓度的增加,各实验组光合色素含量下降比例增大。PCB153胁迫后,各胁迫组藻细胞MDA含量显著增加;低浓度PCB153 (< 25 μg/L)胁迫显著诱导SOD和GST活性的提高;而高浓度PCB153(> 25 μg/L)胁迫则显著抑制2种酶活性。短期低浓度PCB153胁迫会改变金藻细胞超微结构,使细胞器形态改变、聚缩;高浓度PCB153胁迫则会直接破坏细胞膜的完整性,使细胞破裂,导致细胞自溶死亡。研究表明,PCB153抑制叉鞭金藻的生长和光合色素合成,低浓度PCB153激活抗氧化和解毒系统,提高其自我保护水平,高浓度PCB153加剧脂质过氧化,破坏抗氧化和解毒系统正常功能,导致细胞破裂死亡。     

多氯联苯(PCB_(153))对湛江叉鞭金藻生理生态和超微结构的影响

为研究多氯联苯对海洋微藻的生理生态毒性,以湛江叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria zhanjiangensis)为研究对象,进行7d的六氯联苯(PCB_(153))胁迫实验,比较其生长、光合色素含量、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量以及藻细胞超微结构的变化情况。结果显示,PCB_(153)胁迫对湛江叉鞭金藻的生长、光合色素含量及抗氧化和解毒相关指标均有显著影响(P0.05)。随着PCB_(153)浓度的增大,其对湛江叉鞭金藻生长抑制作用不断增大,250μg/L胁迫组藻细胞在第5天全部死亡。PCB_(153)胁迫后,湛江叉鞭金藻叶绿素a、叶绿素c、类胡萝卜素和总光合色素均显著下降(P0.05),且随着PCB_(153)浓度的增加,各实验组光合色素含量下降比例增大。PCB_(153)胁迫后,各胁迫组藻细胞MDA含量显著增加;低浓度PCB_(153) (25μg/L)胁迫显著诱导SOD和GST活性的提高;而高浓度PCB_(153)( 25μg/L)胁迫则显著抑制2种酶活性。短期低浓度PCB_(153)胁迫会改变金藻细胞超微结构,使细胞器形态改变、聚缩;高浓度PCB_(153)胁迫则会直接破坏细胞膜的完整性,使细胞破裂,导致细胞自溶死亡。研究表明,PCB_(153)抑制叉鞭金藻的生长和光合色素合成,低浓度PCB_(153)激活抗氧化和解毒系统,提高其自我保护水平,高浓度PCB_(153)加剧脂质过氧化,破坏抗氧化和解毒系统正常功能,导致细胞破裂死亡。     

锌胁迫对海洋小球藻生长和金属硫蛋白诱导的影响

研究锌离子胁迫对海洋小球藻生长和金属硫蛋白诱导的影响,当小球藻达到对数生长期,用不同离子浓度(5、10、20、50和100μmol/L)的锌盐(氯化锌、柠檬酸锌、乙酸锌和葡萄糖酸锌)分别进行胁迫培养,通过测定小球藻的生物量和锌结合金属硫蛋白含量,考察锌胁迫对海洋小球藻的生物量、热稳定蛋白含量以及锌结合金属硫蛋白含量的影响。结果显示,当浓度分别小于5和10μmol/L时,柠檬酸锌和氯化锌对小球藻生长无显著抑制作用;而浓度为5μmol/L时,乙酸锌和葡萄糖酸锌对小球藻生长即产生显著抑制,且抑制作用皆随锌离子浓度的增加而增大。与对照组相比,4种锌盐胁迫3 d后小球藻产生的热稳定蛋白含量极显著增加,其中以锌离子浓度为50μmol/L的葡萄糖酸锌对小球藻胁迫产生的热稳定蛋白含量最高,达到34.5 mg/g(湿藻泥)。同样在此浓度的葡萄糖酸锌胁迫下,小球藻诱导产生的锌结合金属硫蛋白的含量最高。研究表明,用锌离子浓度为50μmol/L的葡萄糖酸锌对小球藻胁迫培养,诱导产生的锌结合金属硫蛋白含量达到最高。     

直链十二烷基苯磺酸钠对中华倒刺鲃SOD和GSH-Px的活性影响

以中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)暴露于不同浓度的直链十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)中10 d,研究阴离子表面活性剂对鱼类抗氧化酶的影响。结果表明,亚致死浓度(4.9 mg/L)LAS暴露可导致中华倒刺鲃超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性发生变化。当LAS质量浓度为0.01 mg/L时,所有受检组织(血液、肝脏)的SOD和GSH-Px活性在暴露初期均受到不同程度的诱导,但LAS浓度为0.2 mg/L和4.0 mg/L和暴露时间超过4 d时,酶活性均呈明显的下降趋势,提示LAS暴露所引起的酶活性变化与暴露浓度和暴露时间有一定的相关性。     

四环素标记斑马鱼耳石效果及对抗氧化力的影响

为了研究四环素标记鱼类的效果及其对抗氧化能力的影响,设置100、150、250 mg/L浓度梯度的盐酸四环素(TCH)溶液和不同浸泡时间(18 h和24 h)对毒理实验常用对象斑马鱼(Danio rerio)进行浸泡标记,通过观察TCH浸泡标记后30 d内斑马鱼耳石的标记效果以及浸泡后第1、3、9、15 d时鱼体内三种抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、GSH-Px)的活性变化,综合分析其标记鱼类的效果和安全性。结果显示,在150 mg/L和250 mg/L浓度的TCH溶液中浸泡18 h或24 h,斑马鱼耳石标记率可达100%,且耳石上可见清晰的黄色标记轮纹。浸泡18 h时,中高浓度组(150 mg/L和250 mg/L)斑马鱼的抗氧化酶活性在浸泡后的第3 d显著增加。浸泡24 h时,各浓度组的抗氧化酶活性在第1 d显著升高,250 mg/L浓度组的SOD和GSH-Px活性分别在第1 d和第9 d显著低于对照组,各组的抗氧化酶活性均在第15 d时恢复为对照组水平。结果表明,100 mg/L和150 mg/L浓度的TCH浸泡液对斑马鱼的抗氧化酶活性起诱导作用,250 mg/L浓度的TCH溶液浸泡,对其抗氧化酶活性产生了短期的抑制作用并可能对机体产生可恢复的氧化损伤。     

两种多糖对齐口裂腹鱼生长、血清抗氧化指标及组织镉积累量的影响

为研究0.40%硫酸软骨素(CS)和酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖(AOKGM)对齐口裂腹鱼生长、抗氧化及镉胁迫之后抗氧化性能和组织中(肝脏、肾脏和鳃)镉积累量的影响,实验选取450尾初始体质量为(98.00±8.54) g的齐口裂腹鱼分为3组(对照组、AOKGM组和CS组),进行为期8周的养殖实验,然后每个实验组选取120尾齐口裂腹鱼暴露在镉环境中,进行15 d的镉胁迫实验(镉浓度分别为0、0.10、0.25和1.00 mg/L),分别对2种多糖在齐口裂腹鱼生长及抗氧化性能方面进行相关研究,以及分析镉胁迫后2种多糖的抗氧化性能和组织中镉的积累量。结果显示,与对照组相比,2种多糖显著提高了齐口裂腹鱼的特定生长率、脾体指数和头肾指数;粗脂肪、灰分和粗蛋白质相对于对照组也有显著影响。CS和AOKGM均显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总蛋白(TP)和一氧化氮(NO)含量,降低葡萄糖(GLU)含量;CS能显著提高血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和胆固醇(TC)含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示,与镉浓度0 mg/L相比,MDA含量在镉浓度为1.00 mg/L时最高,SOD活性在镉浓度为1.00 mg/L时最低,GSH-Px活性在镉浓度为0.25和1.00 mg/L时显著降低,NO含量在镉浓度为0.25和1.00 mg/L时显著升高。镉胁迫实验中,与对照组相比,2种多糖组的SOD活性显著提高,MDA含量降低;NO含量在镉浓度0.10～1.00 mg/L胁迫时显著降低;CS显著提高镉浓度0.10、0.25 mg/L胁迫下的GSH-Px活性,AOKGM组GSH-Px活性在镉浓度为0.25、1.00 mg/L时显著高于对照组。与无镉组对比,齐口裂腹鱼肝脏、肾脏和鳃镉的积累量在各镉浓度下显著增加;而CS和AOKGM均能够降低机体组织镉含量。研究表明,在饲料中添加0.40%的2种多糖均能提高齐口裂腹鱼生长、抗氧化性能,降低镉胁迫下鱼体肝脏、肾脏和鳃中镉的积累量,缓解镉对齐口裂腹鱼造成的氧化损伤,为齐口裂腹鱼饲料的开发提供新的理论依据。     

Effect of dietary organic selenium on survival,growth, antioxidation,immunity and gene expressions of selenoproteins in abalone Haliotis discus hannai

No studies have been focused on the inclusion of organic selenium in formulated feed of abalone when organic minerals are accepted by aquaculture feed industry. This experiment evaluated the effect of organic selenium on the growth, antioxidation, immunity and gene expressions of selenoproteins in abalone. Graded levels of organic selenium were included to the basal diet at 0.00, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 ppm providing 157.83, 322.51, 437.59 and 596.59 ug/kg of selenium in the diet. Accordingly, the diets were named as Se‐0.00, Se‐0.15, Se‐0.30 and Se‐0.60 respectively. Results had shown that survival rate, weight gain rate and shell length increase rate were lowest for Se‐0.60 group (p < 0.05). The concentration of selenium in the whole body generally increased with increasing level of dietary organic selenium (p < 0.05). The enzyme activities related to antioxidation increased initially with low levels of dietary selenium and decreased with higher levels, with the highest value in Se‐0.30 group (p < 0.05). The enzyme activities of immunity increased with the addition of dietary selenium. With the increase of dietary selenium, Myostain expression decreased initially and increased afterwards, with lowest value for Se‐0.30 group (p < 0.05). However, the expressions of other genes related to growth, antioxidation and selenoproteins firstly increased and then decreased, with the highest value recorded for Se‐0.15 group. In conclusion, the inclusion rate of 0.15 – 0.30 ppm Se in diet could promote growth, antioxidation, immunity and gene expressions of selenoproteins in abalone; however, excess selenium with 0.60 ppm inclusion lever in diet had toxic effects.     

Organic,inorganic and nanoparticles of Se,Zn and Mn in early weaning diets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata; Linnaeus, 1758)

Levels of the oxidative stress‐related minerals selenium (Se), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) that should be supplied in microdiets for marine fish larvae depend on the availability of the molecular form of these minerals. The objective of this study was to determine how effectively Se, Zn and Mn in organic, inorganic and nanoparticle forms promote larval performance and bone development. Microdiets supplemented with Se, Zn and Mn were fed for 24 days to 20 dah seabream larvae. Microdiets without Se, Zn and Mn supplementation were associated with poor growth, low bone mineralization and a high incidence of anomalies in the branchial arches. Including Zn, Mn and Se in an amino acid chelate organic form promoted maximum larval growth, increased body lipid reserves, enhanced early mineralization and prevented branchial arches anomalies. In contrast, feeding with inorganic forms of these minerals was less effective than organic minerals in improving larval weight or bone mineralization in comparison to the non‐supplemented diet. Moreover, the larvae were less resistant to stress, and fish showed higher bone anomalies in the pre‐hemal region. Adding Zn, Mn and Se in the form of nanometals did not enhance growth, but improved stress resistance and bone mineralization. The study showed the need to supplement seabream with early weaning diets based on squid meal and krill oil with one or more of the antioxidant minerals, to promote larval growth, bone mineralization and prevention of skeleton anomalies, organic minerals being more effective than inorganic forms and nanometals in promoting mineralization and stress resistance.     

Enrichment of African catfish with functional selenium originating from garlic

We wanted to create functional seafood with high concentrations of organic selenium (seleno-methyl-selenocysteine and γ-glutamyl-seleno-methyl-selenocysteine) with anti-carcinogenic properties for human consumers. Garlic containing high concentrations of these organic selenium compounds was used as a selenium source in five experimental feeds for African catfish (1.9, 2.8, 3.9, 5.1 and 8.5 mg kg⁻¹ Se); a sixth experimental feed was formulated without garlic (1.9 mg kg⁻¹ Se). The experimental feeds were fed to African catfish [initial mean (SD) weight 100.7 (2.7) g] for 43 days with three replicates per treatment. Whole fish fillets were sampled for total selenium analysis (start and end) and selenium speciation (end). We found a positive linear relationship between dietary and fillet concentrations for total selenium and selenomethionine. The dietary total selenium concentration of 8.5 mg kg⁻¹ resulted in a total selenium concentration of 0.9 mg kg⁻¹ in the fillet (wet tissue). The majority of the selenium compounds recovered in an extract made from the fillet consisted of selenomethionine, considered to be important from a nutritional point of view. Seleno-methyl-selenocysteine, one of the organic selenium species to which superior anti-carcinogenic properties are attributed, was detected in the fillet but could not be quantified.     

Effects of dietary selenium on the growth,selenium status,antioxidant activities,muscle composition and meat quality of blunt snout bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

An 8‐week feeding trial was performed to investigate effects of dietary selenium (sodium selenite, Na₂SeO₃; selenium nanoparticle, Nano‐Se; selenium yeast, Se‐yeast) on the growth, selenium status, antioxidant activities, muscle composition and meat quality of blunt snout bream. Na₂SeO₃ and Nano‐Se were supplemented at 0.2 mg Se kg^?1, and Se‐yeast was supplemented at 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg Se kg^?1 in basal diet; no Se was added as a control. The results indicated that groups of 0.2 and 0.4 mg kg^?1 Se‐yeast had significantly higher weight gain and Nano‐Se, 0.2, 0.4 mg kg^?1 Se‐yeast had significantly lower feed conversation ratio compared with the control group. The Se concentrations of whole body, muscle and liver linearly increased with increasing dietary Se‐yeast levels. Group of 0.4 mg kg^?1 Se‐yeast significantly increased activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Muscle colour of Nano‐Se, 0.2, 0.4 mg kg^?1 Se‐yeast groups, the water‐holding capacity of 0.4, 0.8 mg kg^?1 Se‐yeast groups showed significant differences compared with the control group. The results suggest that Se‐yeast and Nano‐Se had a better growth performance than Na₂SeO₃ at 0.2 mg Se kg^?1, and supplementing appropriate Se‐yeast in diet can increase antioxidant activities and enhance meat quality of blunt snout bream.     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定水产品中有机硒和无机硒

采用硝酸、双氧水将水产样品中的有机硒氧化成无机硒后测定总硒含量;用50%盐酸提取样品中的无机硒并用硝酸、双氧水消解,测定无机硒含量,再通过差减法获得有机硒的含量。研究结果表明,在优化的工作条件下,硒的检出限为7.1 ng/mL,线性范围为0～20μg/L。经回收实验和实际样品检测,总硒加标回收率为93.88%～107.65%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.82%～4.97%;无机硒加标回收率为82.88%～90.10%,RSD为2.33%～7.73%。用标准物质对照,其测定数据完全在标准值范围内。实验表明,该方法线性范围宽,相关性好,精密度和准确度高,可操作性强,应用范围广,适合水产品中有机硒和无机硒测定。     

硒对铜胁迫下大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨硒对铜胁迫下大菱鲆幼鱼生长、抗氧化能力及相关基因表达的影响,以初始体质量为(24.85±0.10) g的大菱鲆为研究对象,通过在饲料中添加五水硫酸铜和亚硒酸钠,配制铜、硒含量分别为(0、0,1 000、0,1 000、2,1 000、4 mg/kg) 4种等氮等能的实验饲料,命名为D1、D2、D3和D4组。养殖实验持续84 d。结果显示:①各组间实验鱼成活率无显著差异;增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率均在D2组显著低于D1、D3和D4组;摄食率和饲料系数呈相反趋势,在D2组显著高于其他3组。②幼鱼全鱼和肝脏粗脂肪含量呈先下降后上升趋势;而背肌粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量在各组之间无显著性差异。全鱼、脊椎骨和肝脏中Cu含量在D2组达到最高值;Zn含量则在D4组达到最高值;肝脏中铁含量呈下降趋势,在D3和D4组显著低于D1和D2组。③D2组显著降低了幼鱼血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性;丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈相反趋势,在D2组显著高于D3和D4组;总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和铜—锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活性均在D4组达到最低值。④血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性均在D2组显著高于其他3组;而血糖浓度、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)活性均在D2组达到最低值,显著低于D1组。⑤肝脏金属硫蛋白(MT) mRNA相对表达量在D4组达到最高值,显著高于其他3组;谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和溶菌酶(LZM) mRNA相对表达量均在D2组显著低于其他3组;热休克蛋白70 (HSP70) mRNA相对表达量则在D2组显著高于其他3组。综上所述,在本实验条件下,饲料中添加硒(2～4 mg/kg)可缓解高铜(1 000 mg/kg)胁迫导致的鱼体生长缓慢等症状,并可调控鱼体的抗氧化能力、生理代谢及相关基因表达量,进而对鱼体在高铜胁迫下的内环境稳态恢复具有一定的促进作用。     

Interactive effects of dietary Nano selenium and vitamin E on growth,haematology, innate immune responses,antioxidant status and muscle composition of rainbow trout under high rearing density

A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate effects and interactions of dietary Nano selenium (Nano Se) and vitamin E on performance of rainbow trout under high rearing density (80 kg/m³). Fish (42.6 ± 2.3 g) were stocked into 12 tanks: Control group fed basal diet and three treatment groups fed basal diet supplemented with 1 mg/kg Nano selenium (Nano Se group), 500 mg/kg vitamin E (Vit E group) and both micronutrients (Combination group). Results showed that growth, feed intake, lysozyme activity and agglutination antibody titre were significantly higher in Vit E and Combination groups. The lowest haematocrit, haemoglobin and cortisol levels and highest serum total protein and muscle crude protein were observed in Combination group. Serum globulin content was higher and albumin: globulin ratio was lower in treatment groups compared with Control. Also, the highest muscle catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and lowest malondialdehyde content were observed in Combination group compared with Control. In conclusion, combined supplementation of Nano Se and vitamin E provides a synergistic interaction in preventing the immunosuppressive action of oxidative stress caused by high density and significantly improved antioxidant and immune systems, health status and growth of fish under intensive culture.     

硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响

水温(29.0±1.3)℃,将初始体质量(0.41±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为4组,每组3个重复,饲养在室内循环水养殖系统中,投喂基础饲料(对照组)及在此饲料中分别添加硒含量相等(0.30mg/kg)的亚硒酸钠、酵母硒和蛋氨酸硒的4种饲料,养殖56d,比较了不同硒源对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成和抗氧化能力的影响。试验结果表明,蛋氨酸硒组对虾的生长性能显著高于对照组和亚硒酸钠组(P0.05)。外源硒可显著影响对虾体蛋白和脂肪含量(P0.05),蛋氨酸硒组对虾机体营养成分显著优于其他组(P0.05)。添加外源硒组对虾的血清总抗氧化能力和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。蛋氨酸硒组对虾血清丙二醛含量显著低于其他组(P0.05)。由此得出,饲料添加0.3mg/kg的硒能在一定程度上提高凡纳滨对虾的生长和抗氧化能力,蛋氨酸硒优于酵母硒和亚硒酸钠。     

Optimum selenium levels in diets high in plant‐based feedstuffs for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fingerlings

Substitution of marine ingredients (FM‐FO) by plant protein and oil sources can modify selenium (Se) levels in feeds. Se plays an important role in the antioxidative defence by forming part of selenoproteins. Se requirements of gilthead sea bream are not accurately determined; therefore, this study was conducted to define Se supplementation levels in low FM‐FO practical diets for sea bream fingerlings. A plant‐based diet containing 0.45 mg Se/kg diet was used as the basal diet. Four other diets were supplemented to contain 0.68, 0.86, 1.00 or 1.70 mg Se/kg diet, supplied as sodium selenite. Sea bream, weighing 12.6 ± 1.4 g, were distributed in triplicate groups per diet and fed for 42 days. Se supplementation up to 1.00 mg Se/kg significantly improved the growth of sea bream, whereas further increase up to 1.70 mg Se/kg diet reduced growth. The results of this study suggest that the optimum dietary levels of sodium selenite in diets with low FM‐FO with basal levels of 0.45 mg Se/kg are around 0.94 mg Se/kg to promote growth of gilthead sea bream juveniles. On the contrary, dietary levels of 1.70 mg Se/kg were found to be excessive and caused growth reduction, increased catalase expression and hydropic degeneration in the liver.     

No synergistic effects by the dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid, α-tocopheryl acetate and selenium on the growth performance and challenge test of Edwardsiella tarda in fingerling Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

To investigate the potential synergistic effects of dietary ascorbic acid (AA), α‐tocopheryl acetate (TA) and selenium (Se) supplementation above minimum requirement levels on the growth performance and disease challenge of fingerling Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., five experimental diets were formulated: control (150 mg AA, 100 mg TA and 0.2 mg Se per kg diet), excessive ascorbic acid (eAA) (2000 mg AA, 100 mg TA and 0.2 mg Se per kg diet), excessive α‐tocopheryl acetate (eTA) (150 mg AA, 240 mg TA and 0.2 mg Se per kg diet), excessive selenium (eSe) (150 mg AA, 100 mg TA and 0.5 mg Se per kg diet) and excessive all (eALL) (2000 mg AA, 240 mg TA and 0.5 mg Se per kg diet). Experimental fish averaging 2.9 were randomly distributed in each aquarium as a group of 40 fish with total weight 116±2.9 g (mean±SD). Each diet was fed on a dry‐matter basis to fish in three randomly selected aquaria at a rate of 4–8% of total body weight daily. After 10 weeks of the feeding trial, fish fed eAA, eTA and eALL diets had significantly higher weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio and specific growth rate than fish fed eSe and control diets (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among fish fed five experimental diets in cumulative mortalities when fish were challenged with Edwardsiella tarda at the end of the experimental period. These results indicate that sufficient supplementation of dietary AA or TA had positive effects on growth performance, but there was no synergistic effect of excessive dietary AA, TA and Se supplementation on growth performance and disease resistance to E. tarda in fingerling Nile tilapia.