捻转血矛线虫HLJ株15 ES抗原基因的原核表达

为了对羊源捻转血矛线虫(H.contortus)15 ES抗原基因进行原核表达,本研究利用RT-PCR技术从黑龙江省羊源H.contortus成虫总RNA中扩增得到相对分子质量15Ku ES蛋白基因(H15 ES),序列分析表明,其核苷酸序列与国外已发表的15 ku排泄分泌抗原基因的同源性为99.78%.将H15 ES克隆至pET-32a(+)中,构建重组表达质粒pET-32a-H15 ES,转化大肠杆菌,IPTG诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE电泳和western blot分析表明,表达蛋白相对分子质量约为35.2 ku.本研究为H.contortus病诊断抗原和保护性抗原的大量制备及H.contortus核酸疫苗的研究奠定了基础.     

捻转血矛线虫重组H11抗原山羊免疫保护性试验

以重组H11-1、H11-2及H11-1与H11-2混合物分别免疫山羊后,ELISA检测发现血清抗体均在首次免疫后14 d达到较高水平,在第2次免疫后10 d达到高峰。用10 000只捻转血矛线虫第3期幼虫攻击山羊后,对不同免疫组山羊排出虫卵数、虫卵孵化率和成虫数的统计分析结果表明,免疫组与对照组间差异不显著,但免疫组雌虫数显著少于对照组,这对防治捻转血矛线虫病可能会起一定的作用。     

pVAX1/SjTSP2 DNA疫苗免疫预防小鼠日本血吸虫病的效果评估

为评估SjTSP2分子作为日本血吸虫DNA疫苗候选抗原分子的潜力,本实验扩增了编码该分子的DNA片段,构建了重组真核质粒pVAX1/SjTSP2,检测其在哺乳动物细胞中表达情况后,通过基因枪轰击法免疫小鼠,应用ELISA、流式细胞术等检测重组质粒诱导的免疫反应,计算减虫减卵率,评估对小鼠日本血吸虫病的免疫保护效果。间接免疫荧光试验结果显示该质粒能在293T细胞中表达。质粒免疫小鼠诱导了显著升高的特异性IgG抗体和IFN-γ、IL-4等细胞因子。小鼠免疫保护试验结果表明,免疫组小鼠虫荷数较PBS对照组增加12.4%(P=0.368),但肝组织虫卵减少10.01%(P=0.486)。说明制备的DNA疫苗能刺激小鼠产生较强的免疫反应,但诱导的免疫保护作用并不理想,为血吸虫DNA疫苗研究提供了参考数据。     

采用非洲地区广泛应用的绵羊痘弱毒株构建表达小反刍兽疫病毒H蛋白的重组疫苗

为构建表达小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)H基因的重组绵羊痘病毒(SPV),本研究利用e GFP报告基因和gpt筛选基因筛选纯化了PPRV H基因的重组SPV(rSPV-PPRV-H)。通过PCR、序列测定和间接免疫荧光的方法对rSPV-PPRV-H进行鉴定。结果显示PPRV的H基因重组至rSPV-PRRV-H中并表达PPRV H蛋白;同时病毒的生长曲线也显示外源H基因的插入并未影响亲本病毒的复制。将该重组病毒经皮内注射途径免疫绵羊,免疫剂量为105.5 TCID50,间隔4周,免疫两次,中和试验结果显示rSPV-PPRV-H免疫绵羊后能够诱导其产生高滴度的抗PPRV的特异性中和抗体,抗体转阳率为100%(6/6)。本研究为rSPV-PPRV-H作为PPRV疫苗提供了实验依据。     

捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因的克隆及其RNAi载体的构建

根据RNAi目标序列的选取原则和捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因(登录号AY749124)产物的保守结构域所在核苷酸序列设计引物,采用RT-PCR方法从绵羊捻转血矛线虫雌性成虫中扩增出约400bp cDNA序列,与AY749124序列同源性为99%.将目的序列亚克隆到RNAi载体L4440中,经PCR和酶切鉴定证明,成功构建了捻转血矛线虫对应于Hc38基因的RNAi载体L4440-Hc38.     

菊粉对铜绿假单胞菌flgE基因DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用

为研究菊粉对铜绿假单胞菌flgE基因DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用,本研究将铜绿假单胞菌的flgE基因克隆于真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中制备DNA疫苗,分别以该DNA疫苗(100μg/只)和菊粉佐剂+DNA疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠(质粒100μg/只,终浓度20%菊粉),同时设置菊粉灌胃对照组(600 mg/kg)以及灭活疫苗(100μL/只)、鞭毛蛋白(100μL/只)、pcDNA3.1(+)空载体(100μg/只)和PBS对照组(100μL/只)。每两周免疫一次,共免疫3次。利用间接ELISA检测免疫后血清特异性抗体水平,MTT法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖水平,双抗夹心ELISA检测IFN-γ分泌情况,计算强毒攻击后各组小鼠的存活数及保护率。结果显示,菊粉佐剂组和菊粉灌胃组小鼠产生的抗体水平与DNA疫苗组相比无明显差异(p0.05),且显著低于灭活疫苗组和鞭毛蛋白组(p0.05);菊粉佐剂组对小鼠脾淋巴细胞的刺激值(SI值)和IFN-γ水平与鞭毛蛋白组相当,明显高于菊粉灌胃组和DNA疫苗组(p0.05);菊粉佐剂组和菊粉灌胃组对小鼠的保护率均高于DNA疫苗组,但低于灭活疫苗组,表明以菊粉预先灌胃和以菊粉为佐剂均可在一定程度上提高flgE基因DNA疫苗对小鼠的保护效率,但仍不及传统的灭活疫苗。本实验为铜绿假单胞菌DNA疫苗的研究及菊粉在DNA疫苗中的应用奠定基础。     

犬GM-CSF基因对犬细小病毒VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用

犬细小病毒编码的VP2蛋白是该病毒重要的结构蛋白和抗原蛋白.利用VP2基因制备的DNA疫苗能够刺激机体产生免疫应答反应.为进一步提高VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫活性,本实验利用犬粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)基因作为生物佐剂研究其对犬细小病毒VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫增强作用.首先通过RT-PCR方法从犬淋巴细胞中扩增GM-CSF基因,并将其插入到pcDNA3.1栽体上,分别构建该基因的两个分泌型真核表达载体,即非融合表达载体pcDNA-cGMCSF和与Myc His融合的表达栽体pcDNA-cGMCSF/MH.用pcDNA-cGMCSF/MH载体转染HEK293T细胞以确定GM-CSF基因能否在真核细胞中进行分泌表达.然后用本室构建的VP2基因表达栽体单免疫小鼠,用VP2表达载体与pcDNA-cGMCSF共免疫小鼠(pcDNA3.1空载体作为阴性对照).免疫后用ELISA方法检测不同时间小鼠血清的抗体水平.用MTT法检测小鼠免疫后35 d时淋巴细胞的增殖活性,同时用ELISA试剂盒检测小鼠淋巴细胞γ干扰素的表达水平.结果表明,本试验构建的表达载体能够介导重组GM-CSF在真核细胞中进行分泌表达.免疫实验表明,利用GM-CSF基因与VP2基因共免疫小鼠,抗体的水平明显高于VP2基因单免疫组(P＜0.01).共免疫组小鼠淋巴细胞的刺激指数和γ干扰素的表达水平均明显高于单免疫组(P＜0.05).由此可见,GM-CSF表达载体可明显提高CPV VP2 DNA疫苗的免疫应答水平.     

铜绿假单胞菌flgE基因菊粉季铵盐纳米DNA的制备与免疫效果研究

为提高铜绿假单胞菌flgE基因DNA疫苗的免疫效果,本实验对菊粉进行阳离子化后获得带正电荷的菊粉季铵盐,以其包裹裸DNA疫苗后制备成菊粉季铵盐纳米DNA疫苗,结果显示,flgE基因壳菊粉季铵盐纳米DNA疫苗在扫描电镜下呈现较为规则的圆球型,粒径100 nm～200 nm。以裸DNA疫苗和菊粉季铵盐纳米DNA疫苗免疫BALB/c小鼠,同时设置灭活疫苗、pcDNA3.1(+)空载体和PBS对照组。免疫1周时经断尾采血并分离血清,采用间接ELISA检测免疫后血清特异性抗体水平,结果显示小鼠免疫后菊粉季铵盐纳米DNA疫苗诱导的血清抗体水平虽低于灭活疫苗,但明显高于裸DNA疫苗(p0.05)。同时每次免疫2周后,每组各随机取5只小鼠分离制备脾淋巴细胞悬液,采用MTT法检测免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖情况,双抗夹心ELISA测定脾淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ和IL-2的水平,结果显示,纳米DNA疫苗组小鼠的刺激指数(SI)及脾淋巴细胞分泌的IFN-γ和IL-2含量与灭活疫苗组相当,显著高于裸DNA疫苗组(p0.05)。三免2周后以1.8×1010cfu/只铜绿假单胞菌CAU0792菌液攻击各组小鼠,且计算存活数及保护率,结果显示灭活疫苗组、菊粉季铵盐纳米DNA疫苗组和裸DNA疫苗组的保护率分别为90%、75%和55%,表明菊粉季铵盐可增强裸DNA疫苗诱导的免疫应答水平和保护效果。本实验首次将菊粉进行季铵盐化后使其带有正电荷,有利于结合DNA分子形成纳米颗粒,从而增强了DNA疫苗的免疫原性,为铜绿假单胞菌DNA疫苗的研制及新型DNA疫苗佐剂的开发奠定了基础。     

禽多杀性巴氏杆菌ptfA基因壳聚糖纳米DNA疫苗的免疫效果

为评价禽多杀性巴氏杆菌ptfA基因壳聚糖纳米DNA疫苗的免疫效果,本实验以壳聚糖为佐剂制备ptfA基因的壳聚糖纳米DNA疫苗,检测其形态及抗DNA酶降解的能力,随后进行动物免疫实验,检测免疫后小鼠血清特异性抗体水平、免疫小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖、IFN-γ分泌情况和抵抗强毒菌株攻击和免疫保护率。实验结果显示,ptfA基因壳聚糖纳米DNA在透射电镜下呈现较为规则的圆球型,粒径约为200 nm,可以有效抵抗DNAaseⅠ的降解。间接ELISA检测结果显示,壳聚糖纳米DNA疫苗组和裸DNA组的血清抗体水平均呈现上升趋势,明显高于空载体对照组和PBS对照组,且壳聚糖纳米DNA疫苗组的抗体水平稍高于裸DNA疫苗组。淋巴细胞增殖试验和IFN-γ分泌试验结果也显示,壳聚糖纳米DNA疫苗组和裸DNA疫苗组的SI值与IFN-γ分泌水平极显著高于两对照组(p0.01),但两种DNA疫苗组之间差异并不显著(p0.05)。强毒菌株攻击后壳聚糖纳米DNA疫苗组的保护率优于裸DNA疫苗组,在一定程度上增强了禽多杀性巴氏杆菌ptfA基因裸DNA疫苗的免疫效果。从而为禽多杀性巴氏杆菌新型DNA疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

日本血吸虫多价核酸疫苗的构建及免疫保护试验

利用PCR技术获得日本血吸虫GST抗原基因,通过分子克隆技术将GST、FABP基因克隆至pVAX1载体,并将其克隆至舍有Sj23基因表达核的plRESneo栽体,构建重组质拉pVAX-GST、pVAX-GST-FABP、pIRESneo-Sj23和pIRESneo-GST-FABP-Sj23.将50只昆明小鼠随机分成5组,每组10只,分别以肌肉注射质粒pIRESneo-GST-FABP-Sjz3、plRESneo-Sj23、pVAX-GST、pVAX-GST-FABP和空白质粒plRESneo,50μg/只,免疫2次,每次间隔21 d.测定小鼠免疫前后血清抗体水平,30 d经腹部皮肤感染血吸虫尾蚴,45 d后剖杀小鼠,计数各组小鼠虫卵数及成虫数.结果表明.重组质粒pVAX-GST、plRESneo-Sj23、pVAX-GST-FABP和pIRESneo-GST-FABP-Sj23均能诱导小鼠产生特异性的IgG抗体,plRESnecrGST-FABP-Sj23免疫组所诱导的IgG水平最高;减虫率分别为26.1%、30.8%、33.2%和47.5%,减卵率分别为25.4%、45.0%、48.4%和69.8%.pIRESneo-GST-FABP-Sj23的减卵率和减虫率明显高于其他DNA疫苗.结果表明,日本血吸虫多价核酸疫苗能产生较强的免疫反应,并能获得较好的免疫保护效果.     

PCV-2 ORF2基因的真核表达及其体内分布和安全性检测

根据GenBank中猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)ORF2基因序列,设计了1对引物,应用PCR从广西PCV-2的DNA扩增出ORF2基因,将ORF2基因克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1( )载体上,获得重组质粒,经PCR酶切以及序列分析鉴定,表明插入的片段为ORF2目的基因,插入的位置、大小和阅码框均正确,成功构建了真核表达载体重组质粒pcDNA-PCV-ORF2。对阳性真核表达质粒pcDNA-PCV-ORF2大量抽提后,以每只小鼠0.2 mg免疫5周龄左右的雌性小鼠,然后用ELISA检测免疫小鼠血清中抗体的产生情况,同时进行pcDNA-PCV-ORF2的体内分布和安全性检测。结果表明,pcDNA-PCV-ORF2在小鼠体内广泛存在,产生了抗猪圆环病毒的特异性抗体,从第7天开始产生抗体,第28天抗体水平达到最高,抗体可维持7周以上,并具有良好的安全性。本研究通过对小鼠的免疫试验,产生了猪圆环病毒的特异性抗体,表明成功构建了能够在活体细胞中高效表达的真核表达载体,为进一步研究猪圆环病毒DNA疫苗奠定了基础。     

Comparison of the resistance to sympatric and allopatric isolates of Haemonchus contortus of Black Belly sheep in Guadeloupe (FWI) and of INRA 401 sheep in France

The resistance of a tropical breed of sheep towards the nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (Hc) was compared to that of a European breed after artificial infection with the parasite following a 2 x 2 x 2 experimental design: two isolates (Hc Gua from Guadeloupe versus Hc Fra from France), two breeds each reared in their native habitats (Black Belly (BB) in Guadeloupe, FWI, INRA 401 reared in France), and two groups of lambs with differing infection status (one naive, i.e. infected for the first time during the experiment, and one primed, i.e. which had previously received doses of 5000 L3 on Days -35 and -32 before the infection during this experiment). Both groups were composed of 10 male lambs, which were 20 weeks of age when they were given a dose of 10,000 L3 of the relevant isolate on Day 0. Resistance was assessed by regular fecal egg counts (FECs) and blood samples, and worm counts were processed on Day 35 p.i. The FEC was lower in the BB than in INRA 401 lambs, lower in the primed than naive groups, and lower in Hc Fra than in Hc Gua. The eosinophil count remained unchanged in the naive INRA 401 groups, but increased in all the other groups. The hematocrit fell after infection, but the live weight was not affected by the infection. Worm burdens were 1868 and 5237 in the naive BB and INRA 401 groups, respectively, and 596 and 4835 in the primed BB and INRA 401 groups. The daily production of eggs per Hc Gua female worm was 1.5-fold that of Hc Fra. The number of worms had no effect on worm length or Hc in utero egg count in the BB sheep, but a positive and significant correlation between these two traits was seen in the INRA 401 lambs. These findings are indicative of innate resistance, and confirmed the high acquired resistance of the BB sheep to both sympatric and allopatric isolates of Hc. The regulation of worm population and fecundity differed in the BB and INRA 401 sheep.     

A method for the interpretation of parasite egg counts in faeces of sheep

A new method for the interpretation of strongyloid egg counts in faeces in sheep flocks is proposed. The "Flock Parasitism Index" (FPI) is based on three epizootiological concepts: extent of parasitism, distribution of its intensity, and risk of pasture contamination by eggs. In the estimation of FPI from a number of faecal samples from different animals in a flock, the percentage of parasitized sheep and the distribution of parasitized animals of the sample into the classical categories of "low", "moderate" and "high" from the number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and the arithmetic mean of EPG of the sample are considered. The pathogenic and epizootiological importance of each one of the "low", "moderate" and "high" categories are considered to be 0.1, 0.5 and 1, respectively. From the relationship between EPG and worm burdens, probabilities for "low", "moderate" and "high" distributions are calculated, and from the percentages of worm burdens estimated and their levels of confidence at 95% it is suggested that values of FPI equal to 2.0 must be considered as the limit of parasitism where economic losses are tolerable.     

Resistance of Santa Ines, Suffolk and Ile de France sheep to naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections

A study was conducted to assess the breed resistance against nematode infections in Santa Ines, Ile de France and Suffolk male lambs over a 9-month period in S?o Paulo state, Brazil. Lambs were born during the winter (year 2000) and were weaned at 2 months of age. The animals were then housed and treated with anthelmintics to eliminate natural infections by gastrointestinal nematodes. In late October 2000, lambs were placed in a paddock, where they stayed until August of the following year. Fecal and blood samples were taken from each animal every 2 weeks. On the same day, a pasture sample was collected to determine the number of infective larvae on the herbage. To prevent deaths, individual treatment with anthelmintics was provided to lambs with fecal egg counts (FEC) higher than 4000 eggs per gram (EPG) or with a packed cell volume (PCV) lower than 21%. In August 2001, all animals were slaughtered and the worms present in samples of the gastrointestinal contents were identified and counted. Most of the Suffolk and Ile de France sheep received three to six anthelmintic treatments over a period of 7 months, while most of the Santa Ines were not treated. Reductions in PCV and plasma protein values associated with high FEC and worm burdens were recorded, particularly, in Suffolk and Ile de France lambs. Haemonchus contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum burdens and number of nodular lesions caused in the large intestine by O. columbianum larvae were significantly lower in Santa Ines sheep. All three breeds showed similar Trichostrongylus colubriformis worm burdens. The relative resistance of Santa Ines young male sheep was superior to that of Suffolk and Ile de France sheep.     

绵羊胃肠道线虫荷虫量与粪检虫卵相关性研究

用粪便虫卵计数（EPG）和动物体内蠕虫计数法对新疆3个不同地区的16只绵羊直肠粪便中的线虫虫卵和胃肠道线虫进行研究表明，在同一地区，绵羊直肠粪便中EPG与体内线虫荷虫量基本呈正相关；但不同季节、不同虫种的感染以及不同年龄之间卵与虫相关性的比值变化较大；粪便虫卵与体内成虫的高峰期也不完全吻合。     

Gastrointestinal nematode burden in working equids from humid tropical areas of central Veracruz, Mexico, and its relationship with body condition and haematological values

The east coast of Veracruz, Mexico, has an important equine population used for working in rural production systems. The objectives of this study were (1) to calculate the prevalence of tropical working equids (donkeys, mules and horses) infected with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and the GINs involved, and (2) to measure the body condition score (BCS) and haematological values for each working equid and its relationship with faecal worm egg count (EPG). One hundred and forty working equids were randomly selected from five different villages along the central coast of the state of Veracruz and faecal and blood samples were obtained from each animal. Gastrointestinal parasite burdens were determined using the McMaster technique. Packed cell volume, total plasma proteins, red blood cell count and white blood cell count were measured from each blood sample. Prevalence of infected equids was higher than 90 %. Mules had the highest median faecal worm egg counts (875 EPG), followed by horses and donkeys with 400 EPG. There was no correlation between EPG and BCS or haematological values (p?>?0.05). Results suggest that despite the high prevalence and parasite burdens, equids involved in this trial are not being seriously affected. This study provides information which might help in designing future strategies to control nematode infections in working equids in the Mexican tropics; more emphasis should be placed on other inputs (nutrition perhaps), with individual anthelminthic treatment to those animals with the highest EPG or when signs present themselves.     

捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因部分功能域的原核表达与鉴定

为原核表达捻转血矛线虫Hc38基因的保守结构域,本研究参照GenBank中Hc38基因序列设计引物,扩增出Hc38基因的保守结构域序列,命名为HcP,将其克隆到表达载体pET32a中,并转化到大肠杆菌BL21中,用IPTG进行诱导表达.SDS-PAGE和western blot结果表明,HcP基因在大肠杆菌中高效表达,表达的重组蛋白分子量约为49.4 ku,并且表达产物能够与感染捻转血矛线虫的山羊血清产生特异的免疫印记条带,具有良好的反应原性.     

A stochastic model accommodating the FAMACHA© system for estimating worm burdens and associated risk factors in sheep naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus

A previously developed multiple regression algorithm was used as the basis of a stochastic model to simulate worm burdens in sheep naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus over five consecutive Haemonchus seasons (November to January/February) on a farm in the summer rainfall region in South Africa, although only one season is discussed. The algorithm associates haemoglobin levels with worm counts in individual animals. Variables were represented by distributions based on FAMACHA(?) scores and body weights of sheep, and Monte Carlo sampling was used to simulate worm burdens. Under conditions of high disease risk, defined as the sampling event during the worm season with the lowest relative mean haemoglobin level for a class of sheep, the model provided a distribution function for mean class H. contortus burdens and the probability of these occurring. A mean H. contortus burden for ewes (n=130 per sample) of approximately 1000 (range 51-28,768) and 2933 (range 78-44,175) for rams (n=120 per sample) was predicted under these conditions. At the beginning of the worm season when the risk of disease was lowest (i.e. when both classes had their highest estimated mean haemoglobin levels), a mean worm burden of 525 (range 39-4910) for ewes and 651 (range 37-17,260) for rams was predicted. Model indications were that despite being selectively drenched according to FAMACHA(?) evaluation, 72% of the ewes would maintain their mean worm burden below an arbitrarily selected threshold of 1000 even when risk of disease was at its highest. In contrast, far fewer rams (27%) remained below this threshold, especially towards the end of the worm season. The model was most sensitive to changes in haemoglobin value, and thus by extrapolation, the haematocrit, which is used as the gold standard for validating the FAMACHA(?) system. The mean class haemoglobin level at which there was a 50% probability of worm burdens being ≤ 1000 worms was 7.05 g/dl in ewes and 7.92 g/dl in rams.