中国西南马mtDNA ND4基因遗传多样性研究

本研究旨在分析mtDNA ND4基因在中国西南马的遗传多样性.对中国西南马6个品种(类群)142个个体的线粒体DNA ND4基因部分序列进行PCR-SSCP和序列分析.结果表明,拼接后的西南马mtDNA ND4基因序列大小为679 bp,A+T含量(55.7%)高于G+C含量(44.3%).共检测到11个核苷酸变异位点,这些变异位点可归纳为6种单倍型.核苷酸平均多样度为0.638%,表明受试西南马mtDNA遗传多样性并不十分丰富.对各单倍型进行聚类分析,结果提示中国西南马起源于2个母系祖先.     

西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性及系统进化分析

为从分子水平上探究西藏牦牛的序列多态性、遗传多态性及其系统进化关系,对西藏15个牦牛类群150个个体的mtDNA ND6基因全序列进行了测定,确定了多态位点和单倍型数目,计算了单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(Pi),并构建了分子聚类关系图和单倍型系统发育树。结果表明:西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6基因全序列长度均为528bp,T、C、A和G 4种碱基的平均比例分别为42.2%、7.6%、20.9%、29.3%,存在一定的碱基组成偏倚性。序列变异中存在转换、颠换2种核苷酸变异类型,其中转换37次,颠换2次,表现出较强的转换偏倚性。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定7种单倍型,其中Hap_1为西藏牦牛类群的主流单倍型,其余6种单倍型为部分类群所特有。平均单倍型多样性(Hd)、平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.2978、0.00191,揭示西藏牦牛mtDNA ND6遗传多样性较贫乏。根据遗传距离构建了分子聚类关系图,表明西藏15个牦牛类群可分为2大类;根据7种单倍型序列构建了单倍型系统发育树,表明西藏牦牛存在2个母系起源。     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1 200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

溧阳鸡线粒体DNA D-loop区遗传多样性研究

为了研究溧阳鸡线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop区遗传多样性,试验采用PCR产物直接测序法对30只溧阳鸡mtDNA的D-loop区序列进行分析。结果表明:溧阳鸡549 bp D-loop区序列的T、C、A、G平均含量分别为30.0%、29.9%、27.1%、13.0%,共检测到19个突变位点,其中单一多态位点3个,简约多态位点16个;序列的核苷酸多样性为0.007 63,单倍型多样性为0.662;共获得7种单倍型,其中Hap单倍型占56.7%,群体内遗传距离为0.008。结合NJ系统发生树发现,溧阳鸡存在3个分支,揭示溧阳鸡在遗传组成上具有3个母系来源。     

中甸牦牛mtDNA ND6和COⅢ基因遗传多样性及系统进化分析

为了解中甸牦牛的遗传多样性,使其遗传资源能够得到合理开发利用,本研究对中甸牦牛15个个体mtDNA ND6基因和COⅢ基因全序列进行测定,使用MEGA5.0、DNASP5.0、Clustal X1.83等软件分析了核苷酸多样性、单倍型多样性等遗传多样性指标。结果表明:(1)中甸牦牛ND6基因全序列长528bp,4种核苷酸T、A、G、C的平均含量为20.8%、42.2%、7.6%、29.4%,存在一定的碱基组成偏倚性;COⅢ基因全序列长度为781bp,4种核苷酸T、A、G、C的平均比例为29.2%、26.1%、15.2%、29.5%。(2)在15个中甸牦牛个体的ND6基因序列中均未发现单倍型及变异位点,表明中甸牦牛mtDNA ND6基因的遗传多样性较为贫乏;在COⅢ基因序列中发现了3个单倍型,4个变异位点,其中2个转换,2个颠换。(3)在构建的系统进化树中,中甸牦牛首先与麦洼牦牛等家牦牛聚为一类,说明其属于家牦牛,其次与野牦牛聚为一类,说明中甸牦牛与野牦牛亲缘关系较近;由遗传距离分析可知,中甸牦牛与野牦牛距离最小,与亚洲水牛距离最大。此结果进一步支持了将牦牛和野牦牛划分为牛亚科牦牛属的观点。     

基于线粒体DNA D-loop区全序列分析儋州鸡遗传多样性及其起源进化关系

为了研究儋州鸡的遗传多样性及其起源进化关系,本研究对36只儋州鸡样品的线粒体DNA(mtDNA) D-loop区全序列进行PCR扩增和测序,结合GenBank中公布的部分品种鸡的mtDNA D-loop区全序列,利用生物信息学方法进行数据处理,分析儋州鸡的遗传多样性及其起源进化关系。结果显示,儋州鸡mtDNA D-loop区扩增片段长度为1 210 bp,A+T含量为59.9%,C+G含量为40.1%,变异区在167～1 215 bp之间,高变区主要集中在167～367 bp之间,存在6种单倍型,共有20个变异位点,单倍型变异度(Hd)为0.571,平均核苷酸差异(k)为6.449,核苷酸多样度(Pi)为0.00537,中性检验的Tajima’s D值为1.61643,6种单倍型可分为A、B、C 3个世系,以B世系为主。研究结果表明,儋州鸡群体遗传多样性和单倍型多样性相对偏低,结合群体构建的系统进化树发现,儋州鸡的遗传组成来自3个母系祖先,缅甸红原鸡、爪哇红原鸡及红原鸡海南亚种均是其潜在的祖先,受外来鸡种影响较小,是一个较为封闭的原始鸡种。     

青海省门源白牦牛mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及母系起源

为从分子水平上探究青海省门源白牦牛的母系遗传多样性及遗传背景,本研究对31头门源白牦牛线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop区序列进行测定和比对分析,确定其多态位点和单倍型数目,计算核苷酸多样度、单倍型多样度及平均核苷酸差异数大小,并构建系统发育树。结果表明,门源白牦牛mtDNA D-loop区序列长度为892～896bp,排除5处插入/缺失后共发现38处多态位点,包括24处单一变异位点和14处简约信息位点;依据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了13种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.901±0.030,核苷酸多样度为0.006±0.004,平均核苷酸差异数为5.17,提示门源白牦牛具有较丰富的母系遗传多样性。以普通牛为外群,邻接法(NJ法)构建的系统发育树结果显示,13种单倍型分为明显的2个分支,表明门源白牦牛有2个母系起源。综上所述,本研究结果表明门源白牦牛具有较丰富的母系遗传多样性,由2个母系遗传分支组成,具有2个母系起源。     

石岐鸽mtDNA Cytb基因遗传多样性分析

为探究石岐鸽的遗传多样性和母系起源，研究对60只石岐鸽线粒体DNA(Mitochondrial genome,mtDNA)细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cytb)基因进行PCR扩增和测序，并结合GenBank中鸽Cytb基因序列进行系统发育分析。结果显示：石岐鸽mtDNA Cytb基因序列全长为1 143 bp，碱基T、C、A和G的平均比例分别为24.57%、35.79%、27.36%和12.28%；单倍型多样性为0.782±0.029，核苷酸多样性为0.001 69±0.000 04，平均核苷酸差异为1.927；共发现11个变异位点，其中8个为单一变异位点，3个为简约信息位点，基于变异位点定义了8种单倍型；石岐鸽和原鸽分为A和B两个分支，石岐鸽只分布于A分支。研究表明石岐鸽具有较高的线粒体遗传多样性，母系来源单一。     

崇仁麻鸡mtDNA D-loop区遗传结构与遗传多样性分析

为研究崇仁麻鸡线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)D-loop区遗传多样性和遗传结构，试验采用PCR产物直接测序的方法，测定崇仁麻mtDNA D-loop区的全序列，并与其他5个红色原鸡亚种进行系统进化关系分析。结果显示：30个样本的mtDNA D-loop区序列长度范围为1 231～1 232 bp，共发现27个多态位点，单倍型多样性（Hd）、核苷酸多样性（Pi）和平均核苷酸差异（K）数值分别为0.947、0.006 89和8.476。群体中16种单倍型划分为A、B、C和E单倍型类群。研究表明，崇仁麻鸡具有较高的线粒体遗传多样性，可能来源于不同的母系。     

阿坝藏族羌族自治州若尔盖地区藏猪mtDNA D-Loop的遗传多样性分析

旨在通过获得和对比若尔盖地区藏猪mtDNA D-Loop高变区的部分序列,为该地区藏猪遗传资源的保护与利用提供参考。本试验收集了若尔盖地区9个乡镇共80头藏猪耳组织,以甘南州藏猪mtDNA D-Loop基因序列为模板设计引物,采用PCR扩增测序技术获得了80条核苷酸序列,并采用生物信息学的数据处理方法进行分析。结果表明,若尔盖地区藏猪mtDNA D-Loop高变区（435 bp）的A+T含量（56.46%）明显高于G+C含量（43.54%）,存在碱基偏倚性现象;在80条长度为435 bp的序列中,共检测到14个变异位点,鉴定了17个单倍型,单倍型多样度（Hd）、核苷酸多样度（Pi）和平均核苷酸差异数（k）分别为0.881、0.004 66和2.028,其中Hd、Pi和k在降扎乡藏猪群体中最高,Pi和k在占哇乡藏猪中最低;共享单倍型8个,特有单倍型9个,且若尔盖地区不同藏猪群体间特有单倍型数差异较大,其中,降扎乡藏猪的特有单倍型数量最多,占单倍型总数的17.65%（3/17）;Hap_1和Hap_15单倍型是4个乡镇（降扎乡、益哇乡、热尔乡和冻列乡）群体的共享单倍型,表明这4个乡镇藏猪群体存在两个共同的母系祖先单倍型。若尔盖地区藏猪的平均遗传距离为0.004 66,其中降扎乡和冻列乡藏猪间的遗传距离最大为0.006 90,包座乡和益哇乡藏猪间的遗传距离最小为0.002 16;构建的NJ分子系统进化树将若尔盖地区藏猪分为2支,而加入中国地方家猪、野猪和引种猪后,若尔盖地区藏猪在进化树中比较分散,说明该地区藏猪母源血统遗传复杂,彼此之间基因交流多。本研究进一步证实了若尔盖地区藏猪比西藏林芝、山南、日喀则、甘孜州、阿坝州藏猪的遗传多样性程度高,受到人工选择强度低,应强化对若尔盖地区藏猪遗传资源的保护与利用。     

唐古拉山牦牛群体的母系遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

[目的]从分子水平上探究青海省唐古拉山牦牛群体的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及其遗传背景。[方法] 对52头唐古拉山牦牛个体mtDNA D-loop区序列进行测定后,使用生物信息学软件分析确定其核苷酸变异位点和单倍型数目,计算单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度大小,并进行系统发育分析。[结果] 在619 bp唐古拉山牦牛D-loop区序列分析中,排除2处插入（缺失）后共检测到31处多态位点,包括单一多态位点5处和简约信息位点26处。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了13种单倍型,单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度分别为0.821±0.043和0.007±0.004。与我国其他18个家牦牛品种和野牦牛相比,唐古拉山牦牛群体单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度值均较低,表明该群体遗传变异较为贫乏,母系遗传多样性水平较低。以美洲野牛为外群,邻接法（即NJ法）构建的系统发育树结果显示：唐古拉山牦牛群体13种单倍型分布在A、B、C、D和E五种单倍型组中,且聚为2个大的母系分支（即I和II）,支系Ⅰ占比为77%,提示唐古拉山牦牛由2个母系支系组成,拥有2个母系起源且以支系Ⅰ为主。 [结论] 唐古拉山牦牛母系遗传多样性水平较低,由2个母系支系组成,以支系Ⅰ为主,推测其有2个母系起源。     

Complete Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop Sequence and Genetic Diversity of Wuzhishan Pig

In order to research the genetic diversity and phylogenies of Wuzhishan pig, 56 complete mtDNA D-Loop were analyzed.55 sequences were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 1 sequence was downloaded from GenBank.The results showed that repetitive sequence "TTATAAAACAC" appeared in the conservative regions of 21 mtDNA D-Loop sequences.13 haplotypes and 14 variable sites were observed in 56 sequences.Haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity (Hd =0.838 and Pi=0.00334) indicated that Wuzhishan pig had high genetic diversity.Two branches in the phylogenetic tree and Network analysis diagram indicated that there were two maternal origins in Wuzhishan pig.The phylogenetic tree of Wuzhishan pig and other 23 species showed that Wuzhishan pig had close genetic relationship with the pig breeds in the south region of the Yangtze river.     

五指山猪线粒体控制区序列分析及遗传多样性研究

为了研究五指山猪遗传多样性和系统地位,本研究采用PCR产物直接测序法得到55条五指山猪线粒体控制区(mtDNA D-Loop)全序列,并结合GenBank中发表的1条五指山猪mtDNA D-Loop全序列进行结构分析、遗传多样性研究及系统发育分析。结果发现,56条序列中出现21次保守区变异,即"TTATAAAACAC"序列重复,共定义13个单倍型,发现14个变异位点,单倍型多样度(Hd)和核苷酸多样度(Pi)分别为0.838和0.00334,表明五指山猪遗传多样性较丰富。五指山猪线粒体控制区序列构建的系统发育树和Network网络分析呈现两大分支,推测有两个母系起源,且与GenBank中其他23个猪种的聚类结果表明,五指山猪与长江流域以南地区的猪种有着较近的亲缘关系。     

Interpopulation and intrapopulation maternal lineage genetics of the Lanyu pig (Sus scrofa) by analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequences

The Lanyu pig is an indigenous breed from the Lanyu Islet, which is southeast of Taiwan. Two herds of Lanyu pigs were introduced from the Lanyu Islet into Taiwan in 1975 and 1980. The current population of conserved Lanyu pigs consists of only 44 animals with unknown genetic lineage. The Lanyu pig possesses a distinct maternal genetic lineage remote from Asian and European pigs. The present study aimed to understand the phylogenetic relationship among conserved Lanyu, Asian, and European type pigs based on the cytochrome b coding gene, to ascertain the maternal lineage and genetic diversity within the conserved Lanyu pigs, and to address whether genetic introgression from exotic or Formosan wild pigs had occurred in the conserved Lanyu pigs. Entire mitochondrial genomes of both types of Lanyu pig comprised 2 ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA, and 13 protein-coding genes. Only 2 haplotypes of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and cytochrome b were identified in the conserved Lanyu pig herds. When maximum likelihood trees were constructed, the Type I Lanyu mitochondrial genes formed a unique clade with a large pairwise distance of both cytochrome b and the control region from Asian and European type breeds, Formosan wild pigs, and exotic breeds. Significant loss of genetic diversity of mtDNA within the conserved Lanyu pigs was demonstrated by low haplotype and nucleotide diversities, supported by Fu and Li's D* neutrality test (1.44055; P < 0.05). The mtDNA control region sequences of extant pigs in the Lanyu Islet, however, showed high haplotype and nucleotide diversity, and clustered with exotic pigs. These results indicate no maternal lineage mtD-NA gene introgression from Formosan wild pigs and introduced exotic pigs to conserved Type I Lanyu pigs, and a severe loss of heterozygosity of mtDNA in conserved Lanyu pigs. The remaining extant pigs on the Lanyu Islet have been introgressed with exotic breeds. Strategies for future conservation of native Lanyu pigs are now even more urgent and important.     

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome in Chinese Indigenous Pig Breeds

In order to explore the genetic diversity and the classification status of the Chinese domestic pigs at the molecular level, the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomic sequences of 22 Chinese indigenous pig breeds from 6 types were downloaded from GenBank for the analysis using the bioinformatics method. The polymorphism of nucleic acid sequences was analyzed,the molecular phylogenetic tree based on D-loop sequences, Cytb gene, complete coding region mtDNA sequences and the Median-Joining network of the mtDNA D-loop haplotypes were constructed for 22 pig breeds from 6 types. The results showed that a total of 144 mutation sites among 22 pig breeds were detected, 22 haplotypes were discovered, which indicated that Chinese indigenous pig breeds had abundant genetic diversity. According to the complete mtDNA genomic sequences analysis, which suggested that the main mutations was transition, the transition/transversion ratio was greater than 2.0 and all mutations were in line with the neutral mutation. Our findings clearly demonstrated that there was a near genetic distance among 6 types, meanwhile, the shared haplotypes were found. The phylogenetic tree showed that Chinese indigenous pigs from 6 types were diverged from two ancestors.The results indicated that mtDNA D-loop and Cytb gene might serve as molecular markers for phylogenesis, origin and evolution.     

4个引进山羊品种mtDNA控制区序列变异和系统发生关系研究

本研究测定了四川4个引进山羊品种24个个体的线粒体控制区全序列,并从GenBank获得山羊属2个野山羊种的2每控制区序列。利用MEGA2．0软件构建分子系统发育无根树。序列分析表明:山羊控制区线粒体控制全序列长度为1 212bp或1 213 bp,A+T含量占59．9％,其中64个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占5．28％),核苷酸多样度为 1．731％,这些差异共定义了16种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0．913±0．048。安哥拉山羊、波尔山羊都有自己独特的单倍型,与其他品种间都没有共享类型。使用NJ法构建了系统发育树,结果表明:2个野山羊种中,角(?)羊与家养山羊的关系相对较近,4个家养山羊品种有2个母系来源,在4个家养山羊品种内部,安哥拉山羊的分化要比其他3个品种早。     

中国地方猪种线粒体基因组遗传多样性及其系统发育分析

为从分子水平上探究中国地方猪种遗传多样性和分类地位,本试验采用生物信息学方法比较了6个类型共22个中国地方猪种的线粒体基因组全序列,分析了其多态性,并构建了6个类型猪种线粒体D-loop区单倍型的网络中介图以及基于线粒体D-loop序列、Cytb基因、完整编码区序列的系统进化树。结果表明,6个类型22个猪种中共检测到了144个多态位点,22种单倍型,说明地方猪种具有丰富的遗传多样性;地方猪线粒体基因组序列中核苷酸变异以转换为主,且Ti/Tv大于转换/颠换比临界值（2.0）,变异位点均符合中性突变。6个类型猪种间遗传距离均较小,且有共享单倍型。系统进化树结果表明,6种类型地方猪种主要聚为两个支系。表明线粒体D-loop序列及Cytb基因均可作为研究种内系统发育、起源进化的分子标记。     

A Genetic Diversity Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA D-loop Region in Four High Quality Chicken Breeds

This study was conducted to elucidate the genetic diversity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region in Qingyuan partridge chicken group 1,Qingyuan partridge chicken group 2,Yangshan chicken and Qingyuan Yellow feather black-bone chicken.The specific primers were designed according to mtDNA D-loop region of Gullus gullus spadiceus (accession No.:NC_007235.1) in GenBank.The sequence was analyzed after PCR amplification and sequencing,and the haplotype number,polymorphism number,haplotype diversity,nucleotide diversity and nucleotide mean difference were counted.The evolution divergence among breeds was calculated by Mega 5.10 software,and the phylogenetic tree was constructed.The results showed that the length of mtDNA D-loop region in four high quality chicken breeds was 591 bp,and 549 bp were used for subsequent analysis.The content of A,T,C and G were 27.2% to 27.3%,30.1% to 30.4%,29.5% to 29.8% and 12.8% to 12.9%,respectively,and the average content of G+C was 42.5%.There were 92 polymorphic sites which contained 14 singleton variable sites and 78 parsimony informative sites,and the percentage of transitions and transversions were 89.13% (82/92) and 10.87% (10/92),respectively.The haplotype diversity ranged from 0.682 to 0.835,and the nucleotide diversity ranged from 0.00849 to 0.01167.There were 32 haplotypes in all sequences,which could be divided into clades A,B,C and E,however,most of the individuals belonged to clades B (51.2%) and E (37.6%).The phylogenetic tree results showed that four high quality chicken breeds could be classified as 4 branches which were consistent with the haplotypes classification results.The results indicated that the four high quality chicken populations from Qingyuan had relatively high haplotype and nucleotide diversity and likely shared two or more common maternal lineages.