人工感染雏鸭体内DEV强毒的荧光定量PCR检测

将鸭肠炎病毒(DEV)强毒GZ株经腿部肌肉注射感染15日龄雏鸭后,应用建立的SYBRGreenⅠ荧光定量PCR方法检测病毒在雏鸭体内各组织的动态分布。结果显示,感染后3 h即可在肝、脾、脑、胸腺、肾和肺6种组织中检出病毒核酸;感染后6 h,除上述组织外还可在十二指肠和盲肠检测到;感染后10 h又可在胸肌和心肌等检测到。不同受检组织病毒核酸检出量有所不同,由高到低依次为脑、肝、脾、胸腺、肾、十二指肠、盲肠、肺、胸肌和心肌。为阐明DEV的致病机理提供了重要的试验数据。     

重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株在鸽体内的分布及毒性试验

采用翅内侧皮肤无血管处刺种途径给30日龄幼鸽接种重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株,利用PCR的方法检测其在鸽体内的分布及其动态并对其毒性进行了研究。结果显示,接种后6 h即在脾脏检测到病毒DNA;接种后1 d,脾、肺PCR检测阳性;3 d,在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、皮肤均检测到病毒DNA;7 d,心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑PCR检测均呈阳性;10 d,除脑外所有内脏器官中均未检测到病毒DNA,15 d后所有内脏器官PCR检测结果均为阴性。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测结果均为阴性。毒性试验表明,重组鸡痘病毒vFV282疫苗株使用安全。     

应用PCR检测成年鸭体内鸭瘟强毒的分布

鸭瘟病毒(DPV)强毒经人工接种和同居感染100日龄鸭后，应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测病毒在鸭体内各组织器官的动态分布。试验结果表明，DPV强毒经肌肉注射进入鸭体后6h可在肝、脾、血液和粪便中检测到DPV DNA；DPV强毒经肌肉注射到鸭体后各受检样品被检测到DPV DNA的先后顺序为：肝、脾、血液和直肠粪便(6h)→肺、脑和腿肌(12h)→肾和胸肌(24h)；同居鸭于混群后48h在肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便中检出DPV DNA；DPV强毒经同居感染鸭后各受检样品检测到DPV DNA的先后顺序为：肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便(48h)→脾和脑(72h)→胸肌和腿肌(96h)→肾(120h)。     

鸡痘病毒弱毒疫苗株在鸡组织内的分布、消长规律及毒性试验

通过两侧翅内侧皮肤无血管处刺种和滴鼻、点眼等途径给10日龄商品蛋公鸡接种鸡痘病毒（FPV）弱毒疫苗株，利用PCR的方法检测其在鸡体内的分布与消长规律并对其毒性进行了研究。刺种组：接种后6h在刺种部位皮肤即可检测到病毒DNA；接种后1d，皮肤、肺、脑PCR检测阳性；7d，在皮肤、肺、脑，心、脾、肾、法氏囊均可检测到病毒DNA，肝为疑似；10、15d，肝为阳性；21d，脾、法氏囊PCR检测为阴性，肝为疑似；28d，除刺种部位皮肤外所有内脏器官中均未检测到病毒DNA，但刺种部位皮肤一直到接种后35d仍可检测到病毒DNA。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测均为阴性。滴鼻点眼组：基本规律与刺种组相同。接种后3h，在肺部即可检测到病毒DNA；6h，在肺和脑部PCR检测成阳性，法氏囊为疑似；1d，在肺、脑、心、脾、肾、法氏囊均可检测到病毒DNA，肝为疑似；21d，肺、肾、法氏囊、脑均为阳性。其中脑一直持续到接种后28d。而对照组在整个试验期间PCR检测均为阴性。毒性试验表明，FPV弱毒疫苗株虽使用安全但通过翅内侧皮肤无血管处大量刺种存在导致全身皮肤感染出痘的危险。     

H3亚型禽流感病毒巢式PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种H3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的检测方法,本研究针对H3亚型AIV HA基因保守序列,设计并筛选出2对特异性引物,通过优化反应条件,建立了H3亚型AIV巢式PCR检测方法。对该法进行特异性和敏感性检验,并用该法对96份临床样品进行检测。特异性试验结果表明该法只能检测到H3亚型AIV,对其他常见禽病病原体不扩增;敏感性试验结果表明该巢式PCR对H3亚型AIV检测下限为1×10³拷贝/μL,灵敏度比常规PCR高100倍;96份临床样品检测结果与病毒分离结果一致。本研究所建立的巢式PCR为H3亚型AIV的诊断提供了一种准确、有效的检测方法。     

孔雀新城疫病毒与大肠杆菌混合感染的诊断

从1只病死孔雀的肝、脾及脑组织悬浊液中分离到1株病毒,经HA和HI试验、病毒中和试验及荧光PCR试验,证明该病毒为新城疫病毒。取其肝及心血做细菌分离培养,经革兰氏染色、镜检及各多种生化试验鉴定为大肠杆菌,动物试验结果证明其具有致病性。由此说明,该孔雀死于新城疫和大肠杆菌混合感染。     

孔雀新城疫情毒与大肠杆菌混合感染的诊断

从1只病死孔雀的肝、脾及脑组织悬浊液中分离到1株病毒,经HA和HI试验、病毒中和试验及荧光PCR试验,证明该病毒为新城疫病毒.取其肝及心血做细菌分离培养,经革兰氏染色、镜检及各多种生化试验鉴定为大肠杆菌,动物试验结果证明其具有致病性.由此说明,该孔雀死于新城疫和大肠杆菌混合感染.     

一株天鹅源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定

2004年从广东某地送检的病死天鹅肺组织中分离到1株禽流感病毒,用血凝抑制试验(HI)、聚合酶链反应(PCR)、基因测序等对其进行了亚型鉴定。结果表明,此分离株具有血凝活性,且H5亚型禽流感病毒标准阳性血清能对其产生特异性抑制作用;分别用针对禽流感病毒M基因、H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因、N1亚型禽流感病毒NA基因特异性引物对该分离株进行PCR扩增,均获得特异性目的片段;测序及BLAST分析表明HA基因与A/chicken/Viet Nam/Ncvd8/2003(H5N1)的HA基因同源性为98%;NA基因与A/swine/Fujian/1/2003(H5N1)的NA基因同源性为98%,由此该分离株鉴定为H5N1亚型禽流感病毒,按照国际流感病毒系统命名原则将该病毒株暂命名为A/Swan/Guangdong/197/2004。     

一株普通鵟源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定

从深圳野生鸟类救护基地的1只普通鵟的泄殖腔拭子中分离到1株禽流感病毒,将该禽流感病毒进行鸡胚接种和HA、HI试验鉴定、HA基因扩增及测序分析,并进行致病性试验。结果表明,该分离株为H9N2亚型禽流感病毒,按照国际流感病毒系统命名原则将该病毒株暂命名为A/Wild bird/Guangdong/SZ-YN05/2015(H9N2)。进化分析显示,该毒株属于4.2.1分支,与SS/94株同源性较低,与A/Chicken/Shandong/GM-TH/2014(H9N2)的遗传距离最近。同时以血凝价HA 8log2病毒尿囊液稀释200倍静脉注射接种感染4周SPF鸡,感染3d后从心、肝、肺、肾、气管、咽及肛分别检测到病毒,感染7d后从心、肝、肺、肾、气管均未分离到病毒,咽部病毒分离率2/6,肛部病毒分离率3/6。     

猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒在人工感染仔猪体内侵染过程和分布规律的研究

为研究血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒(HEY)在人工感染仔猪体内的侵袭过程和分布规律,本实验采用滴鼻的方式感染5头1日龄未食初乳仔猪,并在感染后每隔24 h迫杀1头仔猪,采集鼻黏膜、气管、口腔黏膜、舌、食管、胃、肠、心肌、肝、脾、肺、肾、各段脊髓和脑等组织脏器制作切片,通过间接免疫组织化学方法检测HEV在仔猪体内的动态侵袭过程.此外,采用SYBR Green Ⅰ实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)方法检测病毒在各组织脏器中的分布情况.结果显示:感染病毒后2 d～3 d,仔猪出现精神沉郁、全身震颤等中枢神经系统症状,免疫组织化学检测可见病毒抗原首先出现于脑桥,并进一步蔓延至延髓和各段脊髓,最后进入小脑浦肯野氏细胞和大脑皮层锥体细胞中;Real-time PCR检测结果显示病毒广泛分布于大脑皮层、脑桥、延髓、脊髓和小脑等中枢神经系统的组织中,其中大脑皮层的检出率最高.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.