原料乳和临床乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因检测及药敏分析

对临床乳房炎（57株）和原料乳（44株）金黄色葡萄球菌菌株,用PCR方法检测mecA基因、PVL基因、ETs基因、SEs基因和TSST-1基因;采用CLSI指导说明执行琼脂稀释法药敏性试验。结果显示原料乳菌株中,84.09%携带有毒素基因,其中PVL的检出率为84.09%,肠毒素的检出率为52.27%,主要流行的肠毒素基因为sea（56.82%）,均未检测到携带mecA、ETs、TSST-1、sei和sej基因的菌株;同时得到10种毒素基因型,其主要流行的毒素基因型为PVL＋sea（29.55%）和PVL（27.27%）。临床菌株中,78.95%携带有毒素基因,其中PVL的检出率为28.07%,肠毒素的检出率为77.19%,主要流行的肠毒素基因为sea（47.37%）,没有检测到携带ETs、TSST-1和seh基因菌株;同时得到25种毒素基因型,其主要流行的毒素基因型为sea（19.30%）,其次是seb（7.02%）,sea＋sed＋sej（3.51%）和PVL＋sea＋seb＋sec＋seg＋sei（3.51%）。6株（10.53%）携带有mecA基因菌株均含有较多毒素基因。原料乳分离株对甲氧苄啶和头孢西丁的耐药率较高,分别为100%和86.36%,其次对氯霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林、头孢哌酮和庆大霉素的耐药率分别为11.36%、4.55%、2.27%、2.27%和6.82%,所有原料乳菌株均对环丙沙星敏感,同时得到8种耐药谱,多重耐药率达22%;临床乳房炎菌株对红霉素和甲氧苄啶的耐药率较高,分别为100%和71.93%,其次对氯霉素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、头孢西丁和苯唑西林的耐药率分别为28.07%、26.07%、24.56%、19.30%和7.02%,临床乳房炎菌株对头孢哌酮和四环素的敏感率为100%,同时得到13种耐药谱,多重耐药率达77.19%。所有原料乳和临床乳房炎菌株均对万古霉素和阿米卡星敏感。临床乳房炎菌株携带的毒素基因和多重耐药率比原料奶菌株高,同时在临床乳房炎乳中检测到MRSA菌株,提示我们应加强乳及其乳制品的管理,并对奶牛乳房炎加以重视。     

新疆维吾尔自治区阿拉尔市某规模化养殖场猪乳源金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及其毒力、耐药性分析

[目的]分离鉴定新疆维吾尔自治区阿拉尔市猪乳源金黄色葡萄球菌,了解其致病性和耐药性。[方法]从阿拉尔市某规模化养殖场收集6份新鲜猪乳样本,采用甘露醇高盐琼脂（MSA）培养基分离乳样中的金黄色葡萄球菌,利用表型鉴定方法及细菌16S rDNA序列分析法对分离到的菌株进行鉴定,检测分离菌株的生物被膜形成能力,利用K-B纸片扩散法进行药物敏感性试验,利用PCR法检测毒力基因和耐药基因。[结果]经分离培养及分子生物学鉴定,从6份乳样中获得2株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为33.33%(2/6);2株金黄色葡萄球菌均具有强生物被膜形成能力（+++）;2株金黄色葡萄球菌均对利福平敏感,均对青霉素、头孢西丁、四环素、红霉素、替米考星、克林霉素和磺胺甲噁唑耐药;在检测的5种耐药基因中,2株金黄色葡萄球菌均携带ant(4)基因和mecA基因;在检测的20种毒力基因中,共检测到6种毒力基因,其中,2株金黄色葡萄球菌均携带seg、sei、hlb、fnbA、clfA基因,有1株携带hla基因。[结论]该养殖场猪乳源金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成能力强,携带多种毒力基因和耐药基因,表现为多重耐药性。     

内蒙古地区奶牛乳源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性研究

为了确定内蒙古地区奶牛中乳源金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药表型及其耐药基因的流行情况,采用生化鉴定法结合PCR方法对奶牛乳源金黄色葡萄球菌进行了分离、鉴定。采用微量稀释法测定了15种临床常用抗菌药物对21株金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑制菌浓度(MICs)。结果显示,分离菌株对青霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率较高,分别为81%和75.5%;对头孢菌素类药物的耐药率也较高,均在60%~70%之间;对大环内酯类和四环素类抗生素的耐药率均在40%~50%之间。乳源金黄色葡萄球菌对3种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率较低,均小于30%;对庆大霉素也比较敏感,耐药率13.2%。以上分离菌株对万古霉素全部敏感。联合用药的药敏试验结果显示,菌株对阿莫西林-克拉维酸高度敏感,耐药率仅9.5%。多重耐药表型结果显示,75.5%的菌株耐2~7种药,24.5%的菌株耐8~13种药。通过PCR方法对奶牛乳源金黄色葡萄球菌所携带的耐药表型及基因进行检测,结果表明,分离菌株中有3种四环素耐药基因组合在流行。分别是tet M+tet L1株(4.76%)和18株分离菌携带bla Z耐药基因,检出率为85.7%。由此可见,内蒙古地区奶牛乳源性金黄色葡萄球菌对15种抗菌药物产生了不同程度的耐药性,且多重耐药情况较为严重;分离菌株中有tet M、tet K、tet L和bla Z耐药基因在流行,分别编码了对四环素类和β-内酰类抗生素的耐药性。     

湖南部分地区乳源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性及溶血性分析

为调查湖南省部分地区奶牛场生鲜乳源金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)的检出情况，同时调查金黄色葡萄球菌溶血素基因型与溶血表型的分布情况及二者的关系。采用肉汤稀释法对分离自湖南省部分地区奶牛场生鲜乳的54株金黄色葡萄球菌进行18种常见抗菌药物耐药性检测，采用绵羊血琼脂平板检测细菌溶血性，并采用PCR方法扩增分离菌株mecA基因及5个溶血素基因。结果显示，54株金黄色葡萄球菌均表现不同程度的耐药，耐药谱型达21种；21株金黄色葡萄球菌表现为多重耐药，最高耐药重数为9重；对青霉素耐药最严重，耐药率达85.19%,对头孢西丁、苯唑西林、克林霉素、庆大霉素及大环内酯类药物(红霉素、替米考星)耐药率在20%～30%之间，对多西环素与万古霉素敏感；从24株分离菌中检出mecA基因，鉴定为MRSA。54株分离株在羊血琼脂平板上主要以β和γ溶血为主，α、β及γ溶血率分别为12.9%、44.4%和42.6%;各溶血素基因检出率分别为98.1%(hla)、94.4%(hlb)、96.3%(hld...     

牛乳金黄色葡萄球菌分离株超抗原肠毒素基因分型研究

为研究牛乳金黄色葡萄球菌 SP-3分离株携带超抗原肠毒素的基因型，设计合成了金黄色葡萄球菌超抗原肠毒素基因 SEA-SEE 及 TSST-1特异性引物，并以其固有基因 femA 和 femB 为阳性对照，以分离菌株 DNA 为模板，经 PCR 扩增菌株携带的毒素基因。结果表明，SP-3分离株和阳性对照菌株均含有femA 和 femB 基因，且牛乳分离株携带 sea、sec、sed 和 tst-14种超抗原肠毒素基因，为开展动物源超抗原毒素基因系统分型及有效防控金黄色葡萄球菌奶牛乳腺炎奠定基础。     

牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及其肠毒素分型研究

为了解我国部分生鲜牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌污染状况和耐药情况,为指导奶牛场安全合理用药和保障消费者食品安全提供依据.采集3个省共6个奶牛场及挤奶站的新鲜牛奶进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定、药敏试验以及分离菌肠毒素PCR分型.结果从338份生鲜牛奶中共分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌共39株,分离率为11.54％;所有分离菌株都有不同程度的耐药,尤其对磺胺类药物和青霉素类的耐药性非常严重；92.3％的菌株含SEA SAJ基因肠毒素.     

内蒙古地区乳源金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的分布

为了了解内蒙古地区金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的分布状况,并为评估金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素的污染风险和研制金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗提供基础资料,试验采用PCR方法,对2015年从内蒙古地区临床型奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的121株金黄色葡萄球菌进行16种肠毒素基因的检测。结果表明:121株金黄色葡萄球菌全部携带肠毒素基因,其中携带比例较高的是sei、selm和selj基因,分别为121株(100%)、81株(66.94%)和64株(52.89%),未检测到see、selo和selp基因。携带传统肠毒素基因(sea-see)的有59株(48.76%),携带新型肠毒素基因(seg-selq)的有121株(100%)。同时携带2种及2种以上肠毒素毒基因的有118株(97.52%),组合也很复杂。说明内蒙古地区的奶牛场存在着很大的金黄色葡萄球菌安全隐患,防治较为困难。     

新疆、内蒙古部分地区乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性与耐药性分析

为确定患乳房炎奶牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性和耐药性状况,试验自2018年4月至2018年5月采集了新疆地区70例和内蒙古地区50例患乳房炎奶牛生鲜乳样。通过对奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌培养、分离纯化,KB纸片扩散法药敏试验及PCR耐药基因检测发现,新疆和内蒙古地区奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率分别为28.6%和54.0%;新疆地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对青霉素G的耐药性最高(75.0%),其次是磺胺异噁唑(60.0%)、林可霉素(55.0%);内蒙古地区的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同样对青霉素G高度耐受,耐药率为70.4%,其次为林可霉素(63.0%)、克林霉素(51.9%);两地区所分离菌株中,88.9%以上携带多种耐药基因,呈现多重耐药性;两地区所检出的高频耐药基因分别是新疆地区的ermA(30.0%)、dfrS1(30.0%)基因和内蒙古地区的lnuA(46.2%)基因。     

新疆、内蒙古部分地区乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性与耐药性分析

为确定患乳房炎奶牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性和耐药性状况,试验自2018年4月至2018年5月采集了新疆地区70例和内蒙古地区50例患乳房炎奶牛生鲜乳样。通过对奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌培养、分离纯化,KB纸片扩散法药敏试验及PCR耐药基因检测发现,新疆和内蒙古地区奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率分别为28.6%和54.0%;新疆地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对青霉素G的耐药性最高(75.0%),其次是磺胺异噁唑(60.0%)、林可霉素(55.0%);内蒙古地区的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同样对青霉素G高度耐受,耐药率为70.4%,其次为林可霉素(63.0%)、克林霉素(51.9%);两地区所分离菌株中,88.9%以上携带多种耐药基因,呈现多重耐药性;两地区所检出的高频耐药基因分别是新疆地区的ermA(30.0%)、dfrS1(30.0%)基因和内蒙古地区的lnuA(46.2%)基因。     

副猪嗜血杆菌广西分离株耐药性分析

为了了解广西副猪嗜血杆菌(HPS)的耐药情况,试验应用纸片扩散法测定了2009年5月份至2011年3月份分离自广西壮族自治区南宁、桂林、玉林、钦州市65个猪场的31株副猪嗜血杆菌药物敏感性。结果表明:31株菌株对罗红霉素、多黏菌素B和链霉素的耐药率为58.1%、54.8%和51.6%;对头孢西丁、阿莫西林、氨苄西林、卡那霉素、阿米卡星、新霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星的耐药率为16.1%～41.9%;对庆大霉素、氟苯尼考和头孢噻肟的耐药率只有6.5%、9.7%和9.7%。在31株HPS广西分离株中,只有1株菌株对14种抗菌药敏感,仅占3.2%;4株菌株只对1种抗菌药产生耐药性,占12.9%;其余26株菌株对2种以上抗菌药产生耐药性,占83.6%。     

Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples submitted for bacterial culture: 8,905 samples (1994-2001)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antimicrobial resistance patterns of major mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows have changed over time. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 8905 bacterial isolates obtained from milk samples submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1994 and June 2001. PROCEDURE: Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by means of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Logistic regression was used to determine whether percentages of isolates resistant to various antimicrobials changed over time. RESULTS: For the gram-positive mastitis pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to various flactam antimicrobials did not increase over the course of the study. Percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 49 to 30%; percentage of Streptococcus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 6 to 1%. Percentage of isolates resistant to erythromycin increased for S aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Enterococcus spp, and Pasteurella spp. Percentage of isolates resistant to lincomycin increased for S aureus and Staphylococcus spp. Percentage of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates resistant to pirlimycin increased from 6 to 19%. For several pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to sulfisoxazole and to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole decreased. No pathogens had a significant increase in the percentage of isolates resistant to novobiocin-penicillin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results did not indicate a trend toward increased antimicrobial resistance among mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows between 1994 and 2001. Reduced resistance to flactam antimicrobials was identified for several gram-positive mastitis pathogens.     

Etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of udder pathogens from cases of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in Sweden

Background

A nationwide survey on the microbial etiology of cases of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows was carried out on dairy farms in Sweden. The aim was to investigate the microbial panorama and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, differences between newly infected cows and chronically infected cows were investigated.

Methods

In total, 583 quarter milk samples were collected from 583 dairy cows at 226 dairy farms from February 2008 to February 2009. The quarter milk samples were bacteriological investigated and scored using the California Mastitis Test. Staphylococci were tested for betalactamase production and presence of resistance was evaluated in all specific udder pathogens. Differences between newly infected cows and chronically infected cows were statistically investigated using logistic regression analysis.

Results

The most common isolates of 590 bacteriological diagnoses were Staphylococcus (S) aureus (19%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS; 16%) followed by Streptococcus (Str) dysgalactiae (9%), Str. uberis (8%), Escherichia (E.) coli (2.9%), and Streptococcus spp. (1.9%). Samples with no growth or contamination constituted 22% and 18% of the diagnoses, respectively. The distribution of the most commonly isolated bacteria considering only bacteriological positive samples were: S. aureus - 31%, CNS - 27%, Str. dysgalactiae - 15%, Str. uberis - 14%, E. coli - 4.8%, and Streptococcus spp. - 3.1%. There was an increased risk of finding S. aureus, Str. uberis or Str. dysgalactiae in milk samples from chronically infected cows compared to findings in milk samples from newly infected cows. Four percent of the S. aureus isolates and 35% of the CNS isolates were resistant to penicillin G. Overall, resistance to other antimicrobials than penicillin G was uncommon.

Conclusions

Staphylococcus aureus and CNS were the most frequently isolated pathogens and resistance to antimicrobials was rare.     

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles among mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk samples

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether particular antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bovine mastitis-causing Staphylococcus aureus isolates were associated with specific S aureus genotypes. SAMPLE POPULATION:357 S aureus isolates recovered from milk samples submitted for diagnostic bacteriologic testing from 24 dairy herds. PROCEDURES: Antimicrobial susceptibility of S aureus isolates was assessed by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to 14 antimicrobial agents. After digestion of S aureus genomic DNA by SmaI, electrophoretic patterns were obtained via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and used to classify isolates into types. Gels were analyzed, and data were used to prepare dendrograms. RESULTS: 308 of 357 (86%) S aureus isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials evaluated. Forty-nine S aureus isolates were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobials; of these isolates, 37 were resistant only to penicillin, 9 were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, 2 were resistant to tetracycline, and 1 was resistant to erythromycin. Isolates were assigned to 7 PFGE types. An association was found between PFGE type and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Organisms with resistance to at least one of the tested antimicrobial agents were identified in only 4 of the 7 types of S aureus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Antimicrobial resistance was uncommon among the mastitis-causing S aureus isolates identified in the milk samples. A limited number of genotypes were associated with mastitis in these herds. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes were associated with particular S aureus PFGE types; this association may have implications for future treatment and control of S aureus-associated mastitis in cattle.     

猪肉和牛奶源葡萄球菌耐药性调查

2010年从贵州省猪肉和牛奶样品中分离鉴定出73株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌50株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌23株。采用琼脂稀释法检测其对18种抗菌药物的敏感性,运用统计学方法比较分析金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药性差异。结果显示,动物性食品源葡萄球菌耐药较严重,对临床上常用药物耐药率较高,且为多重耐药,其中乳源葡萄球菌的多重耐药现象较猪肉源葡萄球菌严重;猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、四环素和大环内酯类耐药,乳源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类、四环素、克林霉素、泰妙菌素及利福平耐药;猪肉源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌主要对氨苄西林、苯唑西林和泰妙菌素耐药,乳源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药谱与乳源金黄色葡萄球菌类似。     

上海地区奶牛的乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性

为调查上海地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,采集上海地区乳房炎患病乳样60 份,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验。结果表明：经分离鉴定,共检出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为13.33%;药敏实验结果表明,分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和氨苄西林的耐药率最高,均为100.00%,对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率次之,为50.00%,对头孢克洛、头孢唑肟、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和氯霉素的耐药率均为37.50%,对环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均为25.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance genes in staphylococci from poultry

The species distribution, susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents and presence of selected genes encoding resistance to macrolides, streptogramins and tetracyclines were examined among 118 staphylococcal isolates from infections of poultry in Denmark. Isolates were identified using a combination of conventional biochemical testing and 16S rDNA sequencing. The most common species were Staphylococcus aureus (83), Staphylococcus hyicus (11), Staphylococcus xylosus (9) and Staphylococcus cohnii (6). The isolates were susceptible to most antimicrobials tested. A high frequency of S. aureus (30%) was resistant to ciprofloxacin. Only six (7%) S. aureus isolates and one Staphylococcus saprophyticus were penicillin resistant. Resistance to sulphamethoxazole was observed among 16 (19%) of S. aureus isolates and two coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). Twenty (24%) of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to erythromycin and 19 of these isolates contained the ermA gene, whereas the remaining isolate contained the ermC gene. Eleven (48%) of the novobiocin resistant CNS were resistant to erythromycin and all these isolates contained the ermA gene. Two isolates identified as S. xylosus, were found to be resistant to streptogramins and both contained the vatB- and the vgaB-genes. Thirty-nine (47%) of the S. aureus isolates, three of nine S. hyicus and eight of the 23 novobiocin resistant CNS were tetracycline resistant and all contained the tet(K) gene. A single S. aureus isolate also contained the tet(M) gene. The present study showed a frequent occurrence of resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and macrolides among staphylococci isolated from broilers in Denmark, whereas the occurrence of resistance to other antimicrobial agents remains low. Similar genes, encoding resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline and streptogramins to those previously observed, were detected.     

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains from dairy herds in KwaZulu-Natal

Staphylococcus aureus is 1 of the most important causes of bovine mastitis and is responsible for significant economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. One of the principal approaches used in treating intramammary infections is the administration of antimicrobials. Due to the propensity of S. aureus to develop resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility monitoring is necessary to ensure that treatment regimens are effective. As part of this investigation, 90 S. aureus strains isolated from mastitis cases submitted to Allerton Provincial Veterinary Laboratory during 2008 and 2009 were evaluated for their susceptibility to a panel of 10 antimicrobials. Only 8 of the 90 S. aureus isolates tested (8.9%) were found to be susceptible to all of the antimicrobials evaluated. A very high level of resistance to the beta-lactam antibiotics was noted: 47.8% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and 65.6% were resistant to ampicillin. Minimal resistance to oxacillin, cephalothin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1.1%) was found. Seventeen (18.9%) of the isolates tested were found to be resistant to 3 or more antimicrobials. The need for vigilant monitoring of bacterial resistance trends in the dairy industry is warranted as the potential public health implications are significant.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mammary parenchymas of slaughtered dairy cows

The high prevalence of the great resistance to antimicrobials shown by the aetiological agents of infectious bovine mastitis, often leads to chronic recurrent mastitis, one of the main causes of early culling of dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mammary parenchymas of slaughtered dairy cows, to different anti-microbials. A total of 45 Staphylococcus spp. strains [33 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) and 12 Staphylococcus aureus (SA)] were used. These strains were tested with 12 different antimicrobials by the Kirby and Bauer standardized disc diffusion method; 84.44% and 86.66% of the 45 strains were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, respectively. The highest sensitivity was to cephalothin (84.44%), gentamicin (80%) and to sulphazotrin (77.77%). CNS showed higher resistance (P < 0.05) than SA. The in vitro susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from mammary parenchymas studied in the present investigation was similar to that observed in recent studies of in vitro and in vivo susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cases of bovine mastitis.