新疆、内蒙古部分地区乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性与耐药性分析

为确定患乳房炎奶牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性和耐药性状况,试验自2018年4月至2018年5月采集了新疆地区70例和内蒙古地区50例患乳房炎奶牛生鲜乳样。通过对奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌培养、分离纯化,KB纸片扩散法药敏试验及PCR耐药基因检测发现,新疆和内蒙古地区奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率分别为28.6%和54.0%;新疆地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对青霉素G的耐药性最高(75.0%),其次是磺胺异噁唑(60.0%)、林可霉素(55.0%);内蒙古地区的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同样对青霉素G高度耐受,耐药率为70.4%,其次为林可霉素(63.0%)、克林霉素(51.9%);两地区所分离菌株中,88.9%以上携带多种耐药基因,呈现多重耐药性;两地区所检出的高频耐药基因分别是新疆地区的ermA(30.0%)、dfrS1(30.0%)基因和内蒙古地区的lnuA(46.2%)基因。     

内蒙古部分地区致奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌和产色葡萄球菌的分子流行病学及耐药性研究

为调查奶牛乳房炎中金黄色葡萄球菌和产色葡萄球菌的流行病学和耐药性情况,本研究对采集自内蒙古部分地区3个规模化奶牛场的330份奶样进行了葡萄球菌的分离、鉴定、耐药表型分析及基因型的检测;采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)方法对分离株进行了亲缘性分析,多位点序列分型(MLST)法对金黄色葡萄球菌进行了基因分型分析。结果表明,从330份奶样共分离到14株金黄色葡萄球菌和23株产色葡萄球菌,两者的分离率分别为4.24%(14/330)和6.97%(23/330);PFGE分型共获得8种不同谱型的金黄色葡萄球菌和16种不同谱型的产色葡萄球菌,表明这些分离株中存在克隆传播现象;药敏试验结果显示,两种病原菌对林可霉素、青霉素、苯唑西林和红霉素耐药率较高,分别为66.67%(16/24)、66.67%(16/24)、37.5%(9/24))和25%(6/24);介导青霉素耐药的bla Z基因检出率最高,为54.17%(13/24),其次为介导林可霉素和红霉素耐药的Inu(A)和erm(B)基因,其检出率分别为33.33%(8/24)和20.83%(5/24)。本研究结果为控制该地区奶牛乳房炎的传播、蔓延及临床用药提供了实验依据。     

我国部分省区牛源金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌药物敏感性调查

为调查我国奶牛乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的药物敏感性情况,以便为该病的临床用药提供参考,本试验采用纸片扩散法对从北京、山西、内蒙古、新疆、浙江5省区奶牛乳房炎奶样中分离的148株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了抗菌药物敏感性检测。北京、山西、内蒙古分离株的临床药敏试验显示,所有菌株对头孢西丁、多西环素、四环素敏感或中介,对红霉素、克林霉素、青霉素、复方新诺明严重耐药,对氯霉素、环丙沙星和庆大霉素的敏感性有地域性差异,66%～100%的菌株同时对3种以上的抗菌药物耐药;新疆86株分离株和浙江20株分离株的临床药敏试验显示,所有菌株除对红霉素、克林霉素、青霉素、复方新诺明耐药外,对多西环素和四环素完全耐药,86%以上的分离株对5种以上抗菌药物耐药,同时还发现头孢西丁耐药株。调查结果显示,5省区乳房炎奶样中的金黄色葡萄球菌除对头孢类(头孢西丁)敏感外,对其他类型抗菌药物均存在一定程度的耐药,尤其对大环内酯类(红霉素)、林可胺类(克林霉素)、青霉素类(青霉素)、磺胺类(复方新诺明)抗菌药物严重耐药,对3～5种以上不同类型抗菌药物的多重耐药也较为普遍。调查表明,牛源性金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性的广泛存在将对金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的抗菌药物治疗形成严重挑战。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与耐药分析

为了解本地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的流行与耐药情况，本研究采集了300份奶牛乳房炎奶样，进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离、培养，利用荧光PCR方法鉴定，同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。结果表明：从奶牛乳房炎样品中分离出42株金黄色葡萄球菌，分离率为14%；耐药性分析表明分离的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、磺胺异噁唑耐药率超过70%，对庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、头孢哌酮敏感性大于90%。本研究为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防控与临床用药提供了依据。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为深入了解内蒙古自治区、河北省、黑龙江省、上海市和山东省奶牛体内金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况,从5个省市自治区共收集247份患乳房炎奶牛乳样,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离。通过染色镜检、PCR和微量肉汤稀释法鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌并检测其耐药性。结果表明金黄色葡萄球菌分离率12.15%。所分离得到金黄色葡萄球菌对氨曲南的耐药率最高,达到了100%;其次为青霉素(80%)、氧氟沙星(43.33%)、头孢西丁(43.33%)和美罗培南(43.33%),耐药率均高于40%。耐药率低于10%的为万古霉素(全部敏感)、苯唑西林(全部敏感)、利奈唑胺(全部敏感)、阿莫西林-克拉维酸(全部敏感)、氯霉素(3.33%)、复方新诺明(3.33%)、利福平(6.67%)和环丙沙星(6.67%)。检测结果为奶牛乳房炎的防控和临床用药提供了参考依据。     

石河子地区奶牛乳房炎源金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的主要致病菌之一,为调查引起新疆石河子地区规模化奶牛场奶牛乳房炎中金黄色葡萄球菌的感染情况及其对常用药物的敏感性,于石河子地区部分奶牛场采集85份临床型或隐性乳房炎奶牛的奶样进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离、鉴定及耐药性试验。结果表明:从85份奶样中分离到9种共计127株细菌,经选择性培养基培养、生化试验和16S rRNA PCR鉴定,其中60株为金黄色葡萄球菌,占47.24%;还有腐生葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌属、假单胞杆菌属、肠球菌属等。药敏试验结果表明:所有菌株对杆菌肽、青霉素、头孢氨苄和强力霉素高度耐药,耐药率分别为100%、71.67%、66.67%和76.67%;对氯霉素、氟苯尼考和阿米卡星的敏感率分别达80.00%、83.33%和66.67%;除此之外也有一些菌株对新霉素表现为既不明显耐药也不敏感现象。     

乳房炎奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌毒素基因的检测及PFGE分型研究

作者针对临床及亚临床乳房炎奶牛乳汁中金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的毒素基因进行检测和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)基因分型,比较2种类型乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的差异.无菌法采集奶样,采用国际标准方法从中分离金黄色葡萄球菌,用多重PCR方法扩增nuc基因和mecA基因以确证金黄色葡萄球菌(SA)和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA).进一步用PCR方法检测SA的各种毒素基因(SEs、ETs、TSST 1和PVL基因等).利用限制性内切酶Sma Ⅰ对SA基因组DNA进行酶切和PFGE分析,最后利用BioNumerics软件进行聚类分析.结果:19.3％(23/119)的临床乳房炎奶样和14.8％(26/176)的亚临床乳房炎奶样确定为金黄色葡萄球菌阳性样品,分别从中分离鉴定出43株和26株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中临床乳房炎分离株中有5株为mecA基因阳性.临床乳房炎奶牛奶样中检测到SA的SEA、SEB、SED、SEJ和PVL毒素基因,检出率分别为3.8％(1株)、11.5％(3株)、19.2％(5株)、7.7％(2株)和31.2％(10株);亚临床乳房炎奶牛乳样中仅检测到SA的SEA和PVL毒力基因,检出率分别为7.0％(3株)和84.1％(37株).表明临床与亚临床乳房炎奶牛乳汁中SA菌株携带的毒素基因不一样,SEs可能是临床乳房炎菌株的重要致病基因,PVL可能是亚临床乳房炎菌株的重要致病基因.69株SA使用Sma Ⅰ酶切分型后,可分为7个大簇、50个基因型,来源相同的SA分型后大部分位于同一簇内.临床乳房炎奶牛乳汁中检测到MRSA菌株,PVL基因在亚临床乳房炎中的检出率为临床乳房炎的2.7倍.PFGE方法能较好的区分临床乳房炎和亚临床乳房炎的SA分离菌株.     

内蒙古地区奶牛乳源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性研究

为了确定内蒙古地区奶牛中乳源金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药表型及其耐药基因的流行情况,采用生化鉴定法结合PCR方法对奶牛乳源金黄色葡萄球菌进行了分离、鉴定。采用微量稀释法测定了15种临床常用抗菌药物对21株金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑制菌浓度(MICs)。结果显示,分离菌株对青霉素和氨苄西林的耐药率较高,分别为81%和75.5%;对头孢菌素类药物的耐药率也较高,均在60%~70%之间;对大环内酯类和四环素类抗生素的耐药率均在40%~50%之间。乳源金黄色葡萄球菌对3种氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率较低,均小于30%;对庆大霉素也比较敏感,耐药率13.2%。以上分离菌株对万古霉素全部敏感。联合用药的药敏试验结果显示,菌株对阿莫西林-克拉维酸高度敏感,耐药率仅9.5%。多重耐药表型结果显示,75.5%的菌株耐2~7种药,24.5%的菌株耐8~13种药。通过PCR方法对奶牛乳源金黄色葡萄球菌所携带的耐药表型及基因进行检测,结果表明,分离菌株中有3种四环素耐药基因组合在流行。分别是tet M+tet L1株(4.76%)和18株分离菌携带bla Z耐药基因,检出率为85.7%。由此可见,内蒙古地区奶牛乳源性金黄色葡萄球菌对15种抗菌药物产生了不同程度的耐药性,且多重耐药情况较为严重;分离菌株中有tet M、tet K、tet L和bla Z耐药基因在流行,分别编码了对四环素类和β-内酰类抗生素的耐药性。     

上海地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了获得上海地区奶牛乳房炎病原菌及其药物敏感性的系统资料并为指导临床合理用药和提高奶牛乳房炎防治效果提供理论依据,本研究对在上海郊区4个奶牛场采集的临床型和隐性乳房炎患牛的126份奶样进行细菌培养、分离鉴定和药敏试验.共分离到萄葡球菌,无乳链球菌,大肠杆菌3种主要病原菌107株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌74株,占分离菌株的69.16%;无乳链球菌27株,占分离菌株的25.23%;病原菌单独感染率为48.78%,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的单独感染率达39.02%;病原菌混合感染率占51.22%,多为金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌混合感染.主要病原菌对头孢拉定、环丙沙星、庆大霉素敏感,对大多数抗菌素产生了不同程度的耐药性,对氨苄青霉素产生了完全耐药性.     

陕西省奶牛乳房炎乳中凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的分离及耐药性分析

为了解陕西省部分地区引起奶牛乳房炎的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(coagulase-negative Staphylococci,CNS)耐药性及耐药基因携带情况,采集陕西地区16个奶牛场88份临床型乳房炎奶样,分离得到29株CNS。采用KB药敏纸片法和PCR法分别检测并计算分离株表型耐药率与所携带相关耐药基因的阳性率,并比较两者的相符率。结果显示,分离的29株CNS对林可霉素表现出完全耐药,对青霉素、克拉霉素、磺胺异噁唑等7种药物的耐药率在65.5%以上,对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、多西环素等12种药物的耐药率为6.9%～55.2%。分离菌株还表现了较强的多重耐药性,其中93.1%的CNS分离菌株能耐5种以上的抗生素;分离的29株CNS耐药基因dfrG、Blaz、InuA、mecA阳性率为27.6%～55.2%,耐药基因msrB、ermC的阳性率小于20.7%,耐药表型与耐药基因型相符率为10.7%～85.7%。说明从陕西地区分离的CNS表现出不同程度的耐药性,且多为多重耐药,耐药基因与耐药表型的相符率比较低。研究结果为引起奶牛乳房炎的CNS防控提供了依据。     

内蒙古地区羊源大肠杆菌耐药性研究

为确定内蒙古地区羊源大肠杆菌的耐药表型及其耐药基因的流行情况,本研究采用微量稀释法测定了内蒙古地区108株羊源大肠杆菌对13种临床常用抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度。结果显示,分离菌株对阿莫西林、头孢噻吩、磺胺甲唑、黏菌素的耐药率最高,均达100.0%,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、四环素、环丙沙星的耐药率在50%~80%之间,对头孢噻肟、美洛培南、新霉素的耐药率均低于10%,较为敏感。108株羊源大肠杆菌中耐7种以上药物的菌株占94.4%,其中15.6%菌株对13种抗菌药物耐药,只有1株菌对所有抗菌药物敏感。采用PCR方法对羊源大肠杆菌分离株所携带的6种相关耐药基因进行检测,结果显示,6种耐药基因中的4种耐药基因bla_TEM、proP-2、sul-Ⅰ、ampG检出率超过50%,耐药基因aph（3'）-Ⅰ携带率达40%,只有耐药基因aac（3）-Ⅱ检出率仅为5.5%。由此可见,内蒙古地区羊源大肠杆菌对13种抗菌药物产生了不同程度的耐药性,且存在严重的多重耐药情况,羊源大肠杆菌分离株携带aph（3'）-Ⅰ、sul-Ⅰ、ampG、bla_TEM、proP-2、aac（3）-Ⅱ耐药基因。     

Study on the Drug-resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Sheep in Inner Mongolia

In order to determine the drug resistance phenotype and prevalence of drug resistance genes in Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from sheep in Inner Mongolia, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the isolates to antibiotics commonly used in veterinary clinical were detected by micro-dilution method in vitro. The results showed that the highest resistance rates of the isolates to amoxicillin,cephalothin,sulfamethoxazole and polymyxin were up to 100.0%,respectively.To amoxicillin-clavulanic, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin were 50% to 80%. These isolates were sensitive to cefotaxime, meropenem trihydrate, neomycin, and their resistance rates were all less than 10%. Among the 108 strains of E.coli from sheep, 94.4% of them were resistant to more than 7 antimicrobial agents,15.6% of them were resistant to 13 antimicrobial agents, only one strain was sensitive to all antimicrobial agents. Six kinds of resistance genes among the 108 E.coli isolates were detected by PCR method.The results showed that detection rates of 4 kinds of drug resistance genes including bla_TEM, proP-2, sul-Ⅰ and ampG were all over 50%,the detection rate of resistance gene aph (3')-Ⅰ was up to 40%, only resistance gene aac(3)-Ⅱ detection rate was 5.5%. Thus, the sheep E.coli isolates in Inner Mongolia produced various degrees of resistance to 13 kinds of antibiotics, and their multi-drug resistances were very serious. They carried aph(3')-Ⅰ, sul-Ⅰ, ampG, bla_TEM, proP-2 and aac(3)-Ⅱ resistance genes.     

Antimicrobial resistance and resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains from rabbits

Fifty-six Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered between 1998 and 2003 from 31 rabbit farms with and without problems of chronic staphylococcosis, were screened for resistance to enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, lincomycin, neomycin, penicillin and tetracyclines using the agar dilution test. For penicillin, a disk diffusion test was also performed. The detection of tetP(B), tet(K), tet(L), tet(M), tet(O), tet(T), tet(W), erm(A), erm(B), erm(C) and mec(A) genes was done via a PCR assay. Four isolates showed resistance to erythromycin and lincomycin. These isolates were positive for the erm(C) gene in the PCR. Eleven strains were resistant to tetracyclines and all harboured the tet(K) gene. In the agar dilution test, five isolates showed resistance to penicillin, whereas in the disk diffusion test 12 isolates showed resistance. None of these 12 resistant isolates carried the mec(A) gene. Only one strain showed resistance to gentamicin, and all strains were susceptible to enrofloxacin and neomycin. This study demonstrates that resistance to antimicrobial agents in S. aureus isolates originating from rabbits is relatively rare compared to resistance in S. aureus isolates originating from other animals and humans.     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性及肠毒素分型研究

为了解从生鲜乳中分离得到的31株金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性和肠毒素分布情况,用微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验,用PCR方法进行肠毒素的检测和分型。结果表明,31株金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率在50%以上的抗菌药有7种,药耐药率小于10%的有3种;敏感率大于50%的抗菌药有6种,敏感率小于10%的有5种。31株金黄色葡萄球菌毒素基因携带率为93.5%,同时携带2种及以上毒素的菌株占67.7%,有SEA基因的占38.7%,含其他传统的毒素基因类型SEB、SEC、SED和SEE基因的菌株只占40.4%,携带新发现的毒素基因SEG、SHE、SEI和SEJ的菌株占67.7%。说明本次试验中的31株金黄色葡萄球菌对6类13种抗菌药都有不同程度的耐药性,且多重耐药现象比较严重。生鲜乳中分离的金黄色葡萄球菌带毒率高,且携带新发现的肠毒素基因较多。     

上海地区奶牛的乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性

为调查上海地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性,采集上海地区乳房炎患病乳样60 份,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏实验。结果表明：经分离鉴定,共检出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为13.33%;药敏实验结果表明,分离得到的金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G和氨苄西林的耐药率最高,均为100.00%,对磺胺甲恶唑的耐药率次之,为50.00%,对头孢克洛、头孢唑肟、洛美沙星、诺氟沙星、四环素、庆大霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和氯霉素的耐药率均为37.50%,对环丙沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率均为25.00%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶     

我国牛源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药现状及药敏检测方法探讨

为调查我国牛源金黄色葡萄球菌的临床耐药现状,对2009年以来新疆、浙江、山东、内蒙古和上海五省区不同地方分离的120株金黄色葡萄球菌用纸片扩散法进行临床药敏试验。结果显示,新疆分离株对红霉素、克林霉素、青霉素、复方新诺明、多西环素、四环素耐药,22%的菌株对头孢西丁耐药,43%的对氯霉素耐药,64%的对环丙沙星耐药,58%的对庆大霉素耐药;其它4地区分离株耐药情况更为严重,除头孢西丁以外,对其它9种抗生素均耐药。对菌株的多重耐药情况分析发现,新疆分离株中对5种以上抗生素耐药的占86.1%,对10种抗生素完全耐药的占17.4%;而内地分离株的数据为100%和38.2%。此外,在试验中鉴定出33株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,新疆19株,占新疆菌株的22.1%,内地四地区14株,占内地分离株的41.2%。结合2005~2009年间发表的相关耐药数据的分析结果,研究显示,我国牛源金黄色葡萄球菌呈现多重耐药,且出现了耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,并在不同地区分离株中占有一定的比例;研究还发现,新疆分离株与浙江、山东、内蒙古和上海四地分离株的耐药情况有较大差异。此外,在整理药敏试验资料时,发现在金黄色葡萄球菌药敏试验中,药物的选择没有遵循选药规则,试验操作不规范和试验结果的报告不规范等问题,对此提出一些探讨性建议,供试验人员参考。     

生驼乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

为了解生驼乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的污染状况,本文从骆驼养殖户中采集了90 份生驼乳,对其进行金黄色葡萄球菌的增菌、培养和分离,并利用全自动微生物生化鉴定仪进行鉴定,同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。生化鉴定结果表明,90 份生驼乳样本中分离出8 株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率8.9%。耐药性分析表明,8 株阳性菌株对青霉素耐药率达75%;对氧氟沙星敏感率最高,可达100%;对头孢哌酮钠、环丙沙星敏感性较高,敏感率可达87.5%;对链霉素、卡那霉素、阿莫西林、头孢唑啉和头孢西丁,四环素、氯霉素、头孢噻肟、林可霉素、苯唑西林、庆大霉素较敏感,敏感率在37.5%~75.0%之间。本研究为对生驼乳中的金黄色葡萄球菌的污染防控提供了参考依据。     

Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples submitted for bacterial culture: 8,905 samples (1994-2001)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antimicrobial resistance patterns of major mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows have changed over time. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 8905 bacterial isolates obtained from milk samples submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1994 and June 2001. PROCEDURE: Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by means of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Logistic regression was used to determine whether percentages of isolates resistant to various antimicrobials changed over time. RESULTS: For the gram-positive mastitis pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to various flactam antimicrobials did not increase over the course of the study. Percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 49 to 30%; percentage of Streptococcus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 6 to 1%. Percentage of isolates resistant to erythromycin increased for S aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Enterococcus spp, and Pasteurella spp. Percentage of isolates resistant to lincomycin increased for S aureus and Staphylococcus spp. Percentage of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates resistant to pirlimycin increased from 6 to 19%. For several pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to sulfisoxazole and to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole decreased. No pathogens had a significant increase in the percentage of isolates resistant to novobiocin-penicillin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results did not indicate a trend toward increased antimicrobial resistance among mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows between 1994 and 2001. Reduced resistance to flactam antimicrobials was identified for several gram-positive mastitis pathogens.     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性及甲氧西林敏感和耐甲氧西林菌株演化相关性研究

为研究牛源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性以及甲氧西林敏感(MSSA)和耐甲氧西林(MRSA)菌携带的耐药基因、MRSA的SCCmec基因型,揭示牛源MSSA与MRSA之间的演化相关性和MRSA起源和扩散途径,对2009年以来中国五省区不同牛场分离的54株金黄色葡萄球菌进行了药敏试验.对确定的12株MSSA和MRSA进行了耐药基因检测、SCCmec基因型分型和多位点测序分型(MLST)研究.54株菌的药敏结果显示,对红霉素、克林霉素、青霉素、复方新诺明、多西环素、四环素、氯霉素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素的耐药菌株分别为88.8％、81.5％、88.9％、90.7％、92.6％、94.4％、79.6％、63.0％和70.4％.其中,对所测10种抗生素完全耐药的占5.6％,对5种以上耐药的占85.2％,6株(11.1％)对头孢西丁耐药.12株MSSA和MRSA菌株的药敏和耐药基因检测结果显示,3株MRSA对10种抗生素耐药;6株MSSA菌中,新疆分离株对2～4种抗生素耐药,其它省区分离株对7种以上抗菌素耐药.12株MSSA和MRSA菌均检出ermC和tetK基因;6株MRSA中均检出aac(6′)/aph(2")基因,5株检出tetM基因,4株检出aph(3′)-Ⅲ基因;6株MSSA均未检出aac(6′)/aph(2")和aph(3′)-Ⅲ,4株检出tetM基因.用多重PCR对MRSA进行SCCmec基因分型显示,5株为SCCmec Ⅳ,1株未能分型;12株菌的MLST分型发现,所有菌株分为ST50、ST965、ST6、ST97和ST9序列型.经eBURST v3分析,MRSA分布在CC7、CC4、CC21和CC9四个克隆复合群(CCs)中,MSSA分布在CC7和CC32克隆复合群中.以上研究表明,我国牛源金黄色葡萄球菌不仅耐药严重,且表现多重耐药;MRSA基因型以SCCmec Ⅳ为主.对牛源SCCmec Ⅳ型MRSA与同型人源MRSA的耐药谱分析发现有较大差异,推测位于质粒或转座子上的耐药基因可能插入到金黄色葡萄球菌基因组中,导致耐药基因在不同菌株间传播.根据ST97中有MSSA和MRSA以及牛源MRSA与人源MRSA的MLST比较,确认我国牛源MRSA是在抗生素的选择压力下由来源于不同克隆复合群的MSSA获得SCCmec Ⅳ而产生,推测同一克隆株MRSA的扩散并不是MRSA大范围出现的主要原因.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance genes in staphylococci from poultry

The species distribution, susceptibility to 19 antimicrobial agents and presence of selected genes encoding resistance to macrolides, streptogramins and tetracyclines were examined among 118 staphylococcal isolates from infections of poultry in Denmark. Isolates were identified using a combination of conventional biochemical testing and 16S rDNA sequencing. The most common species were Staphylococcus aureus (83), Staphylococcus hyicus (11), Staphylococcus xylosus (9) and Staphylococcus cohnii (6). The isolates were susceptible to most antimicrobials tested. A high frequency of S. aureus (30%) was resistant to ciprofloxacin. Only six (7%) S. aureus isolates and one Staphylococcus saprophyticus were penicillin resistant. Resistance to sulphamethoxazole was observed among 16 (19%) of S. aureus isolates and two coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). Twenty (24%) of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to erythromycin and 19 of these isolates contained the ermA gene, whereas the remaining isolate contained the ermC gene. Eleven (48%) of the novobiocin resistant CNS were resistant to erythromycin and all these isolates contained the ermA gene. Two isolates identified as S. xylosus, were found to be resistant to streptogramins and both contained the vatB- and the vgaB-genes. Thirty-nine (47%) of the S. aureus isolates, three of nine S. hyicus and eight of the 23 novobiocin resistant CNS were tetracycline resistant and all contained the tet(K) gene. A single S. aureus isolate also contained the tet(M) gene. The present study showed a frequent occurrence of resistance to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and macrolides among staphylococci isolated from broilers in Denmark, whereas the occurrence of resistance to other antimicrobial agents remains low. Similar genes, encoding resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline and streptogramins to those previously observed, were detected.