鸡组织细胞端粒相关序列的克隆及序列分析

根据真核细胞端粒DNA序列的共同特点，设计了一条引物（TELO02）（24nt)。按照TaKala克隆试剂盒的介绍方法，染色体基因组DNA经HaeⅢ和HinfⅠ两种限制性内切酶酶切后，先进行初级PCR（C1和TELO02）扩增，得到的产物为模板再经过次级PCR（C2和TELO2）扩增，得到的产物用试剂盒回收，并连接到PMD-18-T载体上，转化到JM109受体菌中，从阳性克隆中提取质粒DNA进行PCR和酶切鉴定，确认后进行序列测定，获得了一段243sbp的鸡端粒相关序列。此序列与人第7条染色体基因组末端序列的同源性为63.5%；与鼠端粒旁序列同源性为63.2%；而与MDV基因组序列的BamHⅠ酶切片段76.6%的同源。     

端粒酶活性检测方法的研究进展

端粒(Telomere)是真核细胞染色体末端的特异结构。由重复的端粒特异DNA和与它们特异结合的蛋白组成。在人类端粒特异DNA为5’～r丌AGGG～3’，这些重复序列的长度山种系细胞的15～20Kb到外周血白细胞的5～12Kb不等。它可以保护染色体不完全复制、防止DNA重组、被核酸酶降解，以及在复制过程中末端—末端融合。由于末断复制问题的存     

九种微孢子虫核糖体小亚单位RNA(SSUrRNA)基因拷贝数的研究

以已克隆测序的家蚕微孢子虫 (镇江株 ,Nosemabombycis)的核糖体小亚单位RNA(SSUrRNA)编码基因(12 0 5bp)为模板 ,用随机引物合成法标记的探针 ,在与 9种微孢子虫及家蚕基因组DNA的 6种限制性内切酶的酶切产物的Southern杂交图谱中 ,9种微孢子虫基因组DNA酶切产物的杂交图谱极为相似 ,而与家蚕基因组DNA的任何一种酶的酶切产物均无杂交信号 ,表明微孢子虫和家蚕的SSUrRNA基因同源性很低或没有同源性。同时还证实了已克隆的SSUrRNA基因来源于微孢子虫基因组DNA ,不是从家蚕基因组DNA扩增而来。在酶解较为完全的酶切产物的杂交图谱中 ,微孢子虫基因组DNA中SSUrRNA基因的拷贝数至少在 15以上     

EDSV分离株(Hd1株)DNA的限制性酶切分析和克隆

用SDS-ProteinaseK消化EDSV抗原-抗体复合物,苯酚-氯仿抽提DNA,得到了完整的EDSV基因组DNA,用限制性内切酶BalⅠ、BalⅡ、BamHⅠ、ClaⅠ、EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ、HpaⅠ、KpnⅠ、PstⅠ、PvuⅡ、SalⅠ、SmalⅠ、XbaⅠ酶切及EcoRⅠ BamHⅠ双酶切消化,对EDSV分离株Hd1的DNA进行了限制性内切酶酶切分析。结果表明,分离株Hd1与标准株AV127DNA各酶切片段数及各片段的相对分子量(kb)未见差异,说明分离株Hd1和标准株AV127属于同一基因型。将EcoRⅠ BamHⅠ双酶切得到的7个片段,与双酶切线性化的pUC19载体质粒连接,转化E.coliDH5α,克隆了其中的5个片段。     

蜜蜂端粒酶活性与端粒长度研究进展

端粒是存在于真核细胞染色体中的特殊结构,其功能是保护染色体末端的单链DNA不被机体识别成破损的双链DNA,避免错误修补,维持染色体的完整和细胞的活性,被称为“有丝分裂时钟”和“生命时钟”。在脊椎动物中,端粒的绝大部分是由一连串重复序列——(TTAGGG)n构成,在昆虫中,这种重复序列为(TTAGG)n,在植物中,这种重复序列为(TTTAGGG)n。端粒长度和端粒酶活性都可能影响动物的寿命,目前在医学上端粒的研究已经很成熟,但是在蜜蜂学上的研究很少,只有在蜜蜂滋养细胞和脂肪细胞上有所研究。目前应该以此为基础,借鉴端粒在医学上的研究,继续展开探索,以期获得更深入的结果,为提高蜜蜂寿命做出贡献。     

家蚕微孢子虫诊断新技术的研究

为了正确诊断家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bobycis, N.b),共征集了11种微孢子虫作为诊断的材料。根据N.b.孢子(日本株)的DNA序列,设计一对引物,以N.b.DNA为模板进行PCR扩增得到一个约317bp的片段,将此片段克隆到大肠杆菌DH5 α中,提取重组质粒、酶切、回收目的片段,经地高辛标记为探针,对N.b.等11种微孢子虫DNA进行核酸杂交检测,只有N.b.DNA呈阳性反应。检测灵敏度均达到1ng DNA水平。     

鸡毒霉形体HS株pMGA多基因族的研究

鸡毒霉形体（Mycoplasma gallisekpticum,GM)基因组中存在着编码细胞表面血凝粘附素蛋白（protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum adhesin,pMGA)相关基因组的多基因族。为筛选出含有完整的pMGA基因片段，并估算出鸡毒霉形体HS株基因组中pMGA多基因族的基因数，本试验以pUC18为载体，用EcoR I限制性内切酶构建了鸡毒霉形体HS株的基因组文库。根据pMGA基因引导序列的保守区和pMGA基因间隔区的序列，人工合成了2个寡核苷酸探针（探针I、探针Ⅱ），经标记后，双筛选所建的基因文库，从600个转化子中共得到的38个含有pMGA基因的阳性克隆子，选其中1个7．5kb的片段（17号阳性克隆子，W17），用4种限制性内切酶（EcoR I,Hind Ⅲ，Pst I,Bgl Ⅱ）酶切消化，绘制了该片段的物理图谱。该片段酶切产物经电泳、转膜后与探针I和探针Ⅱ杂交，发现2个探针杂交图谱基本相同，根据杂交带及放射信号的强度值，估测出该片段含有4个pMGA基因，以这个片段所含的pMGA基因数为标准，估算出鸡毒霉形体HS株含有39个pMGA基因。     

猪链球菌核糖体基因分型研究

从青岛农业大学动物科技学院实验室分离培养的15株猪链球菌中提取基因组DNA,利用PstⅠ消化并进行电泳分析,将电泳分离的DNA片段转移至尼龙膜上并固定;以大肠杆菌C83907 16srDNA两侧保守区域设计引物,利用PCR扩增出16srRNA基因片段,用地高辛标记制成探针;该探针与基因组DNA酶切片段进行杂交,通过对杂交带型分析,进而对猪链球菌进行核糖体基因分型。     

JA1对肝癌细胞端粒酶活性及细胞凋亡的影响

采用单管一步完成端粒重复序列扩增(TRAP)法检测肝癌细胞(HepG2)经某豆科植物种子粗提物(简称JA1)不同浓度作用前后和相同浓度、不同时间作用前后端粒酶活性的变化，并采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期的改变。结果显示，JA1可显著抑制HepG2的端粒酶活性，而且这种抑制效果有浓度依赖性和时间依赖性。流式细胞仪分析表明，经JA1作用后的HepG2标本中有明显的DNA低含量颗粒(“亚G1期”峰)，表明JA1诱导了HepG2的凋亡，且凋亡率与JA1的浓度和作用时间呈正相关。     

小球隐孢子虫gp15基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

为了给小球隐孢子虫(Cryptosporidium parvum)核酸疫苗的研制提供基因材料，用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术，从牛源小球隐孢子虫基因组中扩增了子孢子表面蛋白CPl5的gpl5基因(413bp)，然后将其克隆到pMDl8-T载体中，用Sanger’s双脱氧法对重组质粒中的插入片段进行序列分析。将测得的核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列与国外报道的序列进行同源性比较，结果表明核苷酸同源性为99．2％，氨基酸同源性为100％。     

Factors associated with shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum versus Cryptosporidium bovis among dairy cattle in New York State

OBJECTIVE: To isolate and speciate Cryptosporidium DNA from fecal samples obtained from dairy cattle in New York State and identify factors associated with whether cattle were shedding Cryptosporidium parvum versus Cryptosporidium bovis. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 115 fecal samples positive for DNA coding for the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene from dairy cattle in New York State. PROCEDURES: A PCR assay was used to amplify DNA from fecal samples; amplification products were submitted for bidirectional DNA sequencing. Logistic regression was used to test for associations between various host factors and Cryptosporidium spp. RESULTS: 70 of the 115 (61%) fecal samples were found to have C parvum DNA, 42 (37%) were determined to have C bovis DNA, and 3 (3%) were found to have C parvum deer-type DNA. The presence of diarrhea at the time of fecal sample collection, oocyst count, and breed were associated with whether cattle were infected with C parvum or C bovis, with animals more likely to be infected with C parvum if they had diarrhea, had a high oocyst count, or were Holsteins. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that C parvum and C bovis can be isolated from dairy cattle in New York State and that various factors affect whether cattle infected with Cryptosporidium spp are infected with C parvum or C bovis. Findings also lend credence to the theory that C bovis may be more host adapted and thus less pathogenic to dairy cattle than C parvum.     

Biology of Cryptosporidium parvum in pigs: from weaning to market

Cryptosporidium parvum is commonly identified as infecting domestic livestock and humans. Prevalence of C. parvum in pigs has been reported, however, the duration and infection pattern of naturally acquired Cryptosporidium infections in pigs has not been reported. This study was undertaken to investigate the age of oocyst shedding and duration of natural Cryptosporidium parvum infections in pigs from weaning to market weight. Fecal samples were collected from weaned Yorkshire-Landrace piglets (n=33) twice per week until Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected. Upon oocyst detection, fecal samples were collected three times per week and pigs were monitored throughout the study for diarrhea and examined after concentration and immunofluroescent staining. Cryptosporidium isolates were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction to amplify the HSP70 gene which was subsequently sequence analyzed. All 33 pigs shed oocysts some time during the study. The mean age of initial oocyst detection was 45.2 days post-weaning with the mean duration of infection 28.7 days. Mean number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was low and declined to zero prior to study completion. Episodes of diarrhea were not associated with oocyst excretion. Genetic sequences were obtained for 10 of the pigs. All of the 10 isolates aligned as the Cryptosporidium parvum 'pig' genotype. This study demonstrates that the age and duration of oocyst shedding in pigs infected with C. parvum porcine genotype is different from other livestock species.     

Cross-reactivities with Cryptosporidium spp. by chicken monoclonal antibodies that recognize avian Eimeria spp

In a previous study, we have developed several chicken monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Eimeria acervulina (EA) in order to identify potential ligand molecules of Eimeria. One of these mAbs, 6D-12-G10, was found to recognize a conoid antigen of EA sporozoites and significantly inhibited the sporozoite invasions of host T lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, some of these chicken mAbs showed cross-reactivities with several different avian Eimeria spp. and the mAb 6D-12-G10 also demonstrated cross-reactivities with the tachyzoites of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Cryptosporidium spp. are coccidian parasites closely related to Eimeria spp., and especially C. parvum is an important cause of diarrhea in human and mammals. In the present study, to assess that the epitopes recognized by these chicken mAbs could exist on Cryptosporidium parasites, we examined the cross-reactivity of these mAbs with Cryptosporidium spp. using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and Western blotting analyses. In IFA by chicken mAbs, the mAb 6D-12-G10 only showed a immunofluorescence staining at the apical end of sporozoites of C. parvum and C. muris, and merozoites of C. parvum. Western blotting analyses revealed that the mAb 6D-12-G10 reacted with the 48-kDa molecular weight band of C. parvum and C. muris oocyst antigens, 5D-11 reacted the 155 kDa of C. muris. Furthermore, these epitopes appeared to be periodate insensitive. These results indicate that the target antigen recognized by these chicken mAbs might have a shared epitope, which is present on the apical complex of apicomplexan parasites.     

Prophylactic use of decoquinate for infections with Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of daily oral administration of decoquinate to neonatal calves experimentally challenged with various numbers of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 75 calves. PROCEDURE: Calves were purchased from a commercial dairy during a 5-week period. Calves were housed in individual hutches and fed milk replacer with or without decoquinate (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb per day]). Calves were randomly assigned to treatment and 1 of 5 challenge groups (0, 50, 100, 1000, or 10,000 C. parvum oocysts in 60 mL of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution administered p.o. on the day after arrival). Calves were maintained in the study for as long as 28 days. Calves were clinically assessed for diarrhea and dehydration. Fecal samples were submitted for oocyst enumeration 3 times each week. RESULTS: Treatment did not affect number of days to first watery feces (diarrhea), number of days to first oocyst shedding, or duration of diarrhea or oocyst shedding. Duration of oocyst shedding was significantly associated with challenge dose of oocysts administered to calves and number of days to first oocyst shedding. Duration of diarrhea and number of days to first oocyst shedding were significantly associated with week of arrival and number of days to first watery diarrhea. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Daily treatment with decoquinate at the dosage used in this study did not affect oocyst shedding or clinical signs associated with cryptosporidiosis. However, there was an indication that if the number of oocysts calves received could be reduced, then the duration of oocyst shedding and, hence, environmental loading of C. parvum oocysts could be reduced.     

微小隐孢子虫CP15-P23-CP15/60基因的融合表达及抗血清的制备

以微小隐孢子虫基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增获得子孢子表面抗原CP15、P23和CP15/60基因。利用重叠延伸PCR(SOE PCR)将该3段基因片段串联在一起,各基因片段之间引入柔性氨基酸接头(GGGGS)编码基因。将串联基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)上,构建重组表达载体,转化到大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达,将纯化的重组蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠制备多克隆抗体。结果表明,获得了CP15-P23-CP15/60融合基因,并在大肠埃希菌中高效表达,Western blot显示重组蛋白能被牛抗微小隐孢子虫阳性血清识别,制备的多克隆抗体能被重组蛋白特异性识别,表明获得的重组蛋白具有较好的抗原性。     

Equine herpesvirus type 1: detection of viral DNA sequences in aborted fetuses with the polymerase chain reaction

Primers and probes were selected from the gene encoding glycoprotein 13 (gp 13) of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was run on infected and noninfected cultured cells and on 63 specimens from 29 aborted equine fetuses. The results were evaluated by electrophoresis and dot-blot hybridization using an oligonucleotide probe labeled with biotin. In the infected samples electrophoresis showed a PCR product of about 280 base pairs. The dot-blot hybridization confirmed that this product contained EHV-1 DNA sequences. PCR took 4 h and hybridization another 14 h; the results were thus achieved within 24 h and were highly specific for EHV-1. Close concordance was found between the results of PCR and virus isolation.     

Cloning and characterization of a genomic probe for malignant catarrhal fever virus

A genomic probe specific for malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus was cloned by using purified viral DNA from MCF-virus strain WCll. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the purified viral DNA was used to identify the cloned viral genomic fragment. Dot blot hybridization by use of the genomic probe (pRP-5) indicated that the probe hybridized specifically with WCll-MCF virus, as well as with one other isolate of MCF-associated herpesvirus. Hybridization also was observed to a non-MCF virus strain of bovine herpesvirus.     

Measurement of telomerase activity in dog tumors

Telomeres are specific structures present at the end of liner chromosomes. DNA polymerase can not synthesize the end of liner DNA and, as a result, the telomeres become progressively shortened by successive cell divisions. To overcome the end replication problem, telomerase adds new telomeric sequences to the end of chromosomal DNA. The enzyme activity is undetectable in most normal human adult somatic cells, in which shortening of the telomere is thought to limit the somatic-cell life span. In contrast to normal somatic cells, many human tumors possess telomerase activity. The present study looked at whether telomerase activity might serve as a marker for canine tumors. Telomerase activity was measured using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Normal dog somatic tissues showed little or no telomerase activity, while normal testis exhibited a high level of telomerase activity. We measured telomerase activity in tumor samples from 45 dogs; 21 mammary gland tumors, 16 tumors developed in the skin and oral cavity, 7 vascular tumors and 1 Sertoli cell tumor. Greater than 95% of the tumor samples contained telomerase activity (3-924 U/2 micrograms protein). The results obtained in this study indicated that telomerase should be a useful diagnostic marker for a variety of dog tumors, and it may serve as a target for antitumor chemotherapy.     

Viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts detected in river water in Hokkaido,Japan

The viability and infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) oocysts, detected in water samples collected from river water in Hokkaido, were investigated using Severe Combined Immunodeficient (SCID) mice. The water samples collected from September 27 through October 10, 2001 by filtration using Cuno cartridge filters were purified and concentrated by the discontinuous centrifugal flotation method. From 1.2 x 10 (5) liters of the raw river water, approximately 2 x 10(4) oocysts were obtained and designated as Hokkaido river water 1 isolate (HRW-1). Oocyst identification was carried out using microscopic and immunological methods. Six 8-week-old female SCID mice were each inoculated orally with 1 x 10 (3) oocysts. Infection was successfully induced, resulting in fecal oocyst shedding. Oocysts were then maintained by sub-inoculation into SCID mice every 3 months. Infectivity was evaluated by making comparisons with two known C. parvum stocks, HNJ-1 and TK-1, which were bovine genotypes detected in fecal samples from a cryptosporidiosis patient and young cattle raised in Tokachi, Hokkaido respectively. The oocyst genotypes were determined from a small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. No significant differences were observed in the average number of oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) in any of the isolates. Our data indicates that the C. parvum oocysts detected in the sampled river water were of C. parvum genotype 2. Moreover, our data on the continued isolation, detection and identification of the C. parvum isolates is consistent with the available epidemiological data for the Tokachi area.     

A recombinant DNA vaccine encoding C. andersoni oocyst wall protein induces immunity against experimental C. parvum infection

Cryptosporidium andersoni parasited in the abomasum has been demonstrated as a cause of reduction of milk production in dairy cow. In this study, a novel chimeric DNA vaccine pVAX1-AB was constructed and the efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum was determined. BALB/c mice were divided into 3 groups and immunized with DNA vaccine expressing the oocyst wall protein, AB protein of C. andersoni, the recombinant plasmid containing the AB gene, respectively. After inoculation of 1 × 10(6) oocysts of C. parvum, the humoral and cellular immune responses were detected. Experimental results showed that the recombinant plasmid can induce corresponding specific antibody response, simultaneously influenced cellular immune responses, and provided greater protection rate (48.6%) than the other groups. These results indicated that chimeric DNA vaccine has a potential in Cryptosporidium vaccine development.