鸡毒霉形体HS株pMGA多基因族序列分析

用限制性核酸内切酶对鸡毒霉形体(MG)HS株基因文库中经初步估测可能含有的4个鸡毒霉形体粘附蛋白(protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum adhesin,pMGA)基因的MgW17重组质粒进行了不同组合的酶消化,根据消化片段的大小及酶切位点绘制了7.5kb外源片段的物理图谱;然后根据所得的物理图谱,选用Pst I和EcoR I将MgW17外源片段酶解成1.3、2.0、4.2 kb 3个部分,将它们分别亚克隆到SK(十)质粒上,得到了3个亚克隆子SGp100、SGp200、SGp300.使用核酸外切酶Ⅲ缺失法构建缺失子系列,经序列分析后得到MgW17外源片段的全部序列.序列全长7 434 bp,中间含有2个完整的pMGA基因和另2个不完整的pMGA基因的首部和尾部,分别将它们顺次命名为H-pMGA1.1、H-pMGA1.2、H-pMGA1.3和H pMGA1.4.2个完整的pMGA基因的阅读框长度分别为1 967 bp(1.2)和2039 bp(1.3);H-pMGA1.1首部不完整的阅读框的长度为720 bp,尾部不完整的H-pMGA1.4的长度为1 752 bp.将H-pMGA基因与已报道的MG.S6株、F株的pMGA基因进行了比较,探讨了pMGA基因在不同MG菌株中的相似性、基因启动子结构的差异、间隔区内GAA重复序列对转录调控的影响等.     

鸡毒霉形体HS株pMGA多基因族序列分析

用限制性核酸内切酶对鸡毒霉形体(MG)HS株基因文库中经初步估测可能含有的4个鸡毒霉形体粘附蛋白(protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum adhesin,pMAG)基因的MgW17重组质粒进行了不同组合的酶消化，根据消化片段的大小及酶切位点绘制了7．5kb外源片段的物理图谱；然后根据所得的物理图谱，选用PstI和EcoRI将MgWl7外源片段酶解成1．3、2．0、4．2kb3个部分，将它们分别亚克隆到SK^( )质粒上，得到了3个亚克隆于SGpl00、SGp200、SGp300。使用核酸外切酶Ⅲ缺失法构建缺失子系列，经序列分析后得到MgWl7外源片段的全部序列。序列全长7434bp，中间含有2个完整的pMGA基因和另2个不完整的pMGA基因的首部和尾部，分别将它们顺次命名为H—pMGAl．1、H—pMGAl．2、H—pMGAl．3和H—pMGAl．4。2个完整的pMGA基因的阅读框长度分别为1967bp(1．2)和2039bp(1．3)；H—pMGAl．1首部不完整的阅读框的长度为720bp，尾部不完整的H—pMGAl．4的长度为1752bp。将H—pMGA基因与已报道的MG．S6株、F株的pMGA基因进行了比较，探讨了pMGA基因在不同MG菌株中的相似性、基因启动子结构的差异、间隔区内GAA重复序列对转录调控的影响等。     

鸡毒霉形体TM-1基因原核表达载体的构建及表达

对从含有鸡毒霉形体H3株TM-1基因的大肠埃希氏菌DH5α中提取的质粒，进行EcoR Ⅰ和Sα／Ⅰ双酶切，获得了大约为786bp的目的片段。将此片段与经EcoRⅠ和Sαl Ⅰ双酶切的线性原核表达载体pET-30a-1连接。转化宿主菌BL21(DE3)，筛选阳性克隆。提取质粒，经酶切、PCR扩增和测序分析确证其插入正确，从而构建成了重组表达载体。阳性克隆用IPTG诱导表达，表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳分析，证明其分子质量约为29ku；Western-blotting分析表明，该蛋白可被鸡毒霉形体阳性血清识别，具有生物学活性。     

鸡毒霉形体H3株TM-1基因与鸡白细胞介素2基因串联子在大肠杆菌中的共表达

运用DNA重组技术将鸡白细胞介素2基因和鸡毒霉形体H3株TM-1基因进行串联,插入到pET-30a（＋）质粒的EcoRⅠ和HindⅢ多克隆位点间,经PCR鉴定、双酶切鉴定和序列测定,表明已成功构建了含鸡毒霉形体H3株TM-1基因和鸡白细胞介素2基因的融合基因,将含有此融合基因的重组质粒命名为pET-30a（＋）-TM-1-IL-2.将此重组质粒转化E.coli BL21（DE3）菌株.经IPTG 37℃诱导表达4 h后,SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,此融合基因得到了表达,所表达出的融合蛋白的分子质量约为43 ku,主要以包涵体形式存在.表达产物在尿素存在下经超声波处理,获得了纯化的融合蛋白.这为进一步研究鸡白细胞介素2及鸡毒霉形体的生物学活性奠定了基础.     

鸡痘病毒282E4弱毒株TK基因限制性酶切图谱分析

以限制性内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ、Ｘｂａｌ、Ｃｌａｌ、Ｈ１ｎｄⅢ、Ｎｃａｌ对含有鸡痘病毒（ＦＰＶ）２８２Ｅ４弱毒株３．７ｋｂＨｉｎｄⅢＴＫ基因片段的重组质粒ｐＳＬ１进行单酶和它们之间双酶酶切。结果表明：３．７ｋｂＨｉｎｄⅢＴＫ基因片段上有２个Ｃｌａｌ切点，２个Ｘｂａｌ切点，１个Ｎｃａｌ切点，没有ＢａｍＨＩ切点。随后，用澳大利亚ＦＰＶ２．２ｋｂＨｉｎｄⅢ＋ＣｌａｌＴＫ基因作探针，对各种酶切片段进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交，进一步确定ＴＫ基因位于２．２ｋｂＨｉｎｄⅢ＋Ｃｌａｌ片段中。杂交结果与限制性酶切图谱分析结果相一致。该基因的限制性酶切图谱与澳大利亚ＦＰＶ疫苗株的基本相同。     

鸡毒霉形体耐氟喹诺酮类gyrA基因的突变特征

按常规方法提取鸡毒霉形体3株临床分离株和参考株(S6-10)的基因组DNA，扩增各菌株DNA旋转酶gyrA基因片段，并克隆、测序，用DNAsis软件对测序结果进行分析。结果表明，HS1、HS2株均在GyrA亚基第87位发生了Glu87→Gly氨基酸取代，除此之外，耐药水平较高的HS2株还在第83位发生了Ser83→Ile氨基酸取代，而FL分离株虽对氟喹诺酮类药物产生了低水平耐药，但在GyrA亚基未发生任何氨基酸突变。     

犬新孢子虫NcSRS2基因原核表达质粒的构建

根据已发表的犬新孢子虫NcSRS2基因序列,设计1对含有EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ酶切位点的引物。以提取犬新孢子虫虫体基因组DNA为模板,应用PCR扩增获得NcSRS2 ORF基因片段,将此基因片段克隆到pMD18-T Simple载体上,用EcoRⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切该片段,回收得到含有两个酶切位点黏端的Nc-SRS2 ORF基因,将此基因片段克隆至相同酶切回收后的PGEM-4T-2原核表达载体中,获得重组质粒pGEX-NcSRS2,经PCR鉴定,限制性内切酶分析和克隆片段序列测定比较,证实了重组质粒的正确性。     

羊流产衣原体主要外膜蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

将自行分离、传代培养的内蒙古地区山羊流产衣原体按常规方法分离纯化，提取衣原体基因组DNA作为模板，按照国外发表的衣原体主要外膜蛋白（MOMP）基因两端序列设计合成一对引物，用PCR方法扩增出－1.17Kb的DNA片段。利用引物上预先设计的限制性内切酶位点，将扩增片段经限制性内切酶切割后连接到pUC19质粒相应位点上，转化大肠杆菌DH5α，筛选重组子。经PCR检测和内切酶分析鉴定含MOMP基因的重组子质粒。对克隆处段进行全序列分析，结果证明得到MOMP全编码序列的基因克隆。本株衣原体MOMP编码区由1170个核苷酸组成。序列比较发现本株衣原体的MOMP基因与国外的羊流产衣原体S26／3株的MOMP基因完全相同，与B577株的MOMP基因仅有一个核苷酸的同义变异。     

鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒中国王岗株gX基因的克隆及鉴定

以ｐＵＣ１９质粒为载体克隆鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒（ＩＬＴＶ）中国王岗株的ＤＮＡ，构建了鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒ＤＮＡ的ＫｐｎⅠＤＮＡ文库。参考ＩＬＴＶ－ＳＡ２株ｇＸ基因的核酸序列，设计并合成了分别为１２ｂｐ和１３ｂｐ的１对引物。以ＩＬＴＶ中国王岗株ＤＮＡ为模板，用ＰＣＲ方法特异性地扩增出０．８４ｋｂ的ＩＬＴＶ－ｇＸ基因片段。以地高辛标记该０．８４ｋｂ的片段为探针，经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交从ＩＬＴＶ中国王岗株ＫｐｎⅠＤＮＡ文库中筛选出３个含５．２ｋｂ外源ＩＬＴＶＤＮＡ片段的ｇＸ基因阳性重组子。经酶切分析、Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交、ＰＣＲ检测和该片段部分酶谱分析表明，ＩＬＴＶ中国王岗株ＤＮＡ５．２ｋｂ的ＫｐｎⅠ片段无论是片段大小还是酶切图谱均与ＩＬＴＶ－ＳＡ２株完全相同，而且Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和ＰＣＲ检测均为ｇＸ阳性，证明其中含有完整的ｇＸ基因     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.     

Micronutrient Content of Certain Tropical Conventional and Unconventional Feed Resources of Southern India

The ash, silica and certain important micronutrients were estimated in conventional and unconventional feed and fodder resources available in Southern India. Commonly used dry roughages, such as paddy straw, ragi straw, maize kadbi/stalk, jowar kadbi/stalk, bajra stalk and wheat straw, were high in ash (9.9% +/- 0.77%) and silica (6.4% +/- 0.65%) and low in most of the other micronutrients, except iron, with paddy straw containing most silica (>9%). Cultivated non-leguminous (maize, jowar) and improved green crops (hybrid napier, guinea, green panic, NB-21, CO-1) were also high in ash (10.5% +/- 0.60% and 12.5% +/- 0.51%) but were moderate sources of P, Mg and Cu and good sources of Zn (98 +/- 13.8 ppm and 55 +/- 6.7 ppm). Leguminous green fodders (stylosanthus, lucerne, cow pea, soyabean) were excellent sources of Ca (1.9% +/- 0.16%), Mg (0.40% +/- 0.05%), Cu (30 +/- 5.2 ppm), Zn (121 +/- 14.7 ppm) and Fe (1234 +/- 166 ppm) and moderate sources of P. Mixed local grasses and weeds were high in silica (6.9% +/- 1.00%) but were good sources of Cu, Zn and Fe. Cereal grains (maize, wheat, rice, ragi) were low in ash (2.9% +/- 0.33%) and were relatively poor sources of Ca (0.22% +/- 0.03%), Mg (0.19% +/- 0.03%) and Cu (13 +/- 3.1 ppm). Pulses were low to medium sources of most minerals and good sources of Fe (1230 +/- 293 ppm). Oil seed cake/extractions (groundnut cake, cotton seed cake, soyabean meal, sunflower cake, safflower cake) and cereal by-products (rice polish, rice bran, wheat bran) were excellent sources of P (1.1% +/- 0.47% and 2.3% +/- 0.19%) and good sources of Zn (65 +/- 3.9 ppm and 66 +/- 10.7 ppm) and Fe (938 +/- 130 ppm and 662 +/- 126 ppm). Among the unconventional feeds screened, orange peel, sunflower heads, meat meal, rubber seed cake, spirulina algae and sea weeds contained plentiful Ca, Zn and Fe: tree leaves/top feeds (mulberry, erythrina, glyricidia, banana, subabul, groundnut haulms) were excellent sources of Ca (1.5% +/- 0.13%), Zn (120 +/- 22.9 ppm) and Fe (1033 +/- 133 ppm) but relatively poor sources of P. Soyabean husk, cocoa seed husk, rubber seed cake and meat meal were moderate to good sources of P (1.0% and 0.33%). The high Zn and Fe values of most feeds/fodders were probably due to soil contamination. This account of the micronutrient content of feed/fodder resources should help in strategic supplementation intended to alleviate local deficiencies.     

Bovine Mastitis in Selected Areas of Southern Ethiopia

A study on bovine mastitis, designed to determine the causal agents, prevalence of infection and impact of risk factors in three cattle breeds, was conducted in selected areas of southern Ethiopia. A total of 307 lactating and non-lactating cows, of which 162 were indigenous Zebu, 85 Jersey and 60 Holstein-Friesian, were examined by clinical examination and the California mastitis (CMT) test. Of these, 40.4% were positive by CMT and bacteriology for clinical or subclinical mastitis, with prevalence rates of 37.1% and 62.9%, respectively. Out of 1133 quarters examined, 212 (18.7%) were found to be infected, 83 (39.2%) clinically and 129 (60.8%) subclinically. The prevalence of mastitis was significantly higher in Holstein-Friesian than in indigenous Zebu, in non-lactating cows than in lactating cows, in the early lactation stage than in the mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with parity number (R = 0.9). Of 248 CMT and clinically positive udder quarter samples analysed microbiologically, 212 were culturally positive for known mastitis pathogens and 36 were negative. Of the 199 positive samples, Staphylococcus accounted for 39.2%, Streptococcus for 23.6%, coliforms for 14.1%, Micrococcus and Bacillus species for 8.0% each and Actinomyces or Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) for 7.0%. It was concluded that there was a high prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis, mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli, in this study area.     

不同日粮氮水平对山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同日粮氮水平对内蒙古白绒山羊氮代谢和微生物蛋白质合成(MCP)的影响,以达到提高氮利用率,减少环境污染和饲料资源的浪费。试验选用9只体况良好、体重为(43.83±2.95)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,按体重随机分为3组,每组3只。日粮分为低氮7.5%、中氮10.5%、高氮13.5%3个氮水平。试验使用常规试验方法分析测定粪尿血液等生化指标,通过全收尿法和尿嘌呤衍生物法估测MCP。结果表明:随着氮水平增加,氨氮(NH3-N)浓度、氮摄入量、尿氮排出、尿中尿素氮(UUN)和MCP显著增加(P0.05),干物质采食量(DMI)显著降低(P0.01);沉积氮占总摄入氮的比例在中氮组最高,MCP在高氮组最高。综上所述,适当降低日粮氮水平可减少粪尿氮排放,提高反刍动物氮利用率。     

Microsporidial keratopathy in two dogs

A microsporidial keratopathy is described in two dogs. Both dogs presented with a unilateral stromal keratopathy characterized by multifocal coalescing opacities, and the diagnosis was made on histopathologic examination of keratectomy specimens. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded corneal tissue was performed in one dog, and the morphologic features were consistent with Nosema species infection. Both dogs were initially diagnosed and treated by superficial keratectomy. One dog received additional antifungal medication and underwent a penetrating keratoplasty following local recurrence two years later. No other systemic lesions attributable to the microsporidial infection were identified clinically. The clinical and diagnostic pathology findings, treatment, and follow‐up are discussed.