羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯对虾糜凝胶特性及其蛋白结构的影响

为考察羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯（hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate, HPDSP）对中华管鞭虾Solenocera melantho虾糜凝胶性能的改善效果，在虾糜中分别添加1%、3%、5%、7%、9%的HPDSP，以凝胶强度、质地剖面分析、持水性、凝胶微观结构等为指标，并提取虾糜溶胶、凝胶化虾糜、虾糜凝胶中的肌原纤维蛋白，通过圆二色光谱分析蛋白分子二级结构，探究HPDSP对虾糜凝胶性能的影响及其机理。结果表明：添加HPDSP能提高虾糜凝胶的凝胶强度和持水性，并在添加量为7%时达到最大值；HPDSP使虾糜凝胶a*值和b*值下降，但L*值和白度除9%添加量组外，均没有显著变化；适量HPDSP能提高虾糜凝胶硬度、弹性、粘聚性和咀嚼性，促进虾糜形成更加致密稳定的凝胶网状结构。在虾糜凝胶化过程中，加热引起肌原纤维蛋白的α-螺旋含量降低，β-折叠和无规卷曲含量升高，同时HPDSP会对肌原纤维蛋白热变性和聚集产生影响，从而改变其二级结构，影响虾糜凝胶的形成。结论：在中华管鞭虾虾糜中，添加7%的HPDSP能显著改善虾糜凝胶性能。     

5种淡水鱼鱼糜凝胶基本特性研究

文章以凝胶特性、肌原纤维蛋白化学键以及脂质、磷脂含量等为指标,研究了5种淡水鱼[黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲮(Cirrhinus molitorella)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)]鱼糜第一段和第二段加热的凝胶性能变化。结果显示,第一段加热鱼糜的凝胶强度、硬度、咀嚼性、白度、持水性显著小于第二段(P<0.05),但凝胶弹性和内聚性差异不明显。表面疏水性均在第二段加热后显著增大,且增加程度差异显著(P<0.05);对于二硫键,鳙和黄颡鱼两段加热的凝胶样品差异不显著(P>0.05)。第二段加热凝胶的脂质质量分数介于38.24~76.45 g·kg^-1,磷脂质量分数介于1.929~3.452 mg·g^-1。     

糖基化鸢乌贼肌原纤维蛋白体外消化产物抗氧化性研究

将鸢乌贼(Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis)肌原纤维蛋白与褐藻寡糖进行糖基化反应,并采用胃蛋白酶和胰酶对蛋白进行体外消化,分析糖基化改性对蛋白消化产物抗氧化活性和氨基酸组成的影响。结果显示,肌原纤维蛋白与褐藻寡糖在反应过程中自由氨基浓度显著降低,且反应前12 h降低更为明显,表明二者之间发生了明显的接枝反应。糖基化肌原纤维蛋白的DPPH自由基清除率及还原力在模拟消化前后均显著高于未接枝肌原纤维蛋白(P0.05),因此接枝物具有更高的抗氧化能力。消化后蛋白自由基清除能力及还原力均降低。SDSPAGE电泳图谱表明,肌原纤维蛋白与褐藻寡糖接枝反应促使高分子量蛋白接枝物的生成。酶解后糖基化肌原纤维蛋白的小分子蛋白、多肽的产生量明显增多,表明糖基化促进了蛋白水解反应。氨基酸分析显示,肌原纤维蛋白接枝物酶解液中总必需氨基酸含量减少而疏水性氨基酸含量增加。     

鲟鱼鱼糜漂洗工艺优化及其对品质的影响

本研究以鲟鱼(Acipenser sinensis)肉为原料,通过正交实验对鲟鱼鱼糜的漂洗工艺进行了优化,对鱼糜漂洗前后的蛋白质含量及其组成、水分分布、凝胶性能等进行了研究。结果显示,鲟鱼鱼糜的最佳漂洗工艺为：水漂洗1次,盐水漂洗1次,盐的质量分数为0.25%,漂洗时间为1 min。鲟鱼鱼糜经漂洗后,其盐溶性蛋白比例显著升高(P<0.01);鱼糜中的水分受到的束缚力增加,自由度减小,形成了更为致密的凝胶网状结构;破断力、凹陷距离、凝胶强度、持水力、白度等表征凝胶性能和鱼糜品质的指标明显提升。研究表明,采用恰当的漂洗工艺可显著提高鲟鱼鱼糜的品质。     

乳清蛋白与凝胶化条件对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

研究了浓缩乳清蛋白(WPC)和凝胶化条件对白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)鱼糜凝胶品质的影响,检测指标包括破断力、凹陷度、凝胶强度、白度和折曲性能.结果表明:白姑鱼鱼糜最适宜的凝胶化条件为40℃ 60 min.在40℃和50℃凝胶化60 min的条件下,添加的WPC在总蛋白中的蛋白比例为5%和10%时能够使白姑鱼鱼麋凝胶特性增强,并能保持和改善凝胶的弹性,抑制50℃下的凝胶劣化现象.但在30℃凝胶化60 min的条件下,WPC的添加反而会降低鱼糜的凝胶特性与弹性.添加10%的WPC能够显著(P<0.05)提高白姑鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度.     

酶法制备脱脂鱼蛋白的初步研究

采用5种酶对脱脂鲢肉进行水解制备水解鲢蛋白。脱脂鲢肉是分别采用异丙醇、正己烷、乙酸乙酯3种溶剂萃取法进行脱脂后得到。分别用木瓜蛋白酶、枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶、枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和复合蛋白酶对3种脱脂鲢肉及未脱脂鲢肉进行水解。试验结果表明，乙酸乙酯对鲢肉脱脂率最高，脱脂率为96．33％。复合蛋白酶为最适酶，乙酸乙酯脱脂鱼肉为最佳底物；在最佳水僻条件下：pH6．5，温度55℃，酶量3500U／g蛋白质，底物浓度（乙酸乙酯脱脂鲢肉：水）1：5，其水解度达到最大，为44．00％。     

扇贝闭壳肌蛋白对鲢鱼肌肉蛋白凝胶的修饰

以栉孔扇贝闭壳肌蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、谷氨酰胺转氨酶为影响参数,鲢鱼肌肉蛋白凝胶的弹性、咀嚼性和持水性为响应参数,研究这3个因素对鲢鱼肌肉蛋白凝胶的修饰作用.通过单因素方法,分别就扇贝闭壳肌蛋白及大豆分离蛋白各自对鲢鱼肌肉蛋白凝胶的修饰作用进行了研究,结果表明,在一定范围内,添加扇贝闭壳肌蛋白和大豆分离蛋白可以改善鲢鱼肌...     

3种改性方法对琼胶理化性质的影响

文章采用羧甲基化、过氧化氢氧化和羟丙基化3种方法对琼胶进行改性,通过比较表征改性前后琼胶的溶解性能、色泽、凝胶透明度、凝胶质构特性、IR分子结构和热稳定性,探究不同改性方法对琼胶理化性质的影响。结果显示,羧甲基化和羟丙基化后琼胶的溶解温度、凝胶温度、凝胶再溶温度和凝胶强度显著降低(P<0.05),琼胶凝胶软弹性和持水性增强;氧化改性显著提高了琼胶凝胶强度(P<0.05),由984 g·cm^-2提高至1463 g·cm^-2;氧化改性和羟丙基化改性显著提高了琼胶的白度(P<0.05),而羧甲基化改性显著降低了琼胶白度(P<0.05);3种改性方法均显著提高了琼胶凝胶的透明度(P<0.05);羧甲基化改性降低了琼胶的热稳定性,氧化和羟丙基化改性提高了琼胶的热稳定性。由此证明3种改性方法可不同程度地改变琼胶的理化性质。     

超高压对牡蛎开壳效果及品质变化的影响

为探索超高压对牡蛎开壳效率及肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响，采用超高压处理鲜活牡蛎，以手工开壳作为对照，通过测定不同超高压条件对牡蛎开壳率、开壳大小以及得肉率考察压力对开壳效果的影响，通过测定牡蛎肉的持水率、色差、肌原纤维蛋白含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活力、总巯基含量、羰基含量以及表面疏水性，探究超高压处理对牡蛎品质及肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响。结果显示：在300 MPa条件下保压1 min能提高牡蛎的开壳效果，开壳最大为2.3 cm,得肉率最高为98.48%;随着压力的增加，牡蛎肉持水率先增大后降低，L*值逐渐增加，a*值和b*值逐渐减小，与手工开壳组相比，牡蛎外观偏黄。超高压开壳后的牡蛎肌原纤维蛋白总巯基含量、Ca²⁺-ATPase活力降低，表面疏水性和羰基含量增加，表明超高压处理会使牡蛎蛋白质发生变性和氧化。研究结果可为牡蛎在超高压开壳过程中肉和肌原纤维蛋白品质的控制提供一定的参考。     

超高压处理对梅鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

考察超高压压力、保压时间、协同温度3因素,应用质构仪,得到了梅鱼鱼糜凝胶硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性和凝胶强度等特性参数,并以凝胶强度为指标,对超高压压力、保压时间、协同温度进行了优化,通过正交试验确定了最优超高压处理条件,即:压力300MPa、保压时间15min、协同温度20℃,所得凝胶强度为363.15g.cm。分析凝胶特性结果得到:压力在200MPa时,梅鱼鱼糜已经开始形成凝胶;保压时间5min以后,凝胶特性无显著性影响;随着协同处理温度的升高,凝胶特性显著降低。压力、保压时间、协同温度3因素对凝胶强度的影响顺序为压力>协同温度>保压时间。压力大于300MPa、保压时间大于5min时,超高压处理对鱼糜凝胶内聚性无显著性影响;协同温度大于20℃时,内聚性随着处理温度的升高而显著降低。超高压与热处理比较结果发现,经超高压处理的梅鱼鱼糜凝胶强度优于热处理,是热处理的2.2倍,经超高压处理之后的凝胶硬度低于热处理的凝胶硬度,仅为热处理的67%,弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性、持水性和白度,超高压处理均高于热处理的凝胶,其中弹性增加明显,为热处理的1.6倍。超高压和热处理两种组合处理方式结果表明,超高压处理之后再经热处理得到...     

Gelation Characteristics of Surimi Gel from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by Application of Acid-Alkali Processes

Textural characteristics of silver carp surimi gel prepared from acid- and alkali-produced protein isolates were investigated and compared to the surimi gels derived by conventional methods. The acid-aided method showed the most efficiency to recover proteins (86.2%) in comparison to the alkaline-aided (79.8%) and conventional (76.7%) methods. In the washing of fish mince, every step resulted in reduction of sarcoplasmic protein, and consequently the myofibrillar fraction became more concentrated, as shown by the protein patterns in wash water. Some myofibrillar proteins (mainly actin and myosin) were removed along with sarcoplasmic proteins during washing, reducing yield efficiency during the conventional method of making surimi. During the pH shifting process, myosin heavy chain (MHC) was degraded during low (2.5) pH solubilization, whereas there was only a minimal loss of MHC by either hydrolysis or proteolysis during alkaline solubilization. The breaking force and breaking distance of surimi gel prepared in the pH-shifting processes were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those of surimi gel made by conventional methods, as were expressible moisture, cohesiveness, and springiness. In conclusion, the pH-shifting technique can be considered as an efficient alternative process in recovery of greater quantities of functional protein from silver carp fillet.     

Study on Gel Properties of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and White Croaker (Argyrosomus argentatus) Blended Surimi at Different Setting Conditions

Gel properties of blends of surimi from silver carp and white croaker set for a range of times and at different temperatures were evaluated for breaking force, breaking distance, and whiteness. Total protein content was 12% in all samples, and the concentration of white croaker surimi protein in the blends was designed at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The blended surimi had greater gel strength than either of the two types of surimi alone. Breaking force and breaking distance after setting were also significantly higher than that of the blended surimi cooked directly without setting. The blended surimi exhibited less modori than either of the two types of surimi alone heated to 50°C. The whiteness values of the blended surimi were significantly higher than that of white croaker alone. These results indicate there are advantages to be gained in utilizing surimi from freshwater silver carp in blends with surimi from marine captured white croaker which is becoming limited in supply.     

鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成的动力学分析

以鲢（Hypophthalmichthys mollitrix）和狭鳕（Theragra chalcogramma）鱼糜为对象,在微波、水浴两种加热条件下,对鱼糜及鱼糜大豆蛋白复合素材试样的凝胶特性——破断力值加以测定,进而考察不同加热方式下两种鱼糜的凝胶形成速度以及微波加热所需的活化能,并对试样能量吸收值进行了比较。结果表明：（1）鲢、狭鳕鱼糜微波加热凝胶形成速度比传统水浴加热高两个数量级,不同鱼种的鱼麋微波加热凝胶形成速度有一定的差异性（P〉0．05）。（2）微波加热下,欲达到相同的破断力值,鲢需要高于狭鳕1倍的活化能,两者对应的复合素材的活化能均小于相应的单一鱼糜试样。（3）与水浴加热相比,在能量吸收值相同的情况下,微波加热试样能达到更高凝胶破断力值。     

Gel Properties of Surimi from Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix): Effects of Whey Protein Concentrate,CaCl2, and Setting Condition

The effects of setting time, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) on textural properties of silver carp surimi were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate and compare the effects of setting time (30–90 min), WPC (1–9% of protein ratio), and CaCl₂ (1–59 mmol/kg) on the gel strength. Models for breaking force, breaking distance, and gel strength of surimi gel were established. The maximum gel strength was achieved at the setting time of 60 min, WPC and CaCl₂ at 5% protein ratio, and 15–18 mmol/kg. CaCl₂ was the most significant factor affecting the gel strength.     

添加圆苞车前子壳粉的鲢鱼糜凝胶工艺优化及其凝胶特性

圆苞车前子壳粉(psyllium husk powder, PHP)是一种富含膳食纤维的食品亲水胶体。为了解其在鱼糜制品中的作用,本实验以冷冻鲢鱼糜为研究对象,以凝胶强度和持水性(water holding capacity, WHC)为考察指标,研究了PHP的添加量、凝胶化温度和凝胶化时间3个因素对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,进行了三因素三水平的正交试验和验证试验。正交试验结果得到最佳工艺条件:PHP添加量0.1%,凝胶化温度45°C,凝胶化时间2 h。单因素试验结果表明,添加适量PHP (0.1%～0.3%)能够增加鱼糜凝胶的硬度和WHC,但对破断距离有不利影响;根据验证试验中蒸煮损失率、SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)分析,PHP的添加降低了较高凝胶化温度时凝胶的蒸煮损失,PHP或许可以促进肌球蛋白重链(myosin heavy chain, MHC)分子间交联,减缓蛋白质降解,形成更加致密的凝胶结构。本研究对PHP作为一种新型食品原料应用于开发优质健康鱼糜制品进行了初步的探究,以期为丰富亲水胶在影响鱼糜凝胶特性中的应用研究提供一定的参考。     

Thermal gelation behaviors of surimi protein mixed with Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose

ABSTRACT:   This study examined the thermal gelation characteristics of myofibrillar protein (MP) and salt-ground horse mackerel surimi that had been mixed with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Analysis, using thermal scanning rigidity monitor and differential scanning calorimetry, demonstrated that thermal gelation begins in the thermo-reversible HPMC gel used in this study at approximately 60°C. In the rescanning test, first scanning diagrams showed similar pattern, but second scanning diagrams were rather diverse between MP and MP/HPMC mixture. The addition of HPMC increased rigidity of salt-ground surimi and modified the thermal gelation during the heating process, suggesting that certain enhancing effect of gelation occurred when the mixture of MP and HPMC was heated. In the annealing test, the addition of HPMC lowered the breaking force, but increased the gel strength of surimi due to a substantial increase in deformation. Although the strong cross-linking between the two components might not occur during the gelling process, HPMC gel formed at high temperature occupies some space in thermal gel by interacting with proteins and resulted in a combinative gel with a higher rigidity and gel strength at higher temperature.     

Effects of Olive Leaf Powder on Mechanical Properties of Heat-Induced Surimi Gel

The effects of addition of olive leaf powder (OLP) to surimi on the mechanical properties of surimi gel were investigated. The OLP contained a high polyphenol content of 7% (w/w). The breaking stress and breaking strain of surimi gel increased with increasing OLP concentration. The addition of 0.3% OLP increased the breaking stress of surimi gel by 80% and the breaking strain by 38%. The addition of 2.0% OLP resulted in a 100% increase in the breaking strain. The OLP gels had finer and denser protein networks than the control gel, probably due to integration of additional crosslinks into the protein networks via polyphenols or their derivatives. Although the addition of OLP had a detrimental effect on whiteness of surimi gel, OLP is still a useful functional ingredient for improving mechanical properties of surimi gel products in which the color is not an important quality.     

复合鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白加热过程中理化特性变化的研究

考察了鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)及其以质量比1∶1复合的肌原纤维蛋白的浊度、Ca2+-ATPase活性和巯基含量在加热过程中的变化规律。结果显示:随着加热温度的升高,三种蛋白溶液的浊度呈S型曲线增加。复合肌原纤维蛋白的增加模式与小黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的增加模式相似,不同于鲢肌原纤维蛋白的增加模式。鲢肌原纤维蛋白和小黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的Ca2+-ATPase活性随温度的升高逐渐下降。复合肌原纤维蛋白的Ca2+-ATPase活性在20～35℃略有上升,而后剧烈下降,55℃时活性完全丧失。复合肌原纤维蛋白的总巯基含量随着加热温度的升高呈下降趋势。当温度在30～60℃时下降缓慢,高于65℃时剧烈下降。     

Comparison of Conventional Washing Processing and pH Shift Processing on Gelation Characteristics of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Muscle Proteins

In this study, gelation characteristics of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) protein isolates prepared by pH shift processing were investigated as compared with those of surimi prepared by conventional wash processing. Results showed that the gel from alkali-aided protein isolate exhibited a higher breaking force than that from conventional washed surimi (p < 0.05). However, the gel from conventional washed surimi had higher whiteness (p < 0.05) and lower expressible moisture (p < 0.05). The rheological study showed that protein isolates exhibited different storage modulus and loss tangent patterns from conventional washed surimi during heating. Acid-aided processing could lead to higher denaturation and dissociation for fish muscle myosin and a coarser gel network from the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) pattern and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, there is a potential to apply pH shift processing, especially alkali-aided processing, to extract more proteins from bighead carp muscle for the production of surimi-based food.