猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GXA株分离及主要结构基因的克隆和序列分析

近来,广西一些养殖场频繁发生以母猪流产、死胎、木乃伊、仔猪呼吸道症状等为特征的流行性传染病,怀疑为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染所致。本研究从病猪中采集材料,经RT-PCR检测为阳性后,接种于Marc-145细胞,经过6代盲传,发现典型的细胞病理变化(CPE),经鉴定为PRRSV,命名为GXA株,其毒价为105.33TCID50/mL。参考VR-2332和CH-1a株基因序列,设计了3对特异性引物,分别对GXA株的E、M、N基因同时进行了RT-PCR扩增、克隆和测序。应用DNAstar生物学软件拼接得到GXA株的E、M和N3个基因片段共长为1473bp。同源性分析表明,GXA株与VR-2332、MLV和BJ-4的同源性为99.7%～100%,而与欧洲型代表株LV的同源性只有66.4%。表明GXA与VR-2332、MLV及BJ-4株亲缘关系比较密切,与欧洲型代表株LV亲缘关系最远,属于美洲型毒株,有可能来源于疫苗株。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的分离与鉴定

从广东地区发病猪场的病料中,分离到1株致Marc-145细胞病变的病毒ShB6。扩增猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)主要结构蛋白基因ORF2-ORF7并进行序列分析,结果表明,该分离株与国内PRRSV分离株HB-1(sh)/2002的同源性为96.9%;与ATCC VR-2332株的同源性为91%;而与Lelystad株的同源性仅为59.8%;用美洲型PRRSV单抗进行免疫组化染色,结果显示在细胞病变处呈现明显的阳性着色(为棕黄色)。综合可见,所分离的病毒为美洲型PRRSV。     

二株广西猪繁殖与呼吸综合征流行毒M基因的克隆和序列分析

广西一些养殖场频繁发生以母猪流产、死胎、木乃伊等为特征的流行性传染病,怀疑为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)所致.利用针对PRRSV的N基因的特异性引物P1和P2,通过RT-PCR技术对分别从广西贵港市(GXGG)和南宁市(GXNN)收集到的可疑病料进行检测,结果两份为阳性.合成针对M基因的引物M1和M2,分别扩增了GXGG和GXNN两株PRRSV的M基因,并进行克隆和测序,得到长582个核苷酸的目的基因片段.应用DNAStar序列分析软件对所测的两个广西毒株与国内外已发表的ATCC VR-2332、LV和CH-la毒株进行同源性比较.分析表明,GXGG与ATCC VR-2332、LV、CH-la的核苷酸同源性分别为95.6%、69.5%、97.7%;GXNN与ATCC VR-2332、LV、CH-la的核酸同源性分别为94.9%、69.5%、97.3%.对推定的氨基酸序列进行了比较,GXGG与ATCC VR-2332、LV、CH-la的氨基酸同源性分别为97.7%、80.5%、97.7%;GXNN与ATCC VR-2332、LV、CH-la的氨基酸同源性分别为98.3%、79.9%、97.1%.说明广西流行毒株与ATCC VR-2332和CH-la的同源性很高,而与LV毒株的同源性很低.从本研究构建的系统发育树分析,广西流行的PRRSV与ATCC VR-2332株的亲缘关系比较密切.     

稳定高效表达猪CD163的Marc-145细胞系的构建与鉴定

试验旨在构建一株高效表达猪CD163(pCD163)的Marc-145细胞系,为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)的临床分离和疫苗生产奠定基础。根据GenBank中序列设计引物从猪肺泡巨噬细胞(PAM)中扩增pCD163基因,将其插入真核表达载体pCI-neo构建真核表达质粒pCI-pCD163,将该重组质粒转染Marc-145细胞,通过G418筛选、单克隆化并扩大培养筛选获得表达pCD163的Marc-145细胞系,IFA、Western blotting鉴定其表达情况。IFA结果显示,构建的pCD163-Marc细胞系中荧光明显亮于普通Marc-145细胞;Western blotting结果显示,pCD163-Marc细胞系中CD163蛋白表达量约为对照Marc-145细胞中CD163蛋白表达量的8.7倍。且该细胞系可稳定传至20代,各代次之间表达量无差异。证明高效表达猪CD163的Marc-145细胞系构建成功。     

Proteomic alteration of Marc-145 cells and PAMs after infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Viral infections usually result in alterations in the host cell proteome, which determine the fate of infected cells and the progress of pathogenesis. To uncover cellular protein responses in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), infected pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and Marc-145 cells were subjected to proteomic analysis involving two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS identification. Altered expression of 44 protein spots in infected cells was identified in 2D gels, of which the 29 characterised by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS included 17 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated proteins. Some of these proteins were further confirmed at the mRNA level using real-time RT-PCR. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed the up-regulation of HSP27, vimentin and the down-regulation of galectin-1. Our study is the first attempt to analyze the cellular protein profile of PRRSV-infected Marc-145 cells using proteomics to provide valuable information about the effects of PRRSV-induced alterations on Marc-145 cell function. Further study of the affected proteins may facilitate our understanding of the mechanisms of PRRSV infection and pathogenesis.     

Establishment and Identification of One Marc-145 Cell Line Stably and Highly Expressing Porcine CD163

This study was attempted to generate one Marc-145 cell line stably and highly expressing porcine CD163 (pCD163) and set the foundation for PRRSV isolation and vaccine production.CD163 was shown to be a cellular receptor capable of mediating infection of PRRSV non-permissive cell lines.The pCD163 gene was amplified by RT-PCR from porcine alveolar macrophages and cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pCI-neo, then the positive plasmid pCI-pCD163 was transfected into Marc-145 cells.After selecting with G418 and subcloning for 3 times, Marc-145 cell line expressing pCD163 was established.IFA results indicated that the fluorescence of pCD163-Marc cells was significantly brighter than Marc-145 cells;Western blotting results indicated that the pCD163-Marc cells could express higher levels of CD163 and the expression level was 8.7 times higher than Marc-145 cells.The pCD163-Marc cell line could be stably passaged for 20 passages and the expression level of CD163 was similar with different passages, which would be a valuable tool for facilitating virus propagation and vaccine production.     

Functional impairment of PRRSV-specific peripheral CD3+CD8high cells

The replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in lungs and lymphoid tissues of PRRSV-infected pigs is already strongly reduced before the appearance of neutralizing antibodies, indicating that other immune mechanisms are involved in eliminating PRRSV at those sites. This study aimed to determine whether PRRSV Lelystad virus (LV)-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) can efficiently eliminate PRRSV-infected alveolar macrophages. Therefore, CTL assays were performed with PRRSV-infected alveolar macrophages as target cells and autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from PRRSV-infected pigs as a source of PRRSV-specific CTL. PBMC of 3 PRRSV-infected pigs were used either directly in CTL assays, or following restimulation in vitro. CTL assays with pseudorabies virus (PRV) Begonia-infected alveolar macrophages and autologous PBMC, from 2 PRV Begonia-inoculated pigs, were performed for validation of the assays. In freshly isolated PBMC, derived from PRRSV-infected pigs, CTL activity towards PRRSV-infected macrophages was not detected until the end of the experiment (56 days post infection – dpi). Restimulating the PBMC with PRRSV in vitro resulted in proliferation of CD3⁺CD8^high cells starting from 14 dpi. Although CD3⁺CD8^high cells are generally considered to be CTL, CTL activity was not detected in PRRSV-restimulated PBMC of the 3 pigs until 49 dpi. A weak PRRSV-specific CTL activity was observed only at 56 dpi in PRRSV-restimulated PBMC of one pig. In contrast, a clear CTL activity was observed in PRV Begonia-restimulated PBMC, derived from PRV Begonia-infected pigs, starting from 21 dpi. This study indicates that PBMC of PRRSV-infected pigs contain proliferating CD3⁺CD8^high cells upon restimulation in vitro, but these PBMC fail to exert CTL activity towards PRRSV-infected alveolar macrophages.     

Isolation of a Lelystad virus-like agent from British pigs and scanning electron microscopy of infected macrophages.

Six, one-week-old gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated with tissues or sera collected from field cases of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. The piglets showed little or no illness, and two that were necropsied at 8 and 9 days post infection appeared grossly normal. However, a Lelystad virus-like agent was isolated from most of the inoculated pigs using porcine alveolar macrophage cultures. Seroconversion to the Lelystad virus was observed and some animals developed microscopically detectable interstitial pneumonias. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the in vitro cytopathic effect of the Lelystad virus on porcine alveolar macrophages.     

云南香猪PRRSV分离株ORF7基因遗传变异分析

为了解2014年云南省香猪群体中猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的流行特征,将疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)病例肺脏和淋巴结研磨处理后接种Marc-145细胞进行盲传,传至第2代48 h时出现2株病毒致Marc-145 细胞聚集融合、巨细胞等病毒致细胞病变(CPE)效应现象,将其命名为YN-2XZ1和YN-3X...     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GD07b株的分离鉴定及Nsp2基因同源性分析

在某集约化猪场采集疑似高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病死猪的肺、淋巴结等病料,进行检测,将RT-PCR检测结果为阳性的病料处理后接种Marc-145细胞,培养72～96 h后细胞单层出现明显的CPE。收获病毒经RT-PCR方法检测,并将此PCR产物经纯化后连同引物送相关公司进行测序,结果显示,该病毒为繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒Nsp2基因缺失株,将该病毒命名为HPPRRSV-GD07b株。将GD07b株序列与国内外19株PRRSV Nsp2基因进行比较分析,结果表明,该毒株Nsp2基因与CH-1a株等4株PRRSV经典株同源性较低,为60.5%～81.6%;而与14株变异株同源性较高,为90.6%～98.9%。     

两株猪繁殖与呼吸征病毒的分离鉴定及遗传变异分析

从广东省发病猪场采集的组织和血清中分离到两株PRRSV,病料经RT-PCR检测为阳性,通过Marc-145细胞进行传代,可产生明显细胞病变,通过间接免疫荧光可检测到荧光信号,两株病毒分别命名为ZH-GD株和ZS-GD株。对两株病毒的ORF5和Nsp2高变区进行序列测定和分析,结果表明,PRRSV ZH-GD株和ZS-GD株的核苷酸序列与欧洲型代表株LV株间的相似性相对较远,与美洲株经典毒株VR-2332间的相似性分别为88.6%和88.1%,与中国经典美洲毒株CH-1a间的相似性分别为94.4%和93.0%。在Nsp2上有30个氨基酸的缺失,与JXA1、XH-GD等高致病性变异株的Nsp2缺失位置一致。分离的两株PRRSV均属于美洲型的变异株PRRSV。     

Marc-145细胞CD151蛋白主要抗原表位区的表达及其与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒感染关系的研究

为研究CD151与猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染的关系,根据GenBank中已发表的CD151蛋白的基因序列设计并合成一对特异性引物,从Marc-145细胞中扩增出294 bp的CD151基因片段并克隆入pGEX4T-3载体,转化人大肠杆菌用IPTG进行诱导表达,经SDS-PAGE和Western blot对表达产物进行鉴定.表达蛋白纯化后用于免疫小鼠制备抗CD151蛋白血清,用ELISA和IFA检测抗血清的效价及特异性.将抗CD151蛋白血清与Marc-145细胞孵育后再感染PRRSV,观察细胞CPE验证该血清对PRRSV的阻断效果.结果表明成功构建了pGEX4T-3-CD151,获得了相对分子质量为37 ku的重组CD151蛋白.制备的抗血清特异性结合Marc-145细胞并有效阻断PRRSV感染Marc-145细胞.这些研究结果为进一步阐明CD151与PRRSV感染的关系提供一定的理论基础.     

Pathological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical changes caused by Lelystad virus in experimentally induced infections of mystery swine disease (synonym: porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS))

The pathogenicity and pathogenesis of Lelystad virus was studied in six 6-day-old SPF piglets. A third passage of the agent was propagated on porcine alveolar macrophages and intranasally inoculated into pigs. Pigs were killed at hours 24, 48, 60, and 72, and on days 6 and 8 after inoculation. From day 2 on pigs developed diffuse interstitial pneumonia with focal areas of catarrhal pneumonia, and from this day on splenic red pulp macrophages were enlarged and vacuolated. Lelystad virus was re-isolated from the lungs of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Lelystad virus antigens were detected by immunohistochemical techniques in bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar cells, and in spleen cells of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Ultrastructural examination of tissues by electron microscopy revealed degenerating alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells in lungs and nasal mucosa, with excessive vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum. Although the respiratory tract seems to be the target organ for this virus, macrophages in other organs, such as the spleen, can also be infected. This preference for macrophages may impair immunological defences.     

Differentiation between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolates by restriction fragment length polymorphism of their ORFs 6 and 7 genes.

Three distinct antigenic profiles were identified by comparing the reactivities of 15 Canadian field isolates, the attenuated U.S. vaccine (Ingelvac MLV) strain and 2 European reference strains (Lelystad and Weybridge) of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) by indirect immunofluorescence with a set of 4 monoclonal antibodies to the nucleocapsid (N) protein and 2 other to the matrix (M) protein. In the present study, 9 Canadian isolates for which the sequences were determined appeared closely related to 2 U.S. reference strains (ATCC VR-2332 and ATCC VR-2385) with amino acid identities varying between 90 to 98% for the M and N proteins; substitutions in the nucleotide sequences were distributed randomly throughout the ORFs 6 and 7 genes, and most were 3rd base silent mutations. In comparison, more than 30% divergence was demonstrated with the Lelystad virus. Furthermore, differentiation between North American and European isolates, and between field isolates and the MLV strain could be achieved by cutting PCR-amplified products encompassing both ORFs 6 and 7 genes with 4 restriction endonucleases. When taken individually, BsaJI and AluI were the more appropriate restriction enzymes for distinguishing the vaccine strain from field isolates. The results obtained suggest that the restriction fragment length polymorphism of the genomic region covering the ORFs 6 and 7 genes may be a valuable tool to differentiate among PRRSV isolates.     

Lymphoid tissue tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication during persistent infection of pigs originally exposed to virus in utero

The ability of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to establish a persistent infection is the principal contributing factor to the world-wide spread of the disease. Several studies have documented the course of viral infection in postnatally infected pigs; however, very little is known regarding sites of virus replication during persistent infection of pigs exposed to PRRSV in utero. In this study, virus replication and PRRSV-specific antibody were followed for several hundred days in a group of pigs derived from three sows infected at 90 days of gestation with PRRSV isolate VR-2332. Eighty-four percent of pigs were born viremic with a mortality of 54% within 21 days after birth. At approximately 60 days sera from pigs were negative for virus by virus isolation. Analysis of virus replication in the tissues of pigs randomly sacrificed between 63 and 132 days showed no evidence of virus in lung and other non-lymphoid organs. However, virus was easily recovered from tonsil and lymph nodes and in situ hybridization identified these tissues as sites of virus replication. Even though replication was at a low level, virus was easily transmitted to sentinel pigs. By 260 days pigs became seronegative and did not transmit virus to sentinel pigs. Sacrifice of remaining pigs after 300 days showed no evidence of virus in blood and tissues. This study shows that congenital PRRSV-infected pigs can support virus replication for an extended period during which virus replication is primarily restricted to tonsil and lymph nodes.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒强毒株HUB2株全基因组序列分析

从湖北省暴发猪"高热病"的猪场分离出1株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV),并命名为HUB2株.根据GenBank上已发表的PRRSV全基因序列设计引物进行RTPCR扩增,获得PRRSV HUB2株全基因组cDNA序列.测序结果表明PRRSV HUB2株基因组全长15 320 bp(不包括PolyA尾).分析结果显示该毒株与PRRSV美洲型标准株(VR-2332)和欧洲型标准株(LV)全基因核苷酸同源性分别为89.6%和50.3%.说明HUB2属于美洲型毒株.与VR-2332相比,HUB2株非结构蛋白(Nsp2)存在2处不连续的缺失(共缺失30个氨基酸),其缺失位点位于推定氨基酸序列的第481位和532～560位.此次新出现的强毒株全基因组序列特性的揭示为科学防治猪高致病性蓝耳病奠定了理论基础.     

Pathological,ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical changes caused by Lelystad virus in experimentally induced infections of mystery swine disease (synonym: Porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS))

Summary

The pathogenicity and pathogenesis of Lelystad virus was studied in six 6‐day‐old SPF piglets. A third passage of the agent was propagated on porcine alveolar macrophages and intranasally inoculated into pigs. Pigs were killed at hours 24, 48, 60, and 72, and on days 6 and 8 after inoculation. From day 2 on pigs developed diffuse interstitial pneumonia with focal areas of catarrhal pneumonia, and from this day on splenic red pulp macrophages were enlarged and vacuolated. Lelystad virus was re‐isolated from the lungs of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Lelystad virus antigens were detected by immunohistochemical techniques in bronchiolar epithelium and alveolar cells, and in spleen cells of infected pigs from day 2 after inoculation. Ultrastructural examination of tissues by electron microscopy revealed degenerating alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells in lungs and nasal mucosa, with excessive vacuolation of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Although the respiratory tract seems to be the target organ for this virus, macrophages in other organs, such as the spleen, can also be infected. This preference for macrophages may impair immunological defences.     

Apoptosis in the lungs of pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and associations with the production of apoptogenic cytokines

Apoptosis was studied in the lungs of pigs during an infection with a European strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and it was examined if cytokines were involved in the induction of apoptosis. Twenty-two 4- to 5-week-old gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated intranasally with 10(6.0) TCID50 of the Lelystad virus and euthanised between 1 and 52 days post inoculation (PI). The lungs and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells were assessed both for virus replication and apoptosis; BAL fluids were examined for interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10. Double-labellings were conducted to determine the relation between virus replication and apoptosis and to identify the apoptotic cells. Apoptosis occurred in both infected and non-infected cells. The percentages of infected cells, which were apoptotic, ranged between 9 and 39% in the lungs and between 13 and 30% in the BAL cells. The majority of apoptotic cells were non-infected. Non-infected apoptotic cells in the lungs were predominantly monocytes/macrophages, whereas those in the broncho-alveolar spaces were predominantly lymphocytes. The peak of apoptosis in the lungs at 14 days PI was preceded by a peak of IL-1 and IL-10 production at 9 days PI, suggesting a possible role of these cytokines in the induction of apoptosis in non-infected interstitial monocytes/macrophages. However, the latter hypothesis was not confirmed in vitro, since blood monocytes or alveolar macrophages did not undergo apoptosis after treatment with recombinant porcine IL-1 or IL-10.     

一株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒变异株的分离与鉴定

试验旨在分离并鉴定从发病猪场分离的一株疑似猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒毒株。从某疫情猪场病猪体内分离到一株猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)变异株,经细胞传代培育成功增殖性能稳定的新毒株,命名为PRRSV-CHD。该毒株接种细胞后能够产生细胞病变(CPE),病毒滴度达10^-6 TCID50/0.1 mL,在Vero与BHK-21细胞上不出现细胞病变。采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)检测病毒抗原分布在细胞浆中。与VR2332、CH-1a、HUN4序列比对及系统进化树分析结果表明,该分离株属于美洲型PRRSV;与PRRSV VR2332、CH-1a等比对,Nsp2基因序列在2780—2782 nt有3个核苷酸小缺失和2933—3019 nt的87个核苷酸大缺失,属PRRSV变异株。