欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性管理概述

介绍负责管理欧盟兽用抗菌药耐药性的欧洲药品局下设的兽用药品委员会、健康与消费者保护司和食品安全局等相关管理机构以及成立耐药性管理工作组、进行耐药性风险分析、制定相关文件和实施耐药性监测等的管理措施,为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供参考.     

细菌耐药性：正悄然威胁人类和动物的健康

自抗菌药产业化以来,细菌耐药性问题就无处不在并造成严重的不良后果,研究发现只有多学科参与,采取综合措施才能应对此类问题。欧盟和国际社会提出了应对耐药性动议,多个耐药性监测项目发现全球对耐药性的关切不断增强。此外,新型抗生素及其替代品的研究进展缓慢,耐药性正严重威胁着人类健康。北欧因谨慎使用抗菌药及其综合防控措施行之有效,因而耐药性问题比较小。总的来说,多学科参与,采取综合性措施应对耐药性问题的效果相当乐观。     

美国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

全面介绍了美国兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

加强重视动物源细菌的耐药性监测

本文从耐药性的危害、耐药性监测的意义、加强耐药性监测的措施等方面论述,呼吁政府和畜牧兽医工作者加强重视畜牧养殖业中抗菌药物的耐药性监测。     

兽药耐药性情况分析及防控建议

全面论述了耐药性危害,分析了耐药性产生原因和现状,从宏观管理和临床控制两方面指出应对措施,并结合国外耐药性监测情况提出开发全新抗菌药和改造已产生耐药性的抗菌药、开发不使用抗菌药物治疗感染的治疗策略以及建立耐药性监察系统的发展趋势.     

应对细菌耐药性策略研究

细菌耐药性已成为威胁全球人类及动物安全的重大问题,多个世界组织及发达国家已发出实施干预控制的倡议或已制定行动计划。本文分析了细菌耐药性的遗传学发生机制、耐药菌和耐药基因的流行病学传播途径及控制传播的措施,以期对制定和完善细菌耐药性干预控制策略和措施提供借鉴。     

国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

抗菌药在畜牧养殖业中的广泛应用导致耐药性的产生,引起动物和人类疾病治疗的失败。因此,兽用抗菌药耐药性问题已经成为一个国际上关注的问题。作者主要介绍了国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理措施,指出中国耐药性管理现状及存在的问题,并提出建议,希望为中国兽用抗菌药的使用和耐药性的管理提供一定的参考和依据。     

禽源大肠杆菌耐药现状及对遏制耐药性的深思

随着养殖业的集约化发展以及不规范化用药,禽源大肠杆菌耐药性越来越严重,给整个养殖业带来巨大经济损失,也给整个公共卫生领域带来巨大的潜在威胁。本研究从大肠杆菌的危害以及禽源大肠杆菌的耐药性况进行分析,研究耐药性产生的原因,寻求解决细菌耐药性的措施。为兽医临床遏制或延缓大肠杆菌耐药性的产生提出新的解决方案与措施。     

克服畜禽耐药性的几项措施

<正>耐药性又叫抗药性,是指病原体对药物不敏感或敏感性下降。可分为天然耐药性和获得耐药性,前者由遗传因素所决定,后者由病原体与药物多次接触,使其结构和功能发生改变所致。一旦产生耐药性,药物的疗效就会显著下降或完全消失。当某种微生物对某种药物产生耐药性后,有时对同类的其他药物也会产生耐药性,这种情况称为交叉耐药性。畜禽耐药性一直是困扰兽医临床用药中的常见难题,采用以下措施可有效克服畜禽耐     

我国动物源细菌耐药性监测系统简介

本文介绍了我国动物源细菌耐药性监测网络的组成和主要内容,详细阐述了其过程控制,包括采样、细菌分离鉴定和耐药性检测、耐药性检测结果汇总分析等,并介绍了我国取得的成就,如建立了动物源细菌耐药性监测技术平台和耐药性细菌资源库、创建了具有自主知识产权的动物源细菌耐药性数据库、摸清了我国动物源细菌的耐药性状况等。针对我国动物源细菌的耐药现状,提出了应对措施,包括规范我国兽用抗菌药物饲料添加剂的使用、加强动物处方药的管理并建立治疗用抗菌药物的分级管理制度、持续开展畜禽细菌耐药性动态监测等。     

OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准

兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。     

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food-producing animals. risk management tools and strategies

The application of antimicrobial agents has proved to be the main risk factor for development, selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance. This link applies to the use of antimicrobial agents in human and in veterinary medicine. Furthermore, antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistant genes can be transmitted from animals to humans either by direct contact or via the food chain. In this context, risk management has to be discussed regarding prevention and control of the already existing antimicrobial resistance. One of the primary risk management measures in order to control the development and spread of antimicrobial resistances is by regulating the use of antimicrobial agents and subjecting their use to guidelines. Thereby, the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the human and veterinary habitat can be controlled to a certain degree. There is little information about past attempts to prevent the development of resistances or to control them, and even less is known about the effectiveness or the cost intensiveness of such efforts. Most of the strategies focus on preventing and controlling antimicrobial resistance by means of the reduction or limitation of the use of antimicrobial agents in food-producing animals.     

Cross-resistance between antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine: molecular background and practical consequences for susceptibility testing

Phenotypic resistance of veterinary pathogens to more than one antimicrobial agent (multi-resistance) may be caused by intrinsic resistance to the antimicrobial agents, acquired cross-resistance, or acquired co-resistance. Known cross-resistances allow to select so-called "representative substances" which are tested and the results of which can also be regarded as being valid for other members of the same class of antimicrobial agents. In general, a limitation in the number of antimicrobial agents to be tested in routine diagnostics is necessary because of capacity and cost efficiency. This is of particular relevance when the broth microdilution method - recommended as the method of choice - with 96-well microtiter plates is used. The knowledge about the relationship between different resistance phenotypes and the corresponding resistance mechanisms is of major value for both, the laboratory personnel and the veterinary practitioner. This review explains how "representative substances" for the most relevant classes of antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine are chosen on the basis of known cross-resistances.     

蛋鸡兽用抗菌药使用减量化养殖现状与研究对策

不合理使用抗菌药严重威胁到蛋鸡养殖健康,引起鸡蛋中药物残留和细菌耐药性产生风险,影响鸡蛋食品安全和公共卫生安全。本文基于我国自2018年起开展的涵盖蛋鸡养殖的兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动,从蛋鸡养殖的减量化现状、问题、对策等方面进行综述,以期为推动蛋鸡兽用抗菌药使用减量化养殖提供参考。     

动物源细菌耐药性评估在兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动中的应用

动物源细菌耐药性已引起广泛关注,全国正在逐步推进兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动。为更好地推动减量化行动的实施,浙江省在耐药性的评估及应用方面进行探索。研究分析了耐药性评估在减量化行动中的作用,建立了耐药系数评估模型与应用方法,研判了目前耐药性监测可能存在的问题,以期更好地推进兽用抗菌药物使用减量化行动。     

Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance in critical care medicine

Objective: To review the human and companion animal veterinary literature on nosocomial infections and antimicrobial drug resistance as they pertain to the critically ill patient. Data sources: Data from human and veterinary sources were reviewed using PubMed and CAB. Human data synthesis: There is a large amount of published data on nosocomially‐acquired bloodstream infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections, and strategies to minimize the frequency of these infections, in human medicine. Nosocomial infections caused by multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens are a leading cause of increased patient morbidity and mortality, medical treatment costs, and prolonged hospital stay. Epidemiology and risk factor analyses have shown that the major risk factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance in critically ill human patients is heavy antibiotic usage. Veterinary data synthesis: There is a paucity of information on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance and nosocomially‐acquired infections in critically ill small animal veterinary patients. Mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance are universal, although the selection effects created by antibiotic usage may be less significant in veterinary patients. Future studies on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance in critically ill animals may benefit from research that has been conducted in humans. Conclusions: Antimicrobial use in critically ill patients selects for antimicrobial drug resistance and MDR nosocomial pathogens. The choice of antimicrobials should be prudent and based on regular surveillance studies and accurate microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drug resistance is becoming an increasing problem in veterinary medicine, particularly in the critical care setting, and institution‐specific strategies should be developed to prevent the emergence of MDR infections. The collation of data from tertiary‐care veterinary hospitals may identify trends in antimicrobial drug resistance patterns in nosocomial pathogens and aid in formulating guidelines for antimicrobial use.     

Antibiotic prophylaxis in veterinary cancer chemotherapy: A review and recommendations

Bacterial infection following cancer chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in human and veterinary patients. Antimicrobial prophylaxis is controversial in the human oncology field, as any decreased incidence in bacterial infections is countered by patient adverse effects and increased antimicrobial resistance. Comprehensive guidelines exist to aid human oncologists in prescribing antimicrobial prophylaxis but similar recommendations are not available in veterinary literature. As the veterinarian's role in antimicrobial stewardship is increasingly emphasized, it is vital that veterinary oncologists implement appropriate antimicrobial use. By considering the available human and veterinary literature we present an overview of current clinical practices and are able to suggest recommendations for prophylactic antimicrobial use in veterinary cancer chemotherapy patients.