美国兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

全面介绍了美国兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为我国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

加拿大兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

文章全面介绍了加拿大兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理机构和管理措施,希望为中国兽药耐药性相关政策的制定和措施的实行提供一定的依据和参考。     

OIE抗菌药耐药性国际标准

兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。     

国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

抗菌药在畜牧养殖业中的广泛应用导致耐药性的产生,引起动物和人类疾病治疗的失败。因此,兽用抗菌药耐药性问题已经成为一个国际上关注的问题。作者主要介绍了国际组织兽用抗菌药耐药性管理措施,指出中国耐药性管理现状及存在的问题,并提出建议,希望为中国兽用抗菌药的使用和耐药性的管理提供一定的参考和依据。     

澳大利亚兽用抗菌药耐药性管理

兽用抗菌药耐药性问题已成为一个全世界共同面临和关注的问题,本文就澳大利亚有关兽用抗菌药耐药性的管理做详细阐述,旨在促进我国兽药合理使用与耐药性的管理. 1 耐药性管理机构 1.1 农林渔业部(DAFF) 澳大利亚1996年成立了联邦农林渔业部,负责制定农林渔业各领域的科技政策和计划,下设有12个部,与兽药相关的部门主要是产品整合及动植物健康部(PIAPH)和检疫检验局(AQIS).     

我国动物源细菌耐药性监测及预警的研究进展

利用调查和数据统计报道我国近年来的兽用抗生素使用、养殖业用药背景、抗菌药物耐药、动物源细菌耐药性监测、动物源细菌耐药监测数据库研究及国家制定的相关政策等现状,并针对我国动物源细菌的耐药和监测现状,提出了我国政府与各地区相关部门应科学评估分析动物源细菌耐药性监测数据及变化趋势;借鉴发达国家的经验和方法,完善我国动物源细菌耐药性监测网络和监测体系;加强教育和宣传等应对措施,为解决全球动物源细菌耐药性问题作出贡献。     

中欧第三次兽用抗菌药物耐药性研讨会在京召开

正日前,农业部与欧盟驻华代表团在京联合举办第三次中欧兽用抗菌药物耐药性研讨会,就中欧兽用抗菌药物耐药性管理法规框架、管理现状、实践经验,以及国际组织在兽用抗菌药物管理方面的作用等议题进行交流讨论。当前,世界各国对兽用抗菌药物耐药性的关注程度越来越高。抗菌药物在养殖业发展过程中发挥了无可替代的作用。但长期广泛使用抗菌药物特别是不规范用药,     

2014年农业部继续加强兽医药品和兽医生物制品监管

近期,农业部印发《农业部2014年兽医工作要点》,涉及加强兽医药品和兽医生物制品监管等方面的内容。 一、深入开展兽药残留监控工作。贯彻实施《兽用处方药和非处方药管理办法》,规范兽药使用行为。组织实施《动物及动物产品兽药残留监控计划》和《动物源细菌耐药性监测计划》,完善兽药残留试剂盒备案管理制度,强化备案试剂盒质量监管。开展兽用抗菌药整治活动．促进安全用药。     

中欧第三次兽用抗菌药物耐药性研讨会在京召开

正日前,农业部与欧盟驻华代表团在京联合举办第三次中欧兽用抗菌药物耐药性研讨会,就中欧兽用抗菌药物耐药性管理法规框架、管理现状、实践经验,以及国际组织在兽用抗菌药物管理方面的作用等议题进行交流讨论。当前,世界各国对兽用抗菌药物耐药性的关注程度越来越高。抗菌药物在养殖业发展过程中发挥了无可替代的作用。但长期广泛使用抗菌药物特别是不规范用药,不仅会造成动物疫病     

动物源细菌耐药性对动物细菌传染性疾病防治的影响

通过阐述动物源细菌耐药性的产生及演变趋势,分析抗生素在兽医领域中的应用情况,探讨动物细菌传染性疾病的防治策略,旨在了解细菌耐药性对动物细菌传染性疾病治疗的影响,为兽用药品特别是兽用细菌疫苗的发展提供参考,促进动物卫生安全和公共卫生安全。     

抗微生物药物PK-PD研究在优化兽药给药方案中的应用

PK-PD模型可用于优化兽药给药方案,制订合理的给药间隔和剂量,在减少细菌耐药性方面有重要意义.本文综述了β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、大环内酯类等抗微生物药物的PK-PD研究现状,以期为兽药厂家在药物开发、设计合理的剂型与给药方案方面提供依据.     

蛋鸡兽用抗菌药使用减量化养殖现状与研究对策

不合理使用抗菌药严重威胁到蛋鸡养殖健康,引起鸡蛋中药物残留和细菌耐药性产生风险,影响鸡蛋食品安全和公共卫生安全。本文基于我国自2018年起开展的涵盖蛋鸡养殖的兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动,从蛋鸡养殖的减量化现状、问题、对策等方面进行综述,以期为推动蛋鸡兽用抗菌药使用减量化养殖提供参考。     

Antimicrobial drug use in veterinary medicine

Recognizing the importance of antimicrobial resistance and the need for veterinarians to aid in efforts for maintaining the usefulness of antimicrobial drugs in animals and humans, the Board of Regents of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine charged a special committee with responsibility for drafting this position statement regarding antimicrobial drug use in veterinary medicine. The Committee believes that veterinarians are obligated to balance the well-being of animals under their care with the protection of other animals and public health. Therefore, if an animal's medical condition can be reasonably expected to improve as a result of treatment with antimicrobial drugs, and the animal is under a veterinarian's care with an appropriate veterinarian-client-patient relationship, veterinarians have an obligation to offer antimicrobial treatment as a therapeutic option. Veterinarians also have an obligation to actively promote disease prevention efforts, to treat as conservatively as possible, and to explain the potential consequences associated with antimicrobial treatment to animal owners and managers, including the possibility of promoting selection of resistant bacteria. However, the consequences of losing usefulness of an antimicrobial drug that is used as a last resort in humans or animals with resistant bacterial infections might be unacceptable from a public or population health perspective. Veterinarians could therefore face the difficult choice of treating animals with a drug that is less likely to be successful, possibly resulting in prolonged or exacerbated morbidity, to protect the good of society. The Committee recommends that voluntary actions be taken by the veterinary profession to promote conservative use of antimicrobial drugs to minimize the potential adverse effects on animal or human health. The veterinary profession must work to educate all veterinarians about issues related to conservative antimicrobial drug use and antimicrobial resistance so that each individual is better able to balance ethical obligations regarding the perceived benefit to their patients versus the perceived risk to public health. Specific means by which the veterinary profession can promote stewardship of this valuable resource are presented and discussed in this document.     

Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance in critical care medicine

Objective: To review the human and companion animal veterinary literature on nosocomial infections and antimicrobial drug resistance as they pertain to the critically ill patient. Data sources: Data from human and veterinary sources were reviewed using PubMed and CAB. Human data synthesis: There is a large amount of published data on nosocomially‐acquired bloodstream infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections, and strategies to minimize the frequency of these infections, in human medicine. Nosocomial infections caused by multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) pathogens are a leading cause of increased patient morbidity and mortality, medical treatment costs, and prolonged hospital stay. Epidemiology and risk factor analyses have shown that the major risk factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance in critically ill human patients is heavy antibiotic usage. Veterinary data synthesis: There is a paucity of information on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance and nosocomially‐acquired infections in critically ill small animal veterinary patients. Mechanisms of antimicrobial drug resistance are universal, although the selection effects created by antibiotic usage may be less significant in veterinary patients. Future studies on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance in critically ill animals may benefit from research that has been conducted in humans. Conclusions: Antimicrobial use in critically ill patients selects for antimicrobial drug resistance and MDR nosocomial pathogens. The choice of antimicrobials should be prudent and based on regular surveillance studies and accurate microbiological diagnostics. Antimicrobial drug resistance is becoming an increasing problem in veterinary medicine, particularly in the critical care setting, and institution‐specific strategies should be developed to prevent the emergence of MDR infections. The collation of data from tertiary‐care veterinary hospitals may identify trends in antimicrobial drug resistance patterns in nosocomial pathogens and aid in formulating guidelines for antimicrobial use.     

Towards the establishment and standardization of a veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa

The objective of this study was to establish a repeatable, standardized laboratory procedure for monitoring the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from animals and food of animal origin in South Africa, with reagents prepared in-house. The emergence of resistance and the spread of resistant bacteria can be limited by implementing a veterinary antimicrobial drug policy, in which inter alia systematic monitoring and prudent use play essential roles. The bacteria included in this study represented three different categories, namely zoonotic bacteria (Salmonella), indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) and veterinary pathogens (Mannheimia haemolytica). Thirty isolates of each species were collected with the aim of standardizing the laboratory methodology for a future national veterinary surveillance and monitoring programme. Susceptibility to ten selected antimicrobial drugs was determined by means of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using the microdilution method. The method according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards was used as the standard. Multi-well plates containing varying dilutions of antimicrobial drugs and prepared in-house for MIC determinations, yielded repeatable results. Storage of plates for 2 months at -70 degrees C did not influence results meaningfully. Within this limited sample of bacteria, MIC results did not indicate meaningful resistance against any of the ten selected antimicrobial drugs. The findings of the study will be used to establish a national veterinary antimicrobial resistance surveillance and monitoring programme in South Africa. To allow for international comparison of data, harmonisation of the surveillance and monitoring programme in accordance with global trends is encouraged. Ideally it should be combined with a programme monitoring the quantities of antimicrobial drugs used. The aim is to contribute to slowing down the emergence of resistance and the problems associated with this phenomenon by means of the rational use of antimicrobial drugs.     

Antimicrobial labelling in Australia: a threat to antimicrobial stewardship?

Antimicrobial resistance is a public health emergency, placing veterinary antimicrobial use under growing scrutiny. Antimicrobial stewardship, through appropriate use of antimicrobials, is a response to this threat. The need for antimicrobial stewardship in Australian veterinary practices has had limited investigation. A 2016 survey undertaken to investigate antimicrobial usage patterns by Australian veterinarians found that antimicrobial dose rates were varied and often inappropriate. Doses of procaine penicillin in horses and cattle were often low, with 68% and 90% of respondents, respectively, reporting doses that were unlikely to result in plasma concentrations above minimum inhibitory concentrations for common equine and bovine pathogens. Frequency of penicillin administration was also often inappropriate. Gentamicin doses in horses were largely appropriate (89% of dose rates appropriate), but 9% of respondents reported twice daily dosing. Amoxycillin and amoxycillin‐clavulanate were administered at the appropriate doses, or above, to dogs and cats by 54% and 70% of respondents, respectively. Here, we explore the potential reasons for inappropriate antimicrobial dose regimens and report that antimicrobial labels often recommend incorrect dose rates and thus may be contributing to poor prescribing practices. Changes to legislation are needed to ensure that antimicrobial drug labels are regularly updated to reflect the dose needed to effectively and safely treat common veterinary pathogens. This will be especially true if changes in legislation restrict antimicrobial use by veterinarians to the uses and doses specified on the label, thus hampering the current momentum towards improved antimicrobial stewardship.