花椒籽蛋白抗菌肽的起泡和乳化特性研究

为研究酶解花椒籽蛋白制得的抗菌肽的溶解性、起泡性和乳化特性,通过不同p H、温度等因素对制备的抗菌肽进行处理并分析其加工特性。结果表明:抗菌肽在p H值≥6、30~50℃内均具有良好的溶解性(氮溶解指数NSI80%);抗菌肽在酸性、碱性条件下的起泡性均高于中性条件,在10min、p H值≥6时具有良好的泡沫稳定性(≥82%);在35~55℃温度范围内,抗菌肽具有一定的起泡性(起泡性≥40%),10min时能保持很好的稳定性(≥73%);抗菌肽的乳化能力随着肽浓度的增加而减小,稳定性随着浓度的增加而增大;在p H值4.0时,抗菌肽的乳化性和乳化稳定性最差,乳化性为2.44m2·g-1,乳化稳定性小于22min;抗菌肽的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB值)大于16.7,亲水性较强。本研究为花椒籽蛋白抗菌肽在食品领域的应用提供了理论依据。     

碱酶两步法制备大米蛋白的研究

该文采用碱法和酶法两步加工碎米，制备得到纯度较高的大米蛋白。通过研究米粉粒度、pH值、温度、水料比和时间对提取率的影响，确定碱法制备大米蛋白的较佳工艺条件为：米粉粒度80目，pH 11.0，温度50℃，水料比8，时间120 min。采用α-淀粉酶对大米蛋白进行纯化，酶解条件为：加酶量60 U/g，pH 6.0，温度50℃，时间30 min。在上述工艺条件下制备大米蛋白，提取率为73.22%，纯度为88.75%。     

蚕豆蛋白酶法改性增溶工艺优化及功能性研究

为了拓宽蚕豆蛋白在食品中的应用,解决传统工业方法制备的蚕豆蛋白溶解性差的问题,本文以传统的碱溶酸沉法提取的蚕豆蛋白为原料,采用限制性酶法对其进行增溶改性工艺优化,并对改性后的蚕豆蛋白的功能性质进行了研究。结果表明:风味蛋白酶是提高蚕豆蛋白溶解性的适宜用酶,酶解改性的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1∶14、酶加量(ES)0.1%、温度58℃、pH值7.5、酶解时间30 min,此条件下蚕豆蛋白的溶解性达到99.73%。改性后的蚕豆蛋白的溶解性、起泡性、乳化性及乳化稳定性在酸性和碱性条件下均显著提高,泡沫稳定性在碱性条件下显著提高,持水力在pH值为2~12的范围内显著下降。     

大米肽的酶法制备工艺及其特性的研究

该文利用蛋白酶水解大米蛋白制备得到大米肽。比较碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶和风味酶水解大米蛋白的进程曲线，结果显示碱性蛋白酶的水解效果最好，其较佳作用条件为：底物浓度10%、pH值9.0、温度45℃、酶与底物比48 AU/kg、时间150 min。在此条件下，大米肽的得率为46.8%，纯度为71.3%。大米肽具有溶解性较好和黏度较低的特性，可以在食品中广泛应用。     

高压均质-酶解改性提高酸性条件下花生蛋白的溶解性及其稳定性研究

花生蛋白在酸性条件下会絮凝沉淀,溶解性降低,限制了其在酸性饮料加工领域的应用。本研究通过利用高压均质-中性蛋白酶酶解复合改性提高花生蛋白在pH值4.0条件下的溶解度,并根据Turbiscan多重光散射稳定性分析仪的背散射光强值和体系不稳定指数(TSI)分析不同浓度改性蛋白添加量对酸性果汁稳定性的影响。响应面分析结果表明,高压均质-中性蛋白酶酶解复合改性的最优工艺为:均质压力79.74 MPa,料液比7.23%,加酶量517 U·g^-1,酶解时间48.20 min,此时,花生蛋白在pH值4.0条件下氮溶指数(NSI)从由4.04%提升至37.49%。将改性后蛋白加入pH值3.88的果汁中,改性后蛋白添加量为3%和4%的果汁稳定性指数(TSI)分别为1.95和2.23,显著优于蛋白质添加量为5%的样品(TSI为3.29)。研究表明高压均质-中性蛋白酶酶解改性可以显著提高花生蛋白在pH值4.0条件下的溶解度且改性后蛋白在酸性饮料中稳定性良好,为植物蛋白在酸性饮料中的应用提供了参考。     

超声预处理大米蛋白制备抗氧化肽

为优化中性蛋白酶酶解大米蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件,采用超声波预处理大米蛋白.以1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼(DPPH)清除率为响应值,用响应面分析法研究超声功率、超声处理时间和超声处理初始温度对制备抗氧化肽工艺的影响.同时研究了其抗氧化肽清除超氧自由基、DPPH、羟自由基能力及螯合Fe2 和还原能力.结果表明:最佳超声预处理大米蛋白的工艺为:超声功率1500 W、超声处理时间20 min、超声处理初始温度40℃,该条件下的抗氧化肽(2.2057 g/L)清除DPPH可达到74.8%,抗氧化肽得率为33.2%.与未经超声预处理比较,抗氧化肽得率提高了43.7%,DPPH的半抑制率(IC50)降低了17.7%.抗氧化试验表明,大米蛋白抗氧化肽清除超氧自由基、DPPH和羟自由基的IC50值分别为0.0678、0.9315和0.1173 g/L,分别是维生素C的IC50值的1.8、175.8和1.4倍;其螯合Fe2 的IC50值是乙二胺四乙酸的42.2倍,还原能力是维生素C的0.7倍.     

响应面法优化提取花椒籽蛋白质工艺研究

本研究以花椒籽为原料,采用盐提法提取花椒籽中蛋白质。在单因素实验基础上,根据Central-Composite中心组合实验设计原理,采用响应面分析法,考察NaCl浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比、pH值对蛋白质得率的影响。结果表明,响应面法优化所得的最佳工艺条件可靠,其最佳工艺条件为:NaCl浓度0.79mol·L-1,提取时间60min,提取温度35℃,料液比1∶17.5,pH值8.78。在此最佳工艺条件下花椒籽粗蛋白得率为18.92%。     

提高玉米胚蛋白浸出率的工艺研究

研究了在稀碱条件下玉米胚蛋白的浸提工艺。通过中心组合设计及响应面分析(RSA)，建立了预测蛋白质浸出率的数学模型，优化了蛋白质的浸提工艺。结果表明：在最佳浸提条件水料比11 mL/g、pH值8.7、温度46℃，浸提90 min，玉米胚蛋白浸出率可达58.46%。     

热榨和冷榨核桃饼粕中蛋白质提取及其性质研究

为优化核桃脱脂饼粕中蛋白质的提取工艺,并合理利用热榨和冷榨脱脂方式所得核桃饼粕的蛋白质,通过单因素试验和正交试验对冷榨脱脂核桃饼粕中蛋白质的提取工艺进行了优化,并对两种脱脂饼粕蛋白质的加工特性进行了比较研究。结果表明冷榨脱脂核桃饼蛋白质的最佳提取条件为:料液比1:8,pH值9.0,提取温度60℃,提取时间60min。在此条件下蛋白质的提取率为78.13%。蛋白加工和功能特性显示,在不同pH值条件下,冷榨核桃蛋白的溶解性和乳化活性指数均高于热榨饼粕,但冷榨核桃蛋白的乳化稳定指数低于热榨的;二者的吸水性和吸油性分别为(5.60±0.30)、(4.27±0.16)、(5.70±0.28)和(6.59±0.21)g/g。表明冷榨核桃饼粕分离蛋白质的吸水、吸油性均优于热榨核桃分离蛋白,具有更好的加工特性。另外,二者均具有较好的体外消化特性,但差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

喷雾干燥鸡血浆蛋白粉工艺优化

为了开发利用鸡血蛋白质资源,该文探讨了鸡血浆蛋白分离及喷雾干燥工艺。首先研究了不同的离心转速和离心时间对鸡血浆蛋白分离效果的影响;使用SD-BASIC喷雾干燥器(英国Labplant公司),研究了喷雾干燥过程热风温度、进料速率对鸡血浆蛋白粉提取率、含水率、粗蛋白质量分数、氮溶解指数、颜色各项指标的影响。结果表明:离心转速和离心时间对血浆蛋白分离效果有显著影响(p<0.05);最佳分离条件为:离心转速3000r/min,离心时间15min。喷雾干燥热风温度、进料速率及两者之间的交互作用对鸡血浆蛋白粉品质均有显著影响(p<0.05);喷雾压力0.3MPa,进料温度为25℃,热风温度150℃、进料速率0.167mL/s时效果最好,此时血浆蛋白粉提取率、含水率、粗蛋白质量分数、氮溶解指数分别为64.289%、4.514%、72.644%、97.295%。研究结果为鸡血浆蛋白粉的工业化生产提供了相关的基础性数据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

“绿色革命”以来大气CO2浓度升高对C3作物营养品质的影响

自20世纪60年代"绿色革命"以来,育种技术和农耕技术的发展促进了农作物产量的大幅提升,然而作物的营养品质出现下降趋势。在相似的遗传背景下,大气CO_2浓度升高会使单位体积农作物产品的营养元素含量下降,因此"绿色革命"至今,农作物产品的营养元素下降可能受大气CO_2浓度升高影响。通过植物生长箱模拟"绿色革命"初期和目前的大气CO_2浓度水平(310μmol/mol和400μmol/mol),针对主要C_3作物水稻、小麦和大豆,研究"绿色革命"以来大气CO_2浓度升高对其籽粒的C、N、Fe、Zn元素含量的影响,结果表明:CO_2浓度升高对3种作物籽粒的C元素含量几乎没有影响,变化幅度在±1.5%之间;籽粒的N、Fe、Zn元素含量普遍呈现下降趋势,但均未达到显著水平。