高体鳑鲏幼鱼集群行为研究

为了探究高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus ocellatus)幼鱼的集群行为,选取248尾幼鱼,分别了组成单独1尾个体和2、4、8和16尾高体鳑鲏幼鱼的群体(N=8),在(25±1)℃水温条件下进行15 min的视频拍摄,随后进行运动轨迹的提取和分析,得到游泳速度以及空间分布特征的相关数据。结果显示:(1)高体鳑鲏的自发游泳速度在0~10 cm/s,1、2、4、8和16个体组的速度中位数分别为4.3 cm/s、4.1 cm/s、3.6 cm/s、3.2 cm/s和4.6 cm/s,其中8个体组的速度中位数显著低于1和16个体组(P0.05)。各组游泳速度的同步性较高,且随群体大小的上升呈显著下降的趋势(P0.05);(2)焦点鱼和群体中其它个体的最近邻距离(NND)出现在0~10 cm,2和4个体组的NND分别为3.1 cm和2.7 cm,显著大于8和16个体组的1.9 cm和2.4 cm(P0.05);(3)2和4个体组排列的极性为91.5%和91.2%,显著高于8和16个体组的82.6%和77.2%(P0.05)。研究结果表明,高体鳑鲏幼鱼具有显著的集群性特征,可能为其适应复杂的生境、提高觅食效率和降低捕食压力的结果;群体大小对高体鳑鲏集群行为特征有显著影响,随群体大小的上升,其群体凝聚力上升,但协调性下降。     

流水和静水条件下鲢幼鱼对不同强度光源的趋性行为研究

结合鱼类的集群行为,探究了在流水和静水处理下鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)幼鱼的光强偏好。实验流速工况设置包括静水和流水(流速为0.1m/s),光强水平设置为0、10、20、40、70、110lx,并依次进行了实验对象的个体(1尾)实验和群体(5尾)实验。结果显示:(1)个体流水处理在不同光照度水平下的吸引率和排斥率均无显著性差异(P0.05),但个体静水处理20lx和110lx组的光吸引率显著大于40lx和70lx组(P0.05),其他均无显著差异(P0.05);(2)不同流速和实验鱼数量下的光吸引率,由高到低依次为群体流水处理、群体静水处理、个体流水处理、个体静水处理。光排斥率由高到低依次为个体静水处理、个体流水处理、群体静水处理、群体流水处理。研究表明,一定水流速度能够刺激鲢幼鱼趋流,从而提高光的吸引作用,且群体的趋光性要强于个体;(3)流水处理下,鲢幼鱼的最近邻距离(DNN,群体紧凑程度指标)随光强的增大,先减小后增大,集群程度先升高后降低,其中,70lx水平对应的DNN显著高于0lx(F=1.489,P0.05),而静水处理下各光强水平对应的实验鱼DNN无显著性差异(P0.05),集群行为无明显变化。     

不同运动状态下鳙幼鱼的游泳特性研究

为了探究鱼类反复运动疲劳后游泳能力和游泳行为的变化,以鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)幼鱼为研究对象,利用环形水槽实验装置,采用流速递增法,通过LoliTrack视频软件分析鱼类游泳行为,研究不同运动状态下鳙幼鱼的游泳特性变化情况。结果表明,鳙幼鱼疲劳前耗氧率随游泳速度的增大显著增加,且临界游泳速度恢复过程中最大耗氧率小于突进游泳速度恢复过程中最大耗氧率。视频分析显示,摆尾频率与游泳速度呈线性正相关关系。同时发现,在2组反复疲劳运动状态下,连续进行2次临界游泳速度测定过程中,鳙幼鱼频繁使用爆发-滑行游泳行为,而在经过突进游泳速度测试后转入临界游泳速度测定过程中,实验鱼并未使用这一游泳行为。经过一次临界游泳速度测试后,第二次临界游泳速度显著大于突进游泳速度测试后的临界游泳速度(P0.05),第一次突进游泳速度与第二次突进游泳速度无显著差异(P0.05)。无氧运动消耗导致鳙幼鱼有氧运动能力显著下降,而有氧运动消耗过程对无氧运动能力无显著影响。     

生态情境及其测定次序对镜鲤幼鱼群体行为的影响

鱼类个体因为社会原因而聚集的现象称为鱼类群体行为, 受到多种因素的影响。为考察生态情境及其测定次序对镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. specularis)幼鱼群体行为的影响, 本研究以喜集群的镜鲤幼鱼为研究对象, 将大小相近且健康的实验鱼随机分成固定组和随机组, 将每个处理组的鱼群放在不同的生态情境(开放水域环境、食物环境和食物+避难所环境)条件下拍摄实验鱼的群体行为, 并且采用抽签的方式确定随机组的拍摄顺序以模拟生态情境转变。结果发现: (1) 生态情境复杂性的增加和测定次序的改变降低了个体游泳速度及其同步性。(2) 生态情境复杂性的增加会增大最近邻距离和个体间距离, 然而测定次序的改变降低了非开放水域环境(食物环境和食物+避难所环境)的最近邻距离。(3) 生态情境复杂性的增加降低了开放水域环境和食物+避难所环境的群体游泳速度和群体运动时间比。(4) 镜鲤的个体间距离和群体极性呈负相关, 而随机顺序增强了其在开放水域环境和食物+避难所环境中的负相关程度。结果表明, 生态情境复杂度越高, 其群体凝聚力和协调性越低; 而随机顺序增强了镜鲤幼鱼的凝聚力和其在非开放水域环境的协调性, 降低了镜鲤幼鱼群体在开放水域的协调性, 从而显示了该鱼显著的集群行为, 对群体运动中个体成员的信息交流有着积极的影响。     

圆口铜鱼幼鱼可持续游泳能力及活动代谢研究

以圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)幼鱼为研究对象,通过自制的鱼类游泳实验装置,测定了4个温度(10,15,20和25℃)下圆口铜鱼幼鱼游泳速度达到临界游速过程中及运动疲劳后耗氧率的变化情况;在自然水温条件下,测定了5个不同流速下的可持续游泳时间,并通过摄像记录分析了不同游泳速度下的游泳行为。结果显示:圆口铜鱼幼鱼在运动疲劳前耗氧率随流速的增加显著上升(P0.05),在临界游速时达到峰值;运动疲劳后耗氧率逐渐下降,40~50 min内耗氧率恢复至低流速时的水平。自然水温(18.0±1.5)℃条件下幼鱼的可持续游泳时间随流速增加逐渐减小(P0.01),在1.31倍临界游速的固定流速下,平均可持续游泳时间达29 min,体现了较强的游泳耐力及无氧代谢能力。录像分析表明,摆尾频率(TBF)与游速的关系呈线性正相关(P0.001),且随着温度升高,TBF随流速增加的趋势越明显。     

急性低盐胁迫对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼存活、血清离子浓度和内分泌激素水平的影响

为探究急性低盐胁迫对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼存活、血清离子浓度和激素水平的影响,将斜带石斑鱼幼鱼从盐度30(对照组)的水体直接转移至盐度0、5、10、20的水体中,于2 h、6 h、12 h、48 h和72 h检测幼鱼血清中的钠离子(Na~+)、钾离子(K~+)、氯离子(Cl~-)浓度和生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、皮质醇(COR)水平的变化,并记录幼鱼存活情况。结果显示,血清Na~+和Cl~-浓度随盐度增加显著上升(P0.05)。盐度0组和对照组血清Na~+浓度随实验时间变化不大,较稳定(P0.05);而盐度5和盐度10组血清Na~+浓度在6 h降低,随后升高并保持稳定(P0.05);盐度20组血清Na~+浓度随时间的延长出现显著波动(P0.05)。随时间延长Cl~-浓度在盐度0组呈显著下降趋势(P0.05),在盐度5、10和20组和对照组变化不明显(P0.05)。K~+浓度在盐度0组显著高于其它组(P0.05)。随时间延长K~+浓度在盐度0组先升后降(P0.05),而在盐度5、10和20组以及对照组则先降后升(P0.05)。GH水平在盐度20和对照组显著高于其它3组(P0.05)。随时间延长GH水平在盐度0、5和10组呈先下降至6 h处达到最低点,而后上升的趋势(P0.05),而在盐度20和对照组无显著变化(P0.05)。PRL在各试验组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。随时间延长各试验组血清PRL水平先下降后上升至12 h达到最大值后又下降(P0.05),最后趋于稳定。COR水平在盐度0、5和10组显著高于盐度20和对照组(P0.05)。随时间延长在盐度0、5和10组的变化规律与PRL水平类似,而在盐度20和对照组无显著变化(P0.05)。随时间延长在盐度0组幼鱼死亡率逐渐升高,72 h内全部死亡;盐度5组幼鱼在实验期间仅有极少数死亡,而其它组幼鱼无死亡情况,这表明斜带石斑鱼幼鱼能够适应在盐度低至5的急性胁迫下存活,但在淡水急性胁迫条件下不能长时间存活。     

饥饿和恢复投喂对翘嘴鲌幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响

研究了在20.3~24.8℃条件下分别饥饿0 d、4 d、8 d、12 d和16 d后恢复投喂16 d对翘嘴鲌(Culter al-burnus)幼鱼摄食、生长及体成分的影响。结果显示:随着饥饿时间延长,幼鱼体质量损失率显著增大;肝体指数变小,水分和灰分含量逐渐升高;粗脂肪含量在饥饿前期下降较快,饥饿后期下降速率降低,各饥饿组与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);粗蛋白含量饥饿前期下降缓慢,饥饿4 d、8 d组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),饥饿后期下降明显,饥饿12 d、16 d组与对照组有显著差异(P<0.05);比能值不断下降,除饥饿4 d组外,各饥饿组与对照组都有显著差异(P<0.05)。恢复投喂后,各饥饿组鱼体生化组成和鱼体比能值均恢复至对照组水平,恢复投喂期间各饥饿处理组的摄食率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明:饥饿4 d、8 d组翘嘴鲌幼鱼具有完全补偿生长能力;饥饿12 d、16 d幼鱼仅有部分补偿生长能力。     

拟微绿球藻粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生理和脂肪酸组成的影响

为探讨饲料中添加拟微绿球藻粉替代鱼油对大菱鲆幼鱼血清生化指标、体组成和脂肪酸组成的影响,用拟微绿球藻粉替代基础饲料中0(对照组)、8%、16%、24%和32%的鱼油,配制5种等氮等能的饲料。选取初始体质量(82.64±0.32)g的大菱鲆幼鱼375尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾,养殖37d。试验结果显示,试验组的全鱼粗蛋白呈逐渐上升的趋势并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的全鱼粗脂肪呈逐渐下降的趋势并且显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验组的肌肉粗蛋白和粗脂肪与全鱼具有相同的趋势;肌肉和肝脏的花生四烯酸含量随着饲料中拟微绿球藻粉含量的增加而上升,而n-3/n-6高不饱和脂肪酸呈下降的趋势;血清总超氧化物歧化酶和总抗氧化能力呈先升后降的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最大值并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清溶菌酶也呈先升后降的趋势,替代16%试验组和替代24%试验组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),血清丙二醛呈先降后升的趋势,在替代16%试验组达到最低值并且显著低于对照组(P<0.05),血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈下降趋势,试验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在16%～24%替代水平上,可提高试验组的非特异性免疫力和抗氧化能力,降低其血脂水平,而大菱鲆幼鱼高不饱和脂肪酸的含量不变,保持了其营养价值。     

脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

本实验旨在探讨脱脂黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)虫粉(DBSFLM)替代鱼粉(FM)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响。实验设计6组等氮(粗蛋白45%)等脂(粗脂肪10%)饲料,用黑水虻脱脂虫粉分别替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉蛋白,分别记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。选用2160尾平均体重为(50.08±3.31)g的大黄鱼幼鱼随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复120尾,在室内水泥池(2 m×1 m×1 m)进行为期7周的投喂实验。结果表明:(1) G100组大黄鱼幼鱼存活率显著低于其他实验组, G40组大黄鱼增重率(WGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)均显著高于其他组(P0.05);(2)大黄鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量随着DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而下降,替代40%及以上鱼体粗蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);肌肉的粗脂肪和粗灰分含量则随DBSFLM替代FM水平的增加而升高,其中替代60%及以上鱼体粗脂肪和粗灰分含量显著升高(P0.05);(3)随着替代水平的升高(40%),大黄鱼血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著上升(P0.05),甘油三酯(TG)和胆固醇(CHOL)水平显著下降(P0.05);(4)G20组大黄鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及G40组实验鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均为最高,G40组大黄鱼肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量最低。过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随着DBSFLM替代FM水平升高呈现下降趋势,替代40%及以上CAT活性显著下降(P0.05)。综上所述,在本实验条件下,脱脂黑水虻虫粉替代饲料中40%鱼粉蛋白对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长性能、体成分及健康状况无负面影响。     

不同生活史阶段高体鳑鲏化学预警通讯及其环境依赖性

化学预警信息(chemical alarm cues, CAC)在鱼类捕食者-猎物关系中起核心作用。为研究鱼类化学预警通讯模式及其可塑性, 并检验“鱼类化学预警响应生态位假说”, 采用同质园实验(common garden experiment)分别给予高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus ocellatus)有捕食者处理和无捕食者处理 8 个月, 检测具有不同捕食环境经历的高体鳑鲏成体和其幼体对不同环境化学信息[水(对照组)、高体鳑鲏幼体 CAC 和成体 CAC、捕食者信息]的行为响应。结果表明, 无捕食者处理组中, 化学预警信息仅对高体鳑鲏成体静止时间的变化有显著影响(P＜0.05), 而对幼体静止时间的变化无显著影响(P＞0.05), 成体和幼体高体鳑鲏静止时间的变化对捕食者信息的响应差异显著(P＜0.05); 有捕食者处理组中, 高体鳑鲏成体和幼体静止时间的变化对幼体 CAC、成体 CAC 以及捕食者信息均有显著响应(P＜0.05), 成体和幼体对同一环境化学信息的行为应答无显著差异(P＞0.05)。本研究证实了高体鳑鲏的化学预警通讯对生境捕食压力具有环境依赖性(表型可塑性), 处于捕食压力下的高体鳑鲏化学预警响应模式支持“鱼类化学预警响应生态位假说”。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).