小麦蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究小麦蛋白粉替代大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中的鱼粉对其生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及肝脏抗氧化能力的影响,实验以小麦蛋白粉替代基础饲料中0%(FM组为对照组)、25%(WGM25组)、50%(WGM50组)、75%(WGM75组)和100%(WGM100组)的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮(蛋白质水平为45%)等脂(脂肪水平为10%)的饲料。结果显示,大黄鱼幼鱼各处理组的存活率(SR)和饲料系数(FCR)差异不显著;增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)各替代组显著高于对照组;各处理组的肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)和肥满度(CF)差异不显著。全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分和灰分的含量差异不显著;肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分含量差异不显著;肌肉灰分含量WGM50、WGM75组和FM、WGM25、WGM100组差异显著。各处理组大黄鱼血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)的含量均无显著性差异。肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,WGM25和WGM100组显著低于FM、WGM50和WGM75组;丙二醛(MDA)的活性,WGM50组显著高于FM、WGM25和WGM100组;过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,各组间差异不显著;谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活性,WGM100组显著高于其他组。研究表明,在该实验条件下,小麦蛋白粉替代饲料(含40%鱼粉)中100%的鱼粉不会影响大黄鱼幼鱼的生长。     

大豆浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对大黄鱼幼鱼生长、体成分、血清生化指标及肝组织学的影响

为探索大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、体成分和血清生化指标以及肝组织学的影响。以初始体重为(10.50±0.04)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,用SPC替代基础饲料(含40%鱼粉)0%(FM)、25%(R25)、50%(R50)、75%(R75)、100%(R100)的鱼粉制作成5种等氮(粗蛋白水平为45%)等脂(粗脂肪水平为10%)的实验饲料。各实验组以对照组(FM)饲料蛋氨酸、赖氨酸含量为基准,分别添加适量的晶体赖氨酸和蛋氨酸。养殖实验在浙江省象山县西沪港区进行,每个处理随机分配3个网箱(1.5 m×1.5 m×2 m),每个网箱放养60尾,养殖周期为56 d。结果表明,与对照组相比(FM),SPC替代鱼粉水平对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、存活率(SR)以及饲料系数(FCR)没有显著影响(P0.05);肌肉粗蛋白和全鱼粗蛋白无显著差异(P0.05),肌肉粗脂肪和全鱼粗脂肪含量随替代比例的增加有下降的趋势,均以R100组含量最低,肌肉水分含量和全鱼水分有上升的趋势;血清各项指标没有显著性差异,但血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)含量有下降趋势,以R100组含量最低;血清胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)的含量呈现出先升高后下降的趋势。从肝组织学观察中发现,SPC替代水平超过75%会对肝细胞产生损伤,引起肝细胞空泡化,脂肪堆积加重,肝细胞核逐渐溶解或缺失。综上所述,在本研究条件下,SPC替代饲料75%的鱼粉,不会对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长造成负面影响。     

紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响

研究了紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代0%(S0)、10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)、50%(S50)的鱼粉蛋白对星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)幼鱼生长、体组成及血液生化指标的影响。实验幼鱼体质量(83.0±0.20)g。结果显示:1)当替代比例≤20%时,各组间星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、日摄食率(DFI)、饲料效率(FE)和蛋白质效率(PER)均无显著变化,高于此值时呈显著下降(P<0.05)。随饲料中紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的升高,鱼体肥满度(CF)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05),而消化道指数(DTI)则呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05);各实验组干物质、蛋白质及脂肪表观消化率均呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。以星斑川鲽幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)为参考指标,采用折线回归分析得出,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。2)紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉对星斑川鲽幼鱼肌肉水分、蛋白及粗灰分含量未产生显著性影响,肌肉脂肪含量仅S40组显著低于S0和S20组,其他各组间无显著差异;当替代比例小于20%时,肝脏水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),之后趋于平稳(P>0.05)。肝脏粗脂肪变化趋势与此相反。肝脏粗蛋白含量仅表现为S30、S50组显著高于S0组(P<0.05),其他各组无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏粗灰分含量不受饲料鱼粉替代比例的影响(P>0.05);全鱼水分呈显著上升趋势(P<0.05),而粗脂肪含量呈显著下降(P<0.05)。S30组全鱼粗蛋白最高,S40组最低(P>0.05),除S30组外,其他各组均与S0组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。各组间全鱼粗灰分含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。3)当替代比例>20%时,星斑川鲽幼鱼血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量呈显著降低。各组间胆固醇(CHO)含量随紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白的添加呈直线下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例≥20%时,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性有下降趋势(P<0.05)。当替代比例分别大于20%和40%时,谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著升高但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验鱼血浆溶菌酶(LSZ)活力随鱼粉替代比例的升高呈显著上升(P<0.05)。各实验组间血浆丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著差异,但均低于S0组(P<0.05),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性不受紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉比例的影响(P>0.05)。结论认为,在本实验条件下,星斑川鲽幼鱼获得最佳生长时紫花苜蓿浓缩叶蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白的适宜比例为19.0%。     

鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆生长和体组成的影响

以鸡肉粉替代饲料中0%、20%、40%、60%、80%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能饲料。选取初始体质量为(22.82±0.08)g的大菱鲆幼鱼180尾,随机分为5组(每组3个重复,每重复12尾)分别投喂一种饲料,试验周期为8周。试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数以及质量增加率产生显著影响(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白、灰分、能量含量未造成显著影响(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组粗蛋白含量比对照组略微升高,粗脂肪含量比对照组显著降低(P0.05),鸡肉粉替代组之间的粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),但有升高的趋势。鸡肉粉替代40%鱼粉时,血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活力显著高于对照组(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对肝脏谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力影响显著(P0.05)。鸡肉粉替代鱼粉对主要营养成分的表观消化率产生显著影响(P0.05)。本试验结果表明,鸡肉粉替代20%的鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生长最为有利。     

蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、饲料利用、消化代谢酶及免疫性能的影响

选取蛹肽蛋白分别替代大菱鲆幼鱼配合饲料中0、15%、30%、45%、60%、75%的鱼粉,配制成6种等氮等能的饲料饲喂大菱鲆幼鱼(19.84±0.04 g)56 d,以研究蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉的效果。结果显示,大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率、饲料效率随替代水平的升高而降低,30%及以上替代组显著低于对照组(P0.05);鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪水平随替代水平的升高而降低,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著降低,鱼体水分和灰分含量随替代的升高而升高,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著升高(P0.05)。摄食率随替代水平升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在30%替代组呈现出最高的摄食率,且显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料干物质的表观消化率在42.53%-54.36%之间,且当替代水平达到75%时显著低于对照组(P0.05);而蛋白质表观消化率在71.67%-86.89%之间,仅45%和75%替代组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。各替代组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照组,在45%和60%替代组出现显著性差异(P0.05)。综上所述,蛹肽蛋白可以替代大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中15%的鱼粉而不影响其生长摄食、饲料利用以及与消化、代谢、免疫相关的酶的活性。     

酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长和主要代谢酶活力的影响

用酶解豆粕替代基础饲料中0、20%、40%、60%和80%的鱼粉,配制5种等氮等能的饲料(HSM0、HSM20、HSM40、HSM60、HSM80,其中HSM0为对照组)。研究了酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)幼鱼生长、体组成、消化和代谢的影响。结果显示:1)HSM40组幼鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著提高(P0.05),HSM80组增重率、特定生长率和蛋白质效率显著降低(P0.05),酶解豆粕替代40%以上时显著提高了幼鱼的摄食率。2)HSM40组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著升高(P0.05),HSM40~HSM80组全鱼和肌肉粗脂肪含量显著低于其余组(P0.05),HSM40和HSM60组全鱼粗灰分含量显著高于其余组(P0.05),各试验组肌肉氨基酸含量差异不显著(P0.05)。3)HSM80组胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活力显著降低(P0.05);脂肪酶活力在替代量大于60%时显著降低(P0.05),各组淀粉酶活力无显著差异(P0.05)。4)各试验组谷草转氨酶活力与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),HSM80组谷丙转氨酶、脂肪酸合成酶活力显著降低(P0.05),HSM20和HSM40组葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶活力显著升高(P0.05)。综合考虑,酶解豆粕可替代60%的鱼粉而不降低珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼的生长,在替代量为40%时促进生长。     

玉米蛋白粉对大黄鱼生长、肠道组织结构及肠道菌群的影响

为了探讨玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)生长、肠道组织结构及肠道微生物菌群的影响,进行了为期8周的生长实验。以初始体重为(10.49±0.03)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,用玉米蛋白粉分别替代基础饲料(含40%鱼粉)中0%(FM,对照组)、15%(CGM15)、30%(CGM30)、45%(CGM45)、60%(CGM60)、75%(CGM75)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮(粗蛋白含量45%)等脂(粗脂肪含量10%)的实验饲料。56 d投喂实验结束后,各处理组幼鱼的存活率与特定生长率以及饲料系数等指标均无显差异(P0.05)。从肠道组织学发现,各处理组与对照组(FM)的幼鱼肠道组织结构肠黏膜、皱襞高度、杯状细胞个数均无显著差异性(P0.05),但CGM60组的幼鱼部分肠黏膜上皮细胞被破坏,上皮细胞排列紊乱,纹状缘出现缺刻,肠绒毛部分出现脱落或破损;CGM75组的幼鱼肠道的皱襞高度变短,皱襞密度降低,皱襞个数减少。选取FM、CGM15(生长相对较好)和CGM75(生长相对较差)三组运用Illumina-Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析幼鱼肠道菌群的物种丰富度指数(chao1)、香农指数(Shannon)、辛普森指数(Simpson)和覆盖率(good coverage)均无显著差异(P0.05);基于门水平,FM、CGM15和CGM75组的幼鱼肠道细菌中优势菌群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)。而在属水平,类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、嗜碱菌属(Alkaliphilus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)为其优势菌群。分析属水平差异菌属发现,与FM组相比较,CGM15和CGM75组均显著增加了链球菌属(Streptococcus)的物种丰度(P0.05);与FM组相比,CGM15组显著降低了德沃斯氏菌(Devosia)和纤维弧菌属(Cellvibrio)的物种丰度(P0.05);与FM组相比,CGM75组显著增加了葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)的物种丰度(P0.05)。综上所述,玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉达45%时对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长、肠道组织结构及肠道优势菌群均影响不大。     

酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成及血清生化的影响

以酶解磷虾粉分别替代基础饲料中0(T0)、10％(T10)、20％(T20)、30％(T30)、40％(T40)、50％(T50)的鱼粉,配制6种等氮等能的饲料,研究饲料中酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能、体组成、血液生化指标、抗氧化性能及氟残留的影响.选取初始均重为(57.80±0.28)g的珍珠龙胆石斑幼鱼360尾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,试验周期为56 d.结果显示,(1) T30组的增重率、特定生长率和摄食率均显著高于T0组(P＜0.05);在替代量大于20％时,饲料干物质表观消化率显著高于T0组()＜0.05);各替代组的饲料系数、肥满度、肝体比、蛋白质效率、蛋白质消化率与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05).(2)各替代组全鱼和肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量与T0组无显著差异(P＞0.05);T30组肌肉粗蛋白质含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(3)各组间血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、甘油三酯和高密度脂蛋白含量无显著差异(p0.05);T30组尿素氮含量显著低于T0组(P＜0.05);各替代组低密度脂蛋白含量显著高于T0组(P＜0.05).(4)酶解磷虾粉替代鱼粉显著升高了珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼血清和肝脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及血清超氧化物歧化酶的活力(P＜0.05),同时,显著降低了血清和肝脏中丙二醛含量(P＜0.05).(5)各组肌肉氟含量均在可检测范围以下,各组间骨骼氟含量随着替代比例的升高而升高,各组差异显著(P＜0.05).研究表明,综合考虑生长性能、体成分、生化指标及抗氧化性能,酶解磷虾粉可替代珍珠龙胆石斑鱼饲料中40％以下的鱼粉,替代量为30％时效果最佳.     

复合动植物蛋白部分替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体成分及生理生化指标的影响

本研究设计5组等氮等能(粗蛋白为53%,能量为25KJ/g)的实验饲料,以60%的鱼粉饲料组作为对照(D1),豆粕∶花生粕∶鱼溶浆粉∶鸡肉粉(2∶1∶3∶2)的复合蛋白替代40%(D2)、50%(D3)、60%(D4)和70%(D5)的鱼粉,养殖大菱鲆幼鱼(Scophthalmus maximus L.)初始体重(53.0±0.2) g,养殖周期84 d,每天定时(08:00,16:30)投喂2次,投喂量为体重的1.5%～2%。实验结果显示,各处理组之间幼鱼存活率、饲料系数和摄食率均无显著性差异(P0.05);与对照组相比,D4和D5组增重率显著降低(P0.05);肥满度在D2组达到最高值,显著高于D3、D4和D5组(P0.05);脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)和肠体比(ISI)均在D2组达到最低值,均显著低于D5组(P0.05);复合动植物蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆幼鱼全鱼水分和粗蛋白含量均无显著影响(P0.05);各替代组全鱼粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);全鱼灰分含量在D5组显著低于对照组(P0.05);各组间背肌水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量均无显著性差异(P0.05);复合动植物蛋白替代鱼粉对鱼体肌肉非必需氨基酸和必需氨基酸总量无显著影响(P0.05);各替代组均显著提高了血清谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性(P0.05);总蛋白浓度在D2组显著高于D4和D5组(P0.05);血糖浓度在D2和D3组显著低于其他3组(P0.05);D3、D4和D5组甘油三酯浓度和高密度脂蛋白浓度均显著低于对照组和D2组(P0.05);各替代组胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白浓度均显著低于对照组(P0.05);各组之间碱性磷酸酶浓度无显著差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明,复合动植物蛋白可有效替代50%鱼粉而不影响大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能和部分生理生化指标。     

蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)幼鱼生长、饲料利用、消化代谢酶及免疫性能的影响

选取蛹肽蛋白分别替代大菱鲆幼鱼配合饲料中0、15%、30%、45%、60%、75%的鱼粉,配制成6种等氮等能的饲料饲喂大菱鲆幼鱼(19.84±0.04 g)56 d,以研究蛹肽蛋白替代鱼粉的效果。结果显示,大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率、饲料效率随替代水平的升高而降低,30%及以上替代组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);鱼体粗蛋白、粗脂肪水平随替代水平的升高而降低,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著降低,鱼体水分和灰分含量随替代的升高而升高,分别在75%和30%及以上替代组显著升高(P<0.05)。摄食率随替代水平升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在30%替代组呈现出最高的摄食率,且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料干物质的表观消化率在42.53%-54.36%之间,且当替代水平达到75%时显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而蛋白质表观消化率在71.67%-86.89%之间,仅45%和75%替代组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。各替代组肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性均高于对照组,在45%和60%替代组出现显著性差异(P<0.05)。综上所述,蛹肽蛋白可以替代大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中15%的鱼粉而不影响其生长摄食、饲料利用以及与消化、代谢、免疫相关的酶的活性。     

Effects of replacing fish meal with corn gluten meal on growth,feed utilization,nitrogen and phosphorus excretion and IGF‐I gene expression of juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

Seven isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing fish meal (FM) protein replaced by corn gluten meal (CGM) protein at 0% (the control, C0), 10% (C10), 20% (C20), 30% (C30), 40% (C40), 50% (C50) and 60% (C60) were fed to juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis for 8‐weeks to evaluate the effects of FM protein replaced by CGM protein on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion and IGF‐I gene expression of juvenile P. ussuriensis. The results showed that the replacement level up to 40% did not affect the weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed intake and protein efficiency ratio, whereas these parameters were depressed by further replacement level. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein significantly decreased, but ADC of phosphorus significantly increased with increasing dietary CGM levels (p < .05). Fish fed diets with FM protein replaced by CGM protein led to an increase in nitrogen excretion, but led to a reduction in phosphorus excretion. No significant differences were observed in alpha‐amylase and lipase activities of intestine (p > .05). The lowest pepsin activity was found in C60 group. Fish fed diet C40, C50 and C60 had significantly lower serum lysozyme activity compared with fish fed diet C0 (p < .05). The lowest plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and the highest plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were observed in C60 group. Fish fed diet C60 had significantly lower hepatic IGF‐I gene expression compared with fish fed diet C10 (p < .05). Broken‐line model analysis based on SGR against the CGM substitution level indicated that the appropriate replacement level was 37.7%.     

家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

设计6种等氮等能的试验饲料,以评价不同比例的家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、抗氧化以及非特异性免疫指标的影响。选用960尾体质量为(0.56±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾随机分为6组,分别投喂用家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉的6种饲料,替代比例(等蛋白替代)分别为0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%,记为G0、G20、G40、G60、G80和G100。45 d的养殖试验结果显示,G20~G60组凡纳滨对虾的增重率(WGR)与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80、G100组WGR显著降低(P<0.05)。除G40组外,各替代组凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率(SGR)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。G100组摄食量(FI)显著低于其它各组(P<0.05)。当替代水平不超过60%时,家蝇蛆粉对凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数(FCR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)和肝胰指数(HSI)影响不显著(P>0.05);随替代水平的继续增加,FCR和HSI显著升高,PER和PPV显著降低(P<0.05)。替代组对虾肥满度(CF)和存活率(SR)均不同程度的高于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随家蝇蛆粉替代水平的增加,全虾粗蛋白、钙(Ca)和总磷(P)含量显著升高(P<0.05),粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),干物质和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。各替代组对虾血清和肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、血清丙二醛(MDA)含量与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),G80和G100组肝胰腺MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。血清酚氧化酶(PO)活性随家蝇蛆粉替代量的增加而显著降低,其中G20组显著高于其它各组(P<0.05)。肝胰腺碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性随添加量的增加而显著降低(P<0.05)。家蝇蛆粉替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾的血细胞总数(THC)、血清一氧化氮(NO)含量、AKP活性和肝胰腺PO活性、NO含量影响不显著(P>0.05)。     

脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、营养素沉积率、血清生化指标和消化酶活性的影响

为研究脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉(DBSFLM)替代鱼粉对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、营养素沉积率、血清生化指标和消化酶活性的影响,本实验选用平均体质量为(1.67±0.01) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼480尾,随机分为4个处理组,分别投喂基础饲料(T0)和实验饲料[脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉分别替代鱼粉20%(T20)、40%(T40)和60%(T60)],每个处理组3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼,养殖8周。结果显示,随着DBSFLM替代量的增加,黄颡鱼生长呈先增加后降低的趋势;T20组的终末均重、增重率和特定生长率最高,且显著高于T60组;实验组T20和T60的摄食量显著高于对照组和T40组;实验组的腹脂指数、灰分和钙沉积率呈下降趋势,其中T60组的腹脂指数、T40和T60组的灰分和钙沉积率达到显著水平;与对照组T0相比,实验组的肥满度、脏体比、肝体比、肠体比和胃体比、蛋白质、脂肪和磷沉积率及黄颡鱼体蛋白、体脂肪和灰分均没有显著差异;血清胆固醇和甘油三脂显著降低,高密度/低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著升高,实验组T40的胃蛋白酶活性有增加趋势、肠道胰蛋白酶活性显著增加。研究表明,在本实验条件下,脱脂亮斑扁角水虻幼虫粉替代鱼粉不影响黄颡鱼幼鱼的生长性能和体组成含量,并可降低腹脂指数、血清甘油三酯、胆固醇含量及灰分、钙的沉积率,还可增加蛋白酶活性,以20%替代比例生长最佳,且优于对照组。     

Effect of replacing fish meal with meat and bone meal on growth,feed utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis

The effect of replacing fish meal (FM) with meat and bone meal (MBM) in diets for juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis was evaluated in a 90‐day feeding trial. Six isonitrogenous (crude protein, 430 g/kg) and isolipidic (crude lipid, 74 g/kg) diets were formulated to contain MBM to replace FM at 0 (S0), 200 (S20), 400 (S40), 600 (S60), 800 (S80) and 1000 g/kg (S100), respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG) among fish fed S0, S20 and S40 diets. However, a significant reduction in WG occurred when 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg FM protein was replaced by MBM (p < .05). Similar trends were observed in specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein and dry matter of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets. The ADC of phosphorus significantly reduced with the increase in dietary MBM level. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretion increased with the increasing dietary MBM level. Protease, lipase and amylase activities of the diets S80 and S100 were significantly lower than those of the other diets (p < .05). The results of this study showed that the optimum dietary MBM replacement level was 34.3% according to broken‐line model based on WG against dietary MBM replacement level.     

Replacement of fish meal with blend of rendered animal protein in diets for Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt), results in performance equal to fish meal fed fish

An 8w growth trial was conducted to determine the effect of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by a blend of rendered animal protein (BAP, comprised of 40% meat and bone meal, 40% poultry by‐product meal, 20% hydrolyzed feather meal in diets for juvenile Siberia sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt). Five experimental diets were formulated. The control diet (C) contained 48% FM, whereas in the remaining four diets, FM were replaced by BAP at 25% or 50% level balanced by crystallized amino acid (AA) or spray‐dried blood meal (BM), which named as BAP25‐AA, BAP25‐BM, BAP50‐AA and BAP50‐BM, respectively. Weight gain rate of BAP50‐AA group was significantly higher than that of C group, while other BAP diets did not show negative effect on growth performance. The BAP25‐BM group exhibited the lowest feed conversion rate (FCR) (P < 0.05). FM replacement by BAP did not affect chemical composition of the whole body and crude fat level of the liver, but significantly affect the fillet lipid content. Hepatic aspartate aminotransferase and serum total protein, total cholesterol and triglyceride were reduced in fish fed diet BAP50B. Siberian sturgeon showed high efficiency on utilization of crystalline amino acid as good as those from BM.     

Response of juvenile tench (Tinca tinca L.) fed practical diets with different protein contents and substitution levels of fish meal by soybean meal

A basal practical diet for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca) was formulated and elaborated to test several protein contents and substitution possibilities of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM) in a 90‐day trial with 5‐month‐old juveniles (30.54 mm TL, 0.30 g W). A factorial design included nine feeding treatments: three protein contents (50%, 40% or 30%) and three levels of replacement (0%, 25% or 45%) of FM protein by SBM protein. In addition, a commercial carp feed was used as reference. Final survival ranged from 98.2% to 99.4%. The 50% dietary protein with 0% or 25% replacement and 40% dietary protein with 25% replacement diets enabled higher growth (P < 0.05) and lower FCR (P < 0.05) than the rest of practical diets. Fish fed 50% dietary protein had similar growth than those fed carp feed (63.8% protein). Deformed fish averaged 1% for the practical diets and 87.6% for the carp feed. The basal practical diet has showed to be feasible and levels of 40–50% dietary protein with 25% replacement of FM protein by SBM protein can be recommended for juvenile tench aged 5–8 months.     

蚕粉替代鱼粉对加州鲈幼鱼生长、饲料利用及体成分的影响

本研究评价了蚕粉对加州鲈(Micropterus salmonides)幼鱼生长、饲料利用率和体成分的影响。选用初始均体重为(3.13±0.04) g的加州鲈540尾,随机分成6个实验组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾实验鱼,分别以蚕粉替代0(对照组)、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的鱼粉设计出6种等氮、等能的饲料配方,按照配方配制实验饲料。由于后期养殖气温下降,不适合继续进行实验,本养殖时间为45 d。结果显示,加州鲈的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)及蛋白质效率(PER)均随蚕粉替代水平的升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,且其WGR、SGR和PER均在蚕粉替代水平为30%时达到最大(分别为227.87%、1.98%/d和164.55%)(P0.05);饲料系数(FCR)则随蚕粉替代水平的升高呈先降后升的变化趋势,且在蚕粉替代水平为30%时达到最低(为1.43)(P0.05);肥满度(CF)、肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)则随蚕粉替代水平的升高而呈先上升后下降并趋于稳定的趋势(P0.05);实验期间各组实验鱼的成活率(SR)差异不显著(P0.05)。通过二次回归分析可知,加州鲈幼鱼WGR、SGR、FCR及PER最优时饲料的蚕粉替代比例分别为19.90%、22.00%、18.11%和17.90%;加州鲈全鱼粗脂肪含量随蚕粉替代水平的升高呈先降低后升高的变化趋势(P0.05),粗蛋白含量随蚕粉替代水平的升高无明显变化(P0.05),水分除蚕粉替代水平为10%和40%组差异显著外(P0.05),其余各实验组差异不显著(P0.05),蚕粉替代水平大于20%时,全鱼灰分显著降低(P0.05)。在本实验条件下,综合考虑实验鱼的生长指标、饲料利用和体成分,饲料中蚕粉适宜的替代水平为17.90%～22.00%。     

Effect of replacement of dietary fish meal with silkworm pupae meal on growth performance,body composition,intestinal protease activity and health status in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This study investigated the effect of replacement of graded dietary fish meal (FM) protein (0, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%) with silkworm pupae meal (SP) in juvenile Jian carp. Triplicate groups comprising 18 fish (15.96 ± 0.66 g) were fed one of five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (designated SP0, SP50, SP60, SP70 or SP80) for 8 weeks. The final body weight and specific growth rate of fish in the SP60, SP70 and SP80 groups were significantly lower than those for fish in the SP0 group (P < 0.05). The muscle protein content in the SP50 group was significantly higher than in the SP80 group (P < 0.05). With increasing FM replacement levels, the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased among the groups, with the significant difference appeared in SP80 group. The gene expression level of heat shock protein 70 in the SP70 group was significantly higher than in the SP0 group (P < 0.05), while that in the SP80 group was significantly less than in the SP70 group (P < 0.05). Significantly decreased intestinal protease activity, increased serum ALT and AST activities, irregular‐shaped hepatocytes and intestinal microvilli were found in the SP80 group. The study demonstrates that it is practical to replace 50% of the Jian carp dietary FM protein with SP, higher SP levels are not recommended and that oxidation status of the SP should be carefully assessed.     

Animal by‐products with or without enzymatic hydrolysis completely replacement of fish meal in genetically improved farmed tilapia diets (Oreochromis niloticus)

An 8‐week feeding trial was performed to examine the potential of total replacement of fish meal with animal by‐products with or without enzymatic components in juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT) diets, Oreochromis niloticus, (mean initial weight, 19.71 ± 0.28 g), reared in RAS system. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with fish meal for the diets with total replacement of the isonitrogenous amounts of enzymatic fish meal (E‐FM), chicken liver meal (CLM), enzymatic chicken liver meal (E‐CLM), dried porcine solubles (DPS) and enzymatic dried porcine solubles (E‐DPS) respectively. The results indicated that the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) in the FM group were significantly higher than the E‐FM and E‐CLM groups (p < .05), but the specific growth rate (SGR) in the E‐CLM group lower than the E‐FM group. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in FM and CLM was significantly lower than the E‐FM, E‐CLM and E‐DPS groups (p < .05), and no significant difference was observed among the FM, CLM and DPS groups (p > .05). The values of the protein retention efficiency (PRE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in FM, CLM and DPS groups were significantly higher than the E‐CLM group (p < .05). The values of feed intake ratio (FIR) in FM and CLM groups were significantly lower than the E‐FM, E‐CLM and E‐DPS groups (p < .05). There was no significant difference in the whole body contents of moisture, crude lipid and crude ash among the FM and E‐CLM groups (p > .05). The whole body contents of crude protein in the FM group were significantly higher than the E‐FM, CLM, E‐CLM DPS and E‐DPS groups (p < .05). The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, crude protein and crude lipid in the FM, E‐FM, E‐CLM and E‐DPS groups were not significantly different (p > .05). The serum glucose(GLU), total cholesterol (TCHO) and triglycerides (TG), or the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were not affected by the different treatments (p > .05). There was no significant difference in serum total protein (TP) or albumin (ALB) and between the FM group and other groups (p > .05). There was no significant difference in the serum urea nitrogen (BUN) content in the FM, CLM, E‐CLM and DPS groups (p > .05). Fish fed with the CLM and DPS diets had significantly lower hepatic GHR1, IGF1 and IGF2 gene mRNA expression levels than in fish fed the FM diet (p < .05). The present data showed that 6% of dietary fish meal can be totally replaced by the chicken liver meal and dried porcine solubles with no effect on the growth performance of GIFT strain tilapia.