RNA interference directs innate immunity against viruses in adult Drosophila

Innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens is mediated by Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways, but little is known about the antiviral response in Drosophila. Here, we demonstrate that an RNA interference pathway protects adult flies from infection by two evolutionarily diverse viruses. Our work also describes a molecular framework for the viral immunity, in which viral double-stranded RNA produced during infection acts as the pathogen trigger whereas Drosophila Dicer-2 and Argonaute-2 act as host sensor and effector, respectively. These findings establish a Drosophila model for studying the innate immunity against viruses in animals.     

柞蚕免疫系统相关基因ApTOLL1的克隆及两种蚕微孢子虫感染下的诱导表达

[目的]鉴定柞蚕的免疫相关TOLL样受体家族基因,以期为进一步探讨柞蚕的免疫机制奠定基础。[方法]克隆了柞蚕免疫系统相关TOLL样受体家族基因,并进行序列和系统进化分析,同时,利用两种蚕微孢子虫侵染柞蚕,检测TOLL样受体相关基因的表达差异,分析不同病原微孢子虫感染柞蚕后所引起的免疫应激差异。[结果]通过cDNA克隆测序获得一个可能与柞蚕免疫相关的基因片段,序列及系统进化分析显示它与家蚕Toll信号通路中的Toll1基因最为同源,将其命名ApTOLL1基因。进一步对柞蚕蛹分别注射家蚕微孢子虫和柞蚕微孢子虫后,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术分析显示,注射家蚕微孢子虫2 h后蚕蛹内ApTOLL1大量表达,而注射柞蚕微孢子虫11 h后蛹内该基因才开始表达,这表明柞蚕Toll信号通路针对不同病原微孢子所诱导产生的免疫响应时间有所差异。[结论]该研究结果首次克隆了柞蚕ApTOLL1基因,并为进一步研究柞蚕的免疫机制提供了帮助。     

Dual activation of the Drosophila toll pathway by two pattern recognition receptors

The Toll-dependent defense against Gram-positive bacterial infections in Drosophila is mediated through the peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA). A mutation termed osiris disrupts the Gram-negative binding protein 1 (GNBP1) gene and leads to compromised survival of mutant flies after Gram-positive infections, but not after fungal or Gram-negative bacterial challenge. Our results demonstrate that GNBP1 and PGRP-SA can jointly activate the Toll pathway. The potential for a combination of distinct proteins to mediate detection of infectious nonself in the fly will refine the concept of pattern recognition in insects.     

花生品种(系)抗黄曲霉筛选鉴定

选用若干花生主栽品种、从ICRISAT引进品种及福建农林大学近年来选育的品种(系)为材料,用所分离的产毒力较强的6个菌株接种测定。结果表明,闽花6号等3份品种(系)对黄曲霉AF2菌株表现较抗,侵染率<30%,感染指数<6,明显低于对照抗黄1号和粤油9号,且闽花6号具较宽的抗菌谱,可为花生抗黄曲霉育种提供抗性基因源,而抗黄1号属中感品种。并对花生品种抗黄曲霉病性的鉴定做了讨论。     

乌鳢感染鰤诺卡氏菌的转录组反应（英文）

利用转录组技术对鰤诺卡氏菌（Nocardia seriolae）感染的乌鳢（Channa argus）进行分析与比较,以揭示可能的免疫机制,尤其在Toll样受体和Nod样受体的免疫反应．从乌鳢的头肾提取总RNA,采用lllumina HiSeqTM2500进行测序和de novo转录组分析．乌鳢感染鰤诺卡氏菌后,对照组和试验组的clean reads分别是33556284（93.79%）和34202766（93.52%）．利用Trinity软件对unigenes进行注释,从133999条unigenes里,一共106319条unigenes得到注释,占79.34%;NR(NCBI non-redundant protein database)注释54886(40.97%)条unigenes;39795(29.69%)的Swiss-Prot注释;5885(4.39%)条unigenes被KEGG(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)注释到335条通路;5753条(4.29%)被注释到GO（Gene ontology）里.3912条unigenes表达差异,其中1552条表达上调(39.67%)和2360条表达下调(60.33％).Toll样受体和Nod样受体的免疫信号通路分别有28和13条差别表达基因发现有调制,12和3个上调,11和6个下调,5和4个unigenes没有显著的变化.经过转录组测序分析显示,乌鳢感染鰤诺卡氏菌后的转录复杂程度高,导致感染个体重诱导表达的基因产品的验证发现,尤其在非特异性免疫系统方面．     

Identification and characterization of a TLR13 gene homologue from Laodelphax striatellus involved in the immune response induced by rice stripe virus

Toll-like receptors(TLRs) are the critical superfamily homologues that initiate sensing of the invasion of pathogens by the Toll pathway. As one of several intracellular nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, TLR13 is activated by an unmethylated motif present in the large ribosomal subunit of bacterial RNA. However, little attention has been paid to the function of TLR13 gene homologue from Laodelphax striatellus(designated as LsToll-13) in the immune response to rice stripe virus(RSV). Herein, LsToll-13 was cloned and characterized using RACE-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that LsToll-13 was clustered with the TLR13 from six insects. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression level of LsToll-13 was significantly reduced in L. striatellus with RSV infection compared with that in the naive strain. When the expression of LsToll-13 was significantly up-regulated at 6 h after bacterial infection, the expression of ribonucleoprotein(RNP) indicated that the RSV titer in the host insect was significantly suppressed. Upon knockdown of LsToll-13, using RNA interference(RNAi) in L. striatellus, the expression level of RNP was significantly increased with enhanced RSV accumulation, suggesting that LsToll-13 potentially protects L. striatellus from RSV infection. Taken together, our results indicated that LsToll-13 might be involved in the immune response of L. striatellus to RSV infection, and provided a new insight into further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of complex pathogen-host interactions and integrative pest management.     

Autophagic fungal cell death is necessary for infection by the rice blast fungus

Rice blast is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, which elaborates specialized infection cells called appressoria to penetrate the tough outer cuticle of the rice plant Oryza sativa. We found that the formation of an appressorium required, sequentially, the completion of mitosis, nuclear migration, and death of the conidium (fungal spore) from which the infection originated. Genetic intervention during mitosis prevented both appressorium development and conidium death. Impairment of autophagy, by the targeted mutation of the MgATG8 gene, arrested conidial cell death but rendered the fungus nonpathogenic. Thus, the initiation of rice blast requires autophagic cell death of the conidium.     

Immunity-related genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae

We have identified 242 Anopheles gambiae genes from 18 gene families implicated in innate immunity and have detected marked diversification relative to Drosophila melanogaster. Immune-related gene families involved in recognition, signal modulation, and effector systems show a marked deficit of orthologs and excessive gene expansions, possibly reflecting selection pressures from different pathogens encountered in these insects' very different life-styles. In contrast, the multifunctional Toll signal transduction pathway is substantially conserved, presumably because of counterselection for developmental stability. Representative expression profiles confirm that sequence diversification is accompanied by specific responses to different immune challenges. Alternative RNA splicing may also contribute to expansion of the immune repertoire.     

牙鲆Toll样受体1基因全长cDNA的克隆及特征分析

[目的]克隆牙鲆TLR1(Toll like receptors)全长基因,并对其结构特征和表达规律进行分析。[方法]采用同源克隆和快速扩增cDNA末端技术,从牙鲆头肾组织中克隆出TLR1基因cDNA全长序列,并对该基因进行生物信息学和表达模式分析。[结果]牙鲆TLR1基因cDNA全长2 947 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)2 418 bp,编码805个氨基酸,包括26个氨基酸组成的信号肽、2个跨膜区、6个富含亮氨酸重复结构域(LRR)和一个TIR结构域(Toll/interleukin(IL)-1 receptor)。该蛋白的分子量为91.15 kDa,等电点为6.49。氨基酸序列同源性分析显示,牙鲆TLR1基因与其他脊椎动物的TLR1基因序列全长同源性达到69%～35%,TIR序列的同源性达到84%～62%。在系统发生树上牙鲆的TLR1基因首先与斜带石斑鱼聚类。通过荧光定量qRT-PCR检测,结果显示牙鲆TLR1基因的mRNA主要表达于肝脏、心脏和脾脏等组织。[结论]该研究结果为进一步研究TLR1基因的功能和开发牙鲆免疫增强剂奠定了基础。     

GCK家族蛋白激酶MoSOK1调控稻瘟病菌的生长发育与致病性

稻瘟病菌致病相关基因功能的研究有助于揭示其致病机理,为稻瘟病防治提供理论依据。本研究利用基因替换技术对稻瘟病菌SOK1同源基因(MoSOK1)进行了分析。MoSOK1编码GCK(germinal center kinase)家族的Ste20蛋白激酶,其与全蚀病菌中对应蛋白具有最高同源性。本研究表明,MoSOK1基因在附着胞分化关键期上调表达;与野生型菌株相比,MoSOK1基因缺失突变体菌落颜色加深,气生菌丝减少,生长速度变慢,产孢量下降,分生孢子萌发延迟,致病性降低。另外,交配实验表明,MoSOK1基因缺失突变体能够进行交配,但产子囊壳能力降低。本研究初步表明,MoSOK1基因参与稻瘟病菌生长发育和致病过程。     

芝芪菌质多糖对CEF的增殖和抵抗NDV感染的研究

[目的]明确芝芪菌质多糖是否是芝芪菌质提高动物免疫力的有效成分。[方法]用不同浓度的乙醇对芝芪菌质水提物进行分级沉淀,得到3种芝芪菌质多糖(GAP30、GAP60和GAP90),采用中性红染料吸收法,研究其对鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)增殖的影响及抵抗NDV感染的效果。[结果]GAP30、GAP60、GAP90的得率分别为0.37%、0.70%、1.04%,表明乙醇分级沉淀已将芝芪菌质中的多糖成分提取完全。GAP30、GAP60在浓度为1×10-1、1×10-2mg/ml时能显著促进CEF增殖,GAP90在浓度为1×10-3mg/ml时即能显著促进CEF增殖。GAP30、GAP60在浓度为1×10-2mg/ml时能显著抵抗NDV感染,GAP90在浓度为1×10-1、1×10-2mg/ml时能显著抵抗NDV感染。[结论]芝芪菌质多糖能不同程度地促进CEF增殖、抵抗NDV感染,以GAP90的效果最好。     

Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal pathogen?

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a condition associated with an unprecedented bat mortality event in the northeastern United States. Since the winter of 2006*2007, bat declines exceeding 75% have been observed at surveyed hibernacula. Affected bats often present with visually striking white fungal growth on their muzzles, ears, and/or wing membranes. Direct microscopy and culture analyses demonstrated that the skin of WNS-affected bats is colonized by a psychrophilic fungus that is phylogenetically related to Geomyces spp. but with a conidial morphology distinct from characterized members of this genus. This report characterizes the cutaneous fungal infection associated with WNS.     

马铃薯Y病毒（PVY）对晚疫病（Phytophthora infestans）的影响

在温室条件下,以脱毒马铃薯为试材,研究了PVY对晚疫病的影响。结果表明：PVY汁液接种脱毒马铃薯28d后,用晚疫病菌接种,其孢子囊悬浮液浓度为1．0×104个·mL-1时,PVY对晚疫病的抑制作用最明显;马铃薯植株体内PVY的浓度与晚疫病的发病率、病斑大小及病情指数呈负相关。说明马铃薯感染PVY后诱导了植株对晚疫病的抗性,不同因子影响降低了马铃薯感Y病毒叶片对晚疫病菌的感病性。     

昆虫Toll受体及其研究进展

Toll受体是昆虫Toll信号传导途径的一个重要组成成员,对激活昆虫机体对入侵病原微生物的先天免疫应答起着十分重要的作用。对昆虫Toll受体的发现、结构和组织分布进行了概述,系统归纳总结了目前已经报道的昆虫Toll受体的功能及其所介导的Toll信号传导途径,并对Toll受体研究的意义和前景进行了分析和展望。     

The Physiological and Molecular Responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to the Stress of Oxalic Acid

Many fungal phytopathogens can secrete oxalic acid （OA）, which is the crucial pathogenic determinant and plays important roles in pathogenicity and virulence of pathogen during infection process. However, how plants respond to OA stress still needs further characterization. In this study, we observed the physiological and molecular responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to OA stress. The leaves of 6-wk-old A. thaliana were sprayed with OA and distilled water respectively, and 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h later, the leaves were collected and the contents of MDA, H2O2, and GSH, and the activities of CAT, SOD, and POD were determined and the expressions of PR1 and PDF1.2 were also studied. Under the stress of 30 mmol L-1 OA, SOD activity was first enhanced to reduce the accumulation of O2.-. But immediately, POD, CAT, and GSH all decreased extremely resulting in the accumulation of H2O2, and the MDA content increased 24 h later. GSH activity was enhanced significantly at 24 h after OA used. However, H2O2 wasn＇t eliminated at the same time, suggesting that the activity inhibitions of POD and CAT might be the reasons that caused Arabidopsis cells＇ impairment under OA stress. RT-PCR results indicated that PDF1.2, a marker gene of the JA/ET signaling was significantly induced; PR1, an indicator gene in SA signaling, was slighlty induced from 8 to 12 h after OA stress. In conclusion, Arabidopsis may recruit metabolism of reactive oxygen, both JA/ET and SA signaling pathways to respond to OA stress. These results will facilitate our further understanding the mechanisms of plant response to OA and OA-dependent fungal infection.     

KOH涂片镜检法诊断真菌性角膜炎的意义

目的:探讨KOH涂片镜检法对真菌性角膜炎的诊断意义,了解湛江地区真菌性角膜炎的病原学。方法:取102例真菌性角膜炎患者的角膜溃疡标本,作KOH涂片镜检、真菌培养及菌种鉴定。结果:KOH涂片镜检法和真菌培养法的阳性率分别为97.1%(99/102)、94.9%(93/98),二者的真菌检出率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。93份培养阳性标本中,共分离出18属33种真菌,其中镰刀菌属、弯孢霉属和曲霉属真菌分别占36.6%、27.9%、7.5%。结论:KOH涂片镜检法是早期诊断本病的简单、有效方法。镰刀菌和弯孢霉是湛江地区真菌性角膜炎的主要致病菌。     

Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase exhibits hydrogen peroxide related defense response

Oxalic acid(OA) is considered as an important pathogenetic factor of some destructive diseases caused by some fungal pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Oxalate degradation is important for plant health, and plants that contain oxalate oxidase(OXO) enzymes could breakdown oxalate into CO_2 and H_2O_2, which subsequently evokes defense responses. However, some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, have no oxalate oxidase activity identified to date. The present study aims to develop transgenic Arabidopsis expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase, to test for the response to OA exposure and fungal infection by S. sclerotiorum. The results showed that the transgenic Arabidopsis lines that expressed the wheat OXO exhibited enhanced resistance to OA exposure and S. sclerotiorum infection in the tolerance assays. In the same manner, it could convert OA to CO_2 and H_2O_2 to a higher extent than the wild-type. Intensive osmotic adjustments were also detected in the transgenic Arabidopsis lines. The higher level of produced H_2O_2 subsequently induced an elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. The present study indicated that the expression of a gene encoding wheat OXO could induce intensive osmotic adjustments and hydrogen peroxide related defense response, and subsequently increased tolerance to S. sclerotiorum in transgenic A. thaliana.     

稻瘟病菌假定的糖基水解酶62家族初步研究

 【目的】了解糖基水解酶62家族细胞壁降解酶系在稻瘟病菌致病中的作用。【方法】通过生物信息学方法对稻瘟病菌基因组中假定的糖基水解酶62家族成员进行基因结构、蛋白分泌特性及系统发育分析,并对其中一个成员MGG_01403.6进行过量表达、基因敲除分析。【结果】该家族共有8个成员,均具有细胞壁降解酶（糖基水解酶62家族）保守结构域,且均为胞外分泌蛋白;系统发育分析可以将这些成员分别聚类在两个进化分支中;成员间在不同侵染阶段表达模式有差异;MGG_01403.6过量表达和基因敲除均不影响稻瘟病菌的致病性。【结论】糖基水解酶62家族可能存在功能冗余作用,进一步的双突变或多突变可能是明确这类多基因家族基因功能的重要方法。     

棉花黄萎病相关基因GhMYB6的克隆与功能分析

【目的】克隆陆地棉MYB家族基因GhMYB6,并对其在棉花抗黄萎病反应中的功能进行初步探究,为挖掘棉花抗病相关基因及棉花抗病育种提供参考。【方法】基于棉花转录组测序数据,筛选并克隆了响应黄萎病菌侵染的基因GhMYB6,对其序列进行生物信息学分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测其在黄萎病诱导下的表达模式,并利用病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)技术初步验证棉花抗黄萎病中的生物学功能。【结果】克隆获得的GhMYB6基因开放阅读框(ORF)为258 bp,编码85个氨基酸残基,理论等电点(pI)为9.34,脂肪系数为73.41,平均疏水性为-0.793,相对分子质量为9.86 kD,不稳定指数为73.41,为亲水性、碱性的非跨膜蛋白,无信号肽,定位于细胞核,在第11~63氨基酸处含有1个SANT结构域。GhMYB6蛋白与雷蒙德氏棉GrMYB6聚在同一小分支上,说明二者的亲缘关系较近。GhMYB6基因在V991侵染后6和12 h时相对表达量较对照(未侵染处理,CK)极显著下调(P<0.01),72 h时显著上调(P<0.05,下同),24和48 h时与CK无显著差异(P>0.05)。与阴性对照植株TRV:00相比,GhMYB6基因沉默植株萎蔫程度和叶片黄化更严重,病情指数显著升高,茎秆的褐变程度更严重,且茎段在培养基上生长的真菌菌丝数量明显增多。【结论】GhMYB6基因响应黄萎病菌V991侵染,当抑制GhMYB6基因表达后,棉花对黄萎病菌的敏感性增强,抗性明显降低,推测GhMYB6是棉花抗黄萎病防御的一个正向调节因子。     

马铃薯健株与黄萎病株根际土壤真菌群落结构及其对碳源利用特征

【目的】通过研究马铃薯健康植株与黄萎病株的根际土壤真菌群落结构与功能多样性的差异,明确土壤真菌群落结构与黄萎病发生之间的关系,为最终从微生物生态学的角度解释马铃薯黄萎病的发生原因及其生态防控提供理论依据。【方法】以河北省坝上地区马铃薯健株与黄萎病株的根际土壤为研究对象,分别利用实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）和高通量测序（Illumina MiSeq）技术检测根际土壤中大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae）ITS基因拷贝数量并分析真菌群落结构变化,结合冗余分析（RDA）明确真菌群落结构与土壤养分的相关性。同时利用Biolog-ECO平板法比较健株与黄萎病株根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。【结果】马铃薯黄萎病的发生与土壤中大丽轮枝菌ITS基因拷贝数量存在相关性,在病株根际土壤中病原菌数量高,而在健株根际土壤中未检测到病原菌。高通量测序分析表明,病株根际土壤真菌多样性指数低于健康植株,但多样性差异不显著。在群落组成的门水平上,与健株根际土壤相比,病株根际土壤中的子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和丝孢菌门（Mortierellomycota）相对丰度上升幅度分别为20.68%和16.16%,而担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度下降51.43%。在属水平上,病株根际土壤中轮枝菌属（Verticillium）、青霉属（Penicillium）、维希尼克氏酵母属（Vishniacozyma）、红酵母属（Rhodotorula）和芽枝霉属（Cladosporium）的相对丰度呈上升趋势,增加倍数分别为71.96、3.62、6.11、15.38和6.24倍,而小不整球壳属（Plectosphaerella）、Guehomyces、葡萄穗霉属（Stachybotrys）、赤霉属（Gibberella）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）菌群的相对丰度下降幅度分别为45.10%、61.41%、96.87%、45.85%和44.39%。真菌群落组成与土壤养分的冗余分析（RDA）表明,健株根际土壤优势群落的相对丰度（如小不整球壳属、Guehomyces、葡萄穗霉属、赤霉属、曲霉属）与硝态氮、有机质和pH呈正相关,而黄萎病株根际土壤优势群落的相对丰度（如轮枝菌属、链格孢属、刺盘孢属、被孢霉属、腐质霉属、青霉属、维希尼克氏酵母属、红酵母属和芽枝霉属）与无机磷和速效磷呈正相关。不同根际土壤的AWCD值表明,病株根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力高于健株。进一步分析发现,与健株相比,病株土壤微生物对羧酸类碳源的利用能力显著提高,而对氨基酸类、胺类、碳水化合物类、聚合物类和双亲化合物类碳源利用能力差异不显著。【结论】病株的根际土壤真菌多样性降低和群落结构改变是马铃薯黄萎病发生的重要特征,其中轮枝菌属菌群的相对丰度显著提高是最主要特征,并且真菌群落结构受土壤养分影响。同时,病株根际土壤微生物对羧酸类碳源利用能力显著提高。