大蒜素对猕猴桃果实主要致病菌的室内抑制活性及贮藏防效研究

【目的】为了探明植物源抗生素—大蒜素对猕猴桃果实主要致病菌的室内抑制活性及贮藏防治效果。【方法】采用生长速率法测定了大蒜素对猕猴桃果实5种主要致病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用，采用浸渍法试验了大蒜素对贮藏期间猕猴桃果实腐烂病的防治效果，并考察了对果实颜色和硬度的影响。【结果】室内大蒜素对猕猴桃果实腐烂病主要致病菌菌丝生长的抑制活性与浓度呈正相关，对5种主要致病菌拟茎点霉菌（Phomopsis macrospore）、富氏葡萄孢盘菌（Botryotina fuckeliana）、链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）、葡萄座腔菌（Botryosphaeria dothidea）和层出镰刀菌（Fusarium proliferatum）菌丝生长的抑制中浓度(EC50)分别为244.12、301.13、241.02、261.83和281.67 mg?L-1，EC90值分别为2765.46、1644.17、1154.00、1041.68和1048.63 mg?L-1。果实贮藏6%大蒜素水乳剂对猕猴桃果实腐烂病具有一定的防治效果，600～1000 mg?L-1处理药后14 d对腐烂病的防效为79.81%～89.24%，药后21 d对腐烂病的防效为31.00%～45.04%，且可一定程度延缓果实的软化进程。【结论】大蒜素对猕猴桃果实主要致病菌具有显著的抑制作用，具有开发为猕猴桃果实腐烂病防治药剂的潜在价值。     

杀菌剂拌种防治草坪草病害的研究进展

综述了国内外用杀菌剂拌种防治草坪草病害的研究进展.现已报道,早熟禾、黑麦草和高羊茅3属草坪草常见的种带与土传真菌病害14类,病原真菌54种;其中最常见的包括立枯丝核菌、德氏霉、腐霉、镰刀菌、细交链孢和壳针孢等.常用杀菌剂福美双、甲基硫菌灵、三唑酮和甲霜灵等对草坪草主要病原真菌的室内防效明显,其中对福美双反应极敏感的病原真菌有禾谷德氏霉,对甲基硫菌灵反应极度敏感的病原真菌有禾顶囊壳、粉红粘帚霉和瓶霉菌等,对三唑酮反应敏感的真菌有串珠镰孢、禾顶囊壳、结缕草锈菌、颖枯壳针孢和立枯丝核菌,甲霜灵主要对腐霉有效.田间条件下杀菌剂拌种可提高草坪草种子发芽率和田间出苗.杀菌剂拌种时要尽量避免在防治一种病害的同时,可能会导致另一种原本不重要病害的大发生.杀菌剂应向着在植物体内、土壤、大气和水体中无残留或有微量残留也可以在短期内降解,生成无毒天然物质而向完全融入大自然的方向发展,这是草地农业生态系统可持续发展的一种必然趋势.     

松针褐斑病毒素诱发紫茎泽兰电解质渗漏对几种真菌的影响

松针褐斑病菌毒素是一种非寄主专化性毒素,能够伤害紫茎泽兰叶片,引起细胞电解质渗漏。电导率测定结果表明,毒素粗提液对紫茎泽兰的伤害活性最强,LA-I次之,LA-II最弱。孢子萌发试验和菌丝生长试验显示,紫茎泽兰电解质对青霉菌、木霉菌、尖孢镰刀菌、链格孢菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长都有不同程度的抑制作用,但是对泽兰尾孢菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长有促进作用。毒素粗提液对供试真菌的的孢子萌发和菌丝生长没有明显的抑制作用和促进作用。分析认为将松针褐斑病菌毒素与泽兰尾孢菌混和将可能提高对紫茎泽兰的除草效果。     

8种杀菌剂对猕猴桃果梗干枯病菌的室内毒力测定

为了能筛选到对猕猴桃果梗干枯病菌（Glomerella septospora）具有高效抑制作用的杀菌剂，本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了8种杀菌剂对该病菌的室内毒力，其毒力大小根据EC50值和毒力方程的斜率进行评判，结果表明肟菌?戊唑醇（WG）、戊唑醇（SC）、吡唑醚菌酯（EC）和氟硅唑（EC）4种药剂具有强烈的抑菌作用。以上4种杀菌剂可作为猕猴桃果梗干枯病田间药效试验的首选药剂。     

6种杀菌剂对猕猴桃主要腐烂病菌的室内毒力测定

葡萄座腔菌（Botryosphaeria dothidea）和拟茎点霉菌（Phomopsis sp.）是引起江西省奉新县猕猴桃果实腐烂的两种主要病原菌。本文采用菌丝生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对其室内毒力,结果表明拿敌稳（75%肟菌酯?戊唑醇）、扑海因（50%异菌脲）、世高（10%苯醚甲环唑）、甲基托布津（70%甲基硫菌灵）、百泰（60%吡唑醚菌酯?代森联）5种杀菌剂对葡萄座腔菌和拟茎点霉菌均有较强的毒力,对葡萄座腔菌的EC50值依次为0.1439μg/mL、0.1502μg/mL、0.1795μg/mL、0.2640μg/mL和0.9466μg/mL;对拟茎点霉菌的EC50值依次为0.0893μg/mL、0.2228μg/mL、0.1320μg/mL、0.4034μg/mL和0.7922μg/mL;杀菌剂翠贝（50%醚菌酯）则对两种病菌的毒力很弱,对葡萄座腔菌和拟茎点霉菌的EC50值分别高达7890.7μg/mL 和12881.0μg/mL。     

饲料中霉菌毒素与脱毒剂的研究进展

<正> 1.饲料中常见的霉菌毒素在饲料中常见的产毒素霉菌主要有:曲霉属中的黄曲霉、赭曲霉、杂色曲霉、构巢曲霉、寄生曲霉和烟曲霉等。青霉属中的岛青霉、桔青霉、黄绿青霉、红色青霉、扩展青霉、圆弧青霉、纯绿青霉和斜卧青霉等。镰孢菌属中的禾谷镰孢菌、三隔镰孢菌、玉米赤霉菌、梨孢镰孢菌、尖孢镰孢菌、雪腐镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌、拟枝孢镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、粉红镰孢菌等。另外,麦角菌属、鹅膏菌属、马鞍菌属和链格孢菌属等也是较为常见的产毒霉菌。各种霉菌可以产生多达数百种霉菌毒素,但目前研究还主要集中在十几种对人类危害特别大且污染频率高的霉菌毒素,如黄曲霉毒素,赭曲霉毒素 A,杂色曲霉毒素,烟曲霉毒素,展青霉毒素,玉米赤霉烯酮.串珠镰刀菌素,三硝基丙酸及单端孢霉烯族毒素(包括 T-2毒素,脱氧雪     

杀菌剂对甘肃省荞麦主要病原菌的室内毒力测定

病害严重影响了荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum)的产量和品质,为明确荞麦主要病害的防治药剂,本研究以甘肃省荞麦的6种靶标病原菌和7种高效低毒的杀菌剂为研究对象,研究了杀菌剂对病原菌菌丝生长的抑制作用.结果表明,对链格孢叶斑病(Alternaria alternata)、葡萄孢灰霉病(Botrytis ci...     

修文县猕猴桃腐烂病病原鉴定及防治药剂筛选

为明确贵州修文县猕猴桃果实腐烂的致病菌种并做室内毒力测定筛选有效防治药剂，采集对该县的烂果进行病原分离与致病性测 定，得到一株致病能力较强的真菌，结合形态学及18 S rDNA序列测定，最终确定该致病菌种为盘多毛孢菌（Pestalotiopsis gracilissp. ）；采用通过菌丝生长速率法测定分别选用6种杀菌剂的抑制作用毒力用于防治药剂的室内筛选，结果表明42.4%唑醚•氟酰胺悬浮剂、复配 （80%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂与40%嘧菌酯悬浮剂按1:1混合）、40%氟硅唑乳油三种杀菌剂抑制效果最好较好，其EC50分别为0.068、0.2205、和2.1872 mg/L，均可作为选为该病菌病害的防治用药药剂。     

香蕉棒孢霉叶斑病菌防治药剂室内毒力测定

由多主棒孢菌(Corynespora cassiicola )引起的香蕉棒孢霉叶斑病是香蕉产区的主要叶斑病之一。为了筛选到对该病菌具有抑制作用的杀菌剂,该文采用菌丝生长速率法,用7种杀菌剂对香蕉多主棒孢菌进行了室内毒力测定,结果表明：效果较好的是丙环唑,EC50值为4.2470 ug/mL,其次为多抗霉素和苯甲﹒丙环唑,EC50值分别为4.7223和5.9986 ug/mL。根据毒力测定结果认为,这3种杀菌剂对香蕉棒孢霉叶斑病菌具有显著抑制作用,可在生产中试验应用。     

霉菌毒素对猪的危害及其防制

世界上每年大约有25％的谷物受到各种霉菌的污染．尤其是2003年秋收季节我省普遍阴雨连绵，气温反常，致使玉米在收获前后感染了霉菌，产生了霉菌毒素(主要有黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素、新月霉毒素群、麦角毒素、念珠镰孢霉和增生镰孢霉等)。猪采食带有霉菌毒素的玉米后，     

紫茎泽兰对金毛狗孢子萌发和配子体发育的化感作用

紫茎泽兰是我国外来入侵物种中危害最为严重的植物之一,广泛分布于我国西南地区,并有向东南部和中南部蔓延的趋势。本土濒危蕨类植物金毛狗的种群正受到紫茎泽兰的威胁。本研究将金毛狗的成熟孢子分别接种在含有不同浓度的紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶水提液的培养基上,观察记录金毛狗的孢子萌发和配子体发育过程。研究结果表明,紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶水提液均可对金毛狗的孢子萌发和假根生长产生抑制作用,表现为孢子萌发延迟,萌发率有所降低,假根伸长受到抑制,上述抑制作用随水提液浓度升高而增强。其中,叶水提液的抑制作用最强,随着叶水提液浓度的升高,配子体发育阶段滞后。由此可见,紫茎泽兰对金毛狗的孢子萌发和配子体发育具有化感作用。     

毒素诱导挥发物对紫茎泽兰致病菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

采用水蒸汽气蒸馏提取了紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum新鲜叶片和松针褐斑病菌毒素胁迫下紫茎泽兰离体叶片内挥发性成分,将所获挥发油按体积分数0.1%、0.5%、1%分别加入PD培养液中,分别采用悬滴法和菌丝干质量测定法测定培养液对分离自罹病紫茎泽兰叶片的2种致病菌孢子的萌发和菌丝生长的影响。试验结果表明,毒素胁迫紫茎泽兰植株叶片的挥发性成分均能促进拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsissp.和链格孢菌Alternaria alternat的孢子萌发,能抑制拟盘多毛孢菌丝生长而明显促进链格孢菌的菌丝生长,指出松针褐斑病菌毒素胁迫作用有利于提高紫茎泽兰病原菌对紫茎泽兰的生防效果,可望采用毒素—病原菌协同防除紫茎泽兰。     

家蚕黑尾病及其防治方法研究

家蚕黑尾病主要是由曲霉菌在蚕尾部寄生引起的一种真菌病 ,从病蚕中分离到病原菌有两种 ,一种孢子表面棘多而长、黄褐色 ,孢子大 ,直径 4～ 6 μm ;一种孢子表面棘短而少、蓝绿色 ,孢子小 ,直径 2～ 3μm。黑尾病在高温多湿条件下多发 ,多发生于 4龄中期至 5龄中期。黑尾病病原菌侵染寄生家蚕的过程是 :病原菌分生孢子附着在蚕尾部背板与节间的三角形节间膜处 ,分生孢子发芽侵入蚕体产生黑色小病斑 ,随病情加重病斑加大 ,甚至在病斑处出现节间断裂 ,直至形成黑尾症状。使用药剂防治黑尾病以 5 %亚迪蚕保最佳     

丛枝菌根对猕猴桃生理代谢及保护酶系统的影响

试验以接种摩西球囊霉G. mosseae（G.m）、地表球囊霉G.versiforme(G.v)为处理，研究菌根处理对猕猴桃幼苗生长、矿质营养吸收、光合作用以及对保护酶系统的效应。结果显示：丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）能显著提高植株对氮、磷、钾三种矿质元素的吸收，接种AMF对猕猴桃光合作用和三大保护酶的效应均显著高于对照。试验还发现G.m处理对猕猴桃幼苗的侵染率、磷含量、叶绿素、光合作用、POD、SOD的作用上优于G.v。但在对猕猴桃幼苗氮含量、钾含量、CAT活性的影响上则是G.v的作用更显著。试验结果表明：菌根真菌接种是促进猕猴桃幼苗生长与代谢的有效生物技术措施。     

Micro-parasites of the ruminant abomasum

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: Nodular lesions were found on the skin of two immature brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) less than 6 months of age living freely on Ponui Island off the North Island of New Zealand. The lesions were observed during routine external examination undertaken as a part of the management of other research projects, one in 2006 and the other in 2011. Apart from the skin lesions, both birds showed no signs of illness and the lesions resolved spontaneously over a 2-month period.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: The first case showed several 3-mm diameter firm, brown nodules located on the skin below the hock of both legs. The second case had a single multinodular mass that measured 7×20 mm, on the base of the bill. A portion of the mass and scab samples were collected for diagnosis. Histological examination of the nodules revealed severe ballooning degeneration of keratinocytes and epithelial hyperplasia. Round eosinophilic structures resembling avipoxvirus (APV) intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Bollinger bodies) were observed in the layers of keratinocytes. In deeper layers of the epidermis, there was evidence of secondary bacterial growth and inflammation.

DIAGNOSIS: DNA was extracted from tissue samples and subjected to PCR analysis. Avipoxvirus 4b core protein gene was detected in both samples by PCR. Bootstrap analysis of APV 4b core protein gene revealed that APV isolates from two kiwi comprised two different subclades. One isolate displayed 100% sequence homology to subclade B1, and the other presented 100% sequence homology to subclade A3.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study confirmed that kiwi are susceptible to APV infection and that at least two different strains of APV are present in the population examined. Since there is no information on the origin, virulence, or prevalence of APV in kiwi, a seroprevalence study would be useful to elucidate the degree of exposure and immune response to the disease. This would allow a more informed approach to risk management of the disease in wild and captive populations.     

苜蓿褐斑病接种方法研究

以苜蓿假盘菌为接种菌源,对3个不同抗性的苜蓿品种(即伊鲁瑰斯、沙湾和泾阳)采用3种活体整株接种方法,即接种盘倒扣接种法、活体病株覆盖接种法和孢子悬浮液喷雾接种法,进行比较,以筛选出稳定、可靠、操作简便、发病速度较快的接种方法.结果表明,病株覆盖接种和孢子悬浮液喷雾接种为较理想的接种方法,可以比较准确、快速的鉴定出品种及单株的抗病性,其中孢子悬浮液最佳缓冲液组成为:0.5%吐温-20 4.5%葡萄糖 9mg/L萘乙酸 1g/L菌落.     

Effects of oils on feed mildew and quality

This study was performed to determine the effects of oils on feed mildew and feed quality. Under different moisture content conditions (10%, 13% and 16%), the basal feeds were supplemented with 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% soybean oil. In addition, at different moisture content levels (10%, 13% and 16%), the basal feed was supplemented with 12% of various types of oil (soybean, peanut, corn and fish). Subsequently, a mixed mold spore suspension was added. The feed samples were incubated at 28°C, and the total mold, water activity (Aw), moisture, acid value, crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL), crude ash (CA) and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) levels were determined at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. The results showed no significant variations in the feed moisture, CP, CL, CA and NEF contents. However, the acid value gradually increased in the feed samples with an extended incubation time and increasing initial moisture. The feed moisture content was a critical factor controlling feed mildew, and high levels of oil supplementation caused an elevated Aw. Additionally, peanut oil promoted mold growth in feed. These results provide a reference for the production and scientific management of formulated feed.     

Nature and frequency of the existence of mold fungi in garbage cans for biological waste and the resultant airborne spore pollution

In organic waste, numerous mold fungi and other microorganisms develop sometimes within a few hours only which decompose the organic material already in the collecting containers generating heat and odor. With regard to the emission of mold fungus spores out of garbage cans for bio-waste and the potential environmental-hygienic danger connected with it, considerable worries have been expressed recently. A wide spectrum of mold fungi can be found in bio-waste in strongly varying concentrations. No noticeable difference could be ascertained between the settlement structure areas and the cities respectively as to the fungus concentration in the bio-waste substrate. A. fumigatus and A. niger can be recommended as leading spores for the behavior of the total concentration of fungi in the bio-waste due to their frequency of detection and their seasonal dynamism. The intensity of the air spore pollution through emission of mold fungus spores correlates closely with the climatic conditions, such as variations of temperature, relative humidity and solar radiation. The airborne release of mold fungus spores out of garbage cans for bio-waste and the formation of a respective exposure connected with it is judged as harmless for healthy persons. Risk patients and persons having a weakened immune system or assumed to have such a one due to an existent basic illness and/or other reasons should avoid any handling of bio-waste as well as any other waste if possible.     

浅析发酵乳霉菌零星污染来源及控制方法

霉菌在自然环境中普遍存在,而且以孢子形态随空气、水等媒介进行扩散。对食品原辅料及生产环境均可造成污染,是造成发酵乳变质的主要原因。发酵乳作为保质期较短且需冷链储运、销售的产品,零星的霉菌污染不会引起食品安全问题,但由于部分销售终端及三四线市场冷链运输缺失,造成霉菌生长,发酵乳呈现明显霉斑,导致消费者体验差,给企业品牌造成极坏影响,也影响了食品安全。本文概述了发酵乳中来自原辅料、环境、水中霉菌零星污染来源、验证方法以及相应控制措施,以期为发酵乳中霉菌控制提供参考。     

mRNA差异显示技术及其在寄生虫学研究中的应用

mRNA差异显示技术是在基因转录水平上研究差异表达和性状差异的有效方法之一.该技术以其简便、灵敏和RNA用量少,且可同时比较多组样品等优点成为目前该领域中最受青睐的技术之一.但是,该技术也存在假阳性率高、所得差异片段较短等诸多不足.针对这些缺陷,人们在引物的设计、PCR循环参数的优化、阳性克隆的鉴定等方面进行了改进.文章就该技术的原理、优越性、主要缺点、技术改进及其在寄生虫学研究中的应用方面进行了综述.