Improved immune responses against avian influenza virus following oral vaccination of chickens with HA DNA vaccine using attenuated Salmonella typhimurium as carrier

This study evaluates the immune responses of single avian influenza virus (AIV) HA DNA vaccine immunization using attenuated Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium as an oral vaccine carrier and intramuscular (IM) DNA injection. One-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks immunized once by oral gavage with 10(9) Salmonella colony-forming units containing plasmid expression vector encoding the HA gene of A/Ck/Malaysia/5858/04 (H5N1) (pcDNA3.1.H5) did not show any clinical manifestations. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer samples collected from the IM immunized chickens were low compared to those immunized with S. typhimurium.pcDNA3.1.H5. The highest average antibody titers were detected on day 35 post immunization for both IM and S. typhimurium.pcDNA3.1.H5 immunized groups, at 4.0±2.8 and 51.2±7.5, respectively. S. typhimurium.pcDNA3.1.H5 also elicited both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of immunized chickens as early as day 14 after immunization, at 20.5±2.0 and 22.9±1.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in chickens vaccinated intramuscularly were low at 5.9±0.9 and 8.5±1.3%, respectively. Immunization of chickens with S. typhimurium.pcDNA3.1.H5 enhanced IL-1β, IL-12β, IL-15 and IL-18 expressions in spleen although no significant differences were recorded in chickens vaccinated via IM and orally with S. typhimurium and S. typhimurium.pcDNA3.1. Hence, single oral administrations of the attenuated S. typhimurium containing pcDNA3.1.H5 showed antibody, T cell and Th1-like cytokine responses against AIV in chickens. Whether the T cell response induced by vaccination is virus-specific and whether vaccination protects against AIV infection requires further study.     

共表达鸡IL-6和H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒免疫抗体消长规律及免疫效力研究

为评价共表达鸡IL-6和H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒(rFPV-AIH5AIL6)的免疫抗体消长规律及免疫效力,将重组病毒通过颈部皮下注射和翅部皮下注射2种不同的免疫途径来免疫鸡群,结果发现,2种免疫途径中,重组鸡痘病毒对鸡体质量增加均无影响,而野生型鸡痘病毒均可抑制鸡体质量增加。翅部皮下注射疫苗组能够产生较高的血凝抑制(HI)抗体水平,免疫21d后抗体水平达到高峰,28d后开始下降,49d时仍保持在一定的水平。免疫SPF鸡21d后攻毒,表明该重组病毒能使经滴鼻攻毒的SPF鸡抵抗H5亚型AIV的致死性攻击,保护率为95%,与油苗组相同,与单表达H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因重组鸡痘病毒组(40%)差异显著;攻毒后3、5、7d采集喉头、泄殖腔棉拭子检测排毒情况,结果发现第3天排毒率最高,其中rFPV-AIH5AIL6免疫组排毒率为最低,显示IL-6在rFPV-AIH5IL6免疫过程中起到了免疫佐剂的作用,这为研制新型的禽流感重组鸡痘病毒疫苗奠定了基础。     

新城疫病毒F基因的真核表达及其免疫原性检测

为了探讨F基因在DNA免疫防制新城疫(ND)中的免疫原性,将NDV Z株F基因插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/V5-H is-TOPO中,构建了真核表达质粒pcDNA NDV ZF。在脂质体作用下将pcDNA NDV ZF转染CEF细胞,用间接免疫荧光试验检测,在CEF细胞中可见有大量F蛋白表达。将重组质粒以100μg/只的剂量肌注免疫SPF雏鸡,经间接ELISA试验检测二免前后的血清,结果证明,pcDNA NDV ZF基因可在SPF鸡体内诱导相应抗体的产生,具有特定的免疫原性。     

基于马赛克HA序列的H9亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的免疫效力分析

H9亚型禽流感在我国家禽中广泛流行,给养禽业造成巨大经济损失的同时,也严重威胁着公共卫生安全。H9亚型禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）具有高度遗传变异性,导致流行株和疫苗株之间抗原匹配性差,从而影响疫苗的临床保护效果,急需研发一种高效、具有交叉保护性的通用型H9亚型禽流感疫苗。马赛克疫苗是针对遗传多样性病原体设计,通过整合所有抗原序列获得一条抗原表位覆盖最广泛的嵌合蛋白,并制备疫苗。本研究参考mosaic疫苗设计原则,设计、优化并合成了一条H9亚型禽流感病毒的mosaic血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）基因序列,采用反向遗传操作技术,以H1N1亚型流感病毒PR8株为骨架,以mosaic H9HA序列替换PR8株的HA片段,获得重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9。将其制备为灭活疫苗并免疫SPF雏鸡,监测抗体水平、攻毒保护效果,评价其交叉保护效果。结果表明,重组病毒rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗免疫SPF雏鸡,可诱导机体产生较高水平的HI抗体和中和抗体,可显著抑制攻毒后病毒的脱落,对H9N2 AIV JM0305株的攻毒保护率为80%。rPR8-HAm/H9灭活疫苗可以对异源H9N2 AIV JM0305株产生较好的交叉攻毒保护,为研发基于马赛克技术的禽流感通用疫苗提供了前期基础。     

Avian influenza in ovo vaccination with replication defective recombinant adenovirus in chickens: vaccine potency, antibody persistence, and maternal antibody transfer

Protective immunity against avian influenza (AI) can be elicited in chickens in a single-dose regimen by in ovo vaccination with a replication-competent adenovirus (RCA)-free human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad)-vector encoding the AI virus (AIV) hemagglutinin (HA). We evaluated vaccine potency, antibody persistence, transfer of maternal antibodies (MtAb), and interference between MtAb and active in ovo or mucosal immunization with RCA-free recombinant Ad expressing a codon-optimized AIV H5 HA gene from A/turkey/WI/68 (AdTW68.H5(ck)). Vaccine coverage and intrapotency test repeatability were based on anti-H5 hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody levels detected in in ovo vaccinated chickens. Even though egg inoculation of each replicate was performed by individuals with varying expertise and with different vaccine batches, the average vaccine coverage of three replicates was 85%. The intrapotency test repeatability, which considers both positive as well as negative values, varied between 0.69 and 0.71, indicating effective vaccination. Highly pathogenic (HP) AIV challenge of chicken groups vaccinated with increasing vaccine doses showed 90% protection in chickens receiving > or = 10(8) ifu (infectious units)/bird. The protective dose 50% (PD50) was determined to be 10(6.5) ifu. Even vaccinated chickens that did not develop detectable antibody levels were effectively protected against HP AIV challenge. This result is consistent with previous findings ofAd-vector eliciting T lymphocyte responses. Higher vaccine doses significantly reduced viral shedding as determined by AIV RNA concentration in oropharyngeal swabs. Assessment of antibody persistence showed that antibody levels of in ovo immunized chickens continued to increase until 12 wk and started to decline after 18 wk of age. Intramuscular (IM) booster vaccination with the same vaccine at 16 wk of age significantly increased the antibody responses in breeder hens, and these responses were maintained at high levels throughout the experimental period (34 wk of age). AdTW68.H5(ch)-immunized breeder hens effectively transferred MtAb to progeny chickens. The level of MtAb in the progenies was consistent with the levels detected in the breeders, i.e., intramuscularly boosted breeders transferred higher concentrations of antibodies to the offspring. Maternal antibodies declined with time in the progenies and achieved marginal levels by 34 days of age. Chickens with high maternal antibody levels that were vaccinated either in ovo or via mucosal routes (ocular or spray) did not seroconvert. In contrast, chickens without MtAb successfully developed specific antibody levels after either in ovo or mucosal vaccination. These results indicate that high levels of MtAb interfered with active Ad-vectored vaccination.     

重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗(H5N1亚型,Re-1株)免疫鸡抗体消长规律及免疫程序的初步研究

研究新型重组H5N1亚型禽流感灭活疫苗对种鸡和肉鸡的免疫原性,并对雏鸡母源抗体和免疫后的抗体进行动态观察,根据试验结果推荐该疫苗对鸡的免疫程序。用HI方法检测种鸡、肉鸡的母源抗体和免疫抗体,根据母源抗体的衰减和免疫抗体的消长规律确定首免和再免日龄。结果表明种鸡的母源抗体约能维持10 d多;0.3 mL/羽首免后10 d HI抗体就可达到6.40 log2,3-5周达到高峰期,至免疫17周后(19周龄)HI抗体水平仍然维持在4.88 log2;19周龄时0.5 mL/羽进行二免,有效抗体能维持约20周;280日龄0.5 mL/羽三免后抗体水平均一,下降缓慢,至种鸡淘汰时(三免后29周)抗体水平仍能维持在5.32 log2。肉鸡母源抗体约能维持7d,10日龄时0.3 mL/羽免疫,有效抗体能维持到上市。新型重组H5N1亚型禽流感灭活疫苗对鸡的免疫原性确实。     

不同剂型新城疫-禽流感二联灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡后抗体水平对比试验

不同剂型的佐剂对疫苗的免疫效果有较大的影响,本试验旨在对比不同剂型佐剂的新城疫-禽流感(简称"新-流")二联灭活疫苗的免疫效果,从而为生产上选择最佳剂型佐剂应用于新城疫-禽流流感二联灭活疫苗提供依据。分别将油包水型、水包油型、水包油包水型佐剂与新城疫及禽流感灭活抗原乳化成不同剂型的新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型,HP株)二联灭活疫苗,将这三种不同剂型的新城疫-禽流感(H9亚型,HP株)二联灭活疫苗分别免疫一组7日龄SPF鸡。每羽颈部皮下注射0.2 m L,同时设一组未免7日龄SPF鸡作为对照组,各免疫组与对照组SPF鸡于免疫组免后6、10、15、21、28、35 d进行采血,检测新城疫与禽流感抗体水平。结果表明:免疫油包水型疫苗组SPF鸡免疫后新城疫与禽流感抗体上升最快,在免后10、15、21、28、35 d的新城疫与禽流感抗体也最高,其次是免疫水包油包水型的,而免疫水包油型疫苗组的SPF鸡新城疫与禽流感抗体上升最慢,而且在免后10、15、21、28、35 d的新城疫与禽流感抗体也最低。此外,从各免疫组可以看出,在免后6 d时新城疫抗体已开始产生,在1log2以下,而禽流感抗体仍未产生。可见免疫新-流二联苗后,新城疫抗体比禽流感抗体更早产生,油包水型新-流二联苗的免后抗体高于水包油包水及水包油型,而且能持续刺激机体产生高水平抗体,更具优势。     

Salmonella flagellin enhances mucosal immunity of avian influenza vaccine in chickens

Flagellin, a bioactive Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 ligand, may trigger the innate immunity that in turn is important for subsequent adaptive immune responses. In the present study, the adjuvant effects of the monomeric and polymeric forms of Salmonella flagellin (mFliC and pFliC, respectively) were examined in specific-pathogen free (SPF) chickens immunized intramuscularly (i.m.) or intranasally (i.n.) with formalin-inactivated avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N2 vaccines. Results showed that mFliC cooperating with the 64CpG adjuvant significantly induced influenza-specific antibody titers of plasma IgA in the i.m.-vaccinated animals. The nasal IgA levels in the i.n.-mFliC-coadministrated AIV vaccinated chickens were significantly elevated compared to levels observed in the control group (H5N2 vaccine alone). The pFliC cooperating with the 64CpG adjuvant significantly enhanced cell proliferation of splenocytes in the i.m.-vaccinated animals. TLR3 and TLR5 expressions were activated by flagellin stimulation in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that flagellin can be used as an adjuvant in an AIV H5N2 vaccine, especially for mucosal immunity.     

鸭坦布苏病毒病-H9亚型禽流感二联灭活疫苗免疫佐剂筛选

为筛选出理想的鸭TMUV-AIV(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗免疫佐剂,将灭活的坦布苏病毒液和禽流感病毒(H9亚型)尿囊液分别与白油佐剂、卡波姆佐剂、铝胶佐剂、蜂胶佐剂制成抗原含量相同的TMUV-AIV二联灭活疫苗。应用阻断ELISA方法和血凝抑制方法测定免疫鸭血清中坦布苏病毒和禽流感病毒抗体,比较不同佐剂疫苗对试验鸭的免疫效力。结果表明,以白油作为佐剂的灭活疫苗组免疫效果最好,抗体产生快、抗体水平优于其他各组,免疫2周后60%(6/10)血清样品HI抗体可达1∶8以上,80%血清样品呈TMUV抗体阳性,是制备鸭TMUV-AIV(H9亚型)二联灭活疫苗的理想佐剂。     

减毒沙门氏菌为载体传递DNA疫苗诱导对新城疫病毒的免疫保护

探讨了以减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏茵为栽体传递新城疫病毒DNA疫苗的安全性、免疫原性和可行性。将含新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株融合蛋白(F)基因的真核表达质粒pcDNA3-F的重组减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌ZJ111株(ZJ111／pcD-NA3一F菌株)，以10^8CFU进行首免，2周后二免，三免后4周攻击强毒株F48E9，观察其安全性和免疫原性，同时设只含空载体pcDNA3的ZJ111／pcDNA3菌株对照及口服PBS对照。结果表明：重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株具有良好的安全性。对强毒株攻击的保护率达64．7％。重组ZJ111／pcDNA3-F菌株不仅能诱导雏鸡产生NDVELISA抗体，而且诱导产生的法氏囊B淋巴细胞和胸腺T淋巴细胞增殖反应显著高于ZJ111／pcDNA3时照组。这些结果提示，减毒沙门氏菌为载体不仅可直接将NDVF基因呈递给鸡体细胞进行表达，产生抗NDV的体液免疫，而且还可诱导细胞免疫应答。     

表达禽流感病毒H5HA、H7HA基因DNA疫苗的免疫原性研究

为研究双顺反子DNA疫苗对禽流感病毒（AIV）的保护作用，将H5和H7亚型AIV的HA基因克隆到同一表达栽体上，构建了双顺反子HA基因表达质粒pCI—H5HA—H7HA。以此质粒肌注免疫4周龄SPF鸡，首次免疫后3周加强免疫，同时设pCI—H5HA和pCI—H7HA联合免疫组及空白对照组，每周采血用微量血凝抑制法检测HI抗体。加强免疫后3周分别以100LD50的高致病力禽流感病毒（HPAIV）A／Goose／Guangdong／1／96（H5N1）和A／FPv／Rostock／34〈（H7N1）进行致死性攻击。结果显示各免疫组均可刺激鸡体产生H5、H7特异性抗体，pCI—H5HA—H7HA诱导产生的抗体对H5N1和H7N1的攻毒保护分别为50%和10％，而pCI—H5HA和pCI—H7HA联合免疫的攻毒保护均为70％。表明双顺反子质粒可诱导鸡产生较好或一定的保护，但免疫效果不够理想，推测与DNA的摄取及其体内表达有关，可望通过调整DNA疫苗的多种因素提高免疫效果。     

Immunoadjuvant effects of bacterial genomic DNA and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 inactivated oil emulsion vaccine in chicken

This study investigated the immunoadjuvant effects of three types of bacterial genomic DNA and CpG oligonucleotides (CpG ODN) on the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 inactivated oil emulsion vaccine under two immunization strategies. The genomic DNA extracted from Escherichia coli O₂, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis FQ68, and synthetic CpG ODN were used as adjuvants, and their effects on the AIV oil emulsion vaccine were examined in chickens. The results indicated that when administered separately from the vaccine, adjuvants induced lower haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres and serum IgG titres but resulted in higher concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-10. In contrast, when combined with the oil emulsion vaccine prior to inoculation, CpG ODN induced higher HI, IgG titres and IFN-γ concentration but resulted in lower IL-10 concentration. These data suggest that, depending on the immunization approaches, adjuvants may exert distinct immune effects in chickens receiving AIV H5N1 oil emulsion vaccine: the prior incorporation of CpG ODN into the vaccine may augment both the humoral and Th1 type immune responses, while separate inoculation of adjuvants has not shown better adjuvanticity.     

H9亚型禽流感病毒流行毒株交叉免疫攻毒保护试验

采用1998-2009年在河北、河南及山东分离的3株禽流感H9亚型流行毒株,分别制备灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,免疫后21 d,采血测定HI抗体,然后用从上述3个地区及北京分离的共5株禽流感H9亚型流行毒株进行攻击,观察不同时期及地点分离的H9亚型流行毒株的交叉免疫攻毒保护效果。结果显示,用不同时期及地点的3个分离毒株所制备出的灭活疫苗免疫鸡后,各免疫组试验鸡H9亚型禽流感的HI抗体效价均明显上升,不同毒株灭活疫苗所诱导产生的HI抗体效价存在着不同程度的差异,用同源毒株作为抗原测定免疫组鸡的血清样品,可获得较高的HI抗体效价。攻毒试验结果证明,对不同时期及地点分离的禽流感H9亚型流行毒株间产生了较好的交叉保护力。用1998年分离的WD98株制备出的灭活疫苗对目前的流行毒株仍具有较好的保护效力。     

H7亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

参考已发表的H7亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)血凝素(HA)基因序列设计引物,以pUCH7为模板,经PCR扩增出一条1.7kb的HA全基因片段,将该片段定向克隆到真核表达质粒载体pcDNA3.1(一)中,转化大肠埃希氏菌DH5α,小量制备重组质粒pcDNA-HA,酶切鉴定正确后,转染COS-1细胞,经免疫荧光鉴定其体外表达情况。结果表明H7亚型AIV HA在COS-1细胞中获得了成功表达。用该重组质粒pcDNA-HA免疫BALB／C小鼠,制备免疫血清,经免疫印迹实验证实该H7亚型AIV HA在小鼠体内也得到了良好的表达。     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒中和单克隆抗体的制备与应用

为建立H9N2亚型禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）免疫层析快速检测技术,本研究以差速离心法纯化H9N2亚型AIV免疫BALB/c小鼠,将免疫小鼠脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0进行细胞融合和HAT选择性培养;以H9N2亚型AIV感染MDCK细胞建立异源免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验（IPMA）的单克隆抗体检测方法,通过对杂交瘤细胞的IPMA筛选和连续克隆化筛选鉴定抗H9N2亚型AIV中和性单克隆抗体;以胶体金标记HA单克隆抗体,配对HA单克隆抗体和羊抗小鼠IgG为检测线和质控线,制备H9N2亚型AIV快速检测试纸条,测定其特异性和敏感性。结果显示,获得了11株稳定分泌抗H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,其单克隆抗体腹水IPMA效价在1.28×10^-4至2.56×10^-5之间。单克隆抗体3A2、5H6、6B8、7E10和9G12血凝抑制试验（HI）显示血凝抑制活性,其（HI）效价在6log2~9log2之间。单克隆抗体3A2、6B8和9G12在病毒中和试验中对H9N2亚型AIV有显著病毒中和活性,中和效价分别1∶6 400、1∶25 600和1∶25 600。Western blotting结果提示,该中和单克隆抗体识别HA蛋白线性抗原表位。利用配对单克隆抗体3A2和9G12研制的H9N2亚型AIV检测试纸条检测H9N2亚型AIV尿囊液的效价为9log2,灵敏度与经典血凝试验（HA）相当,与其他亚型AIV （H1、H3、H5、H7）,以及新城疫病毒和鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒等相关病毒均无交叉反应。本研究制备了具有病毒中和活性的抗H9N2亚型AIV单克隆抗体,并初步研制了H9N2亚型AIV检测试纸条,为H9N2亚型AIV新型疫苗研制和快速检测奠定良好的研究基础。     

重组SEA增强H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗对肉鸡的免疫效果研究

为评价重组葡萄球菌肠毒素A(rSEA)对H5亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响,本研究以原核表达的rSEA为免疫增强剂,制备成含有rSEA高(167 μg/0.5 mL)、低(16.7 μg/0.5 mL)两种剂量的AIV油乳剂灭活苗,分别免疫7d龄肉鸡,通过检测免疫鸡AIV HI抗体滴度及外周血CD4+/CD8+值评价其免疫效果.HI 抗体检测结果显示,免疫后2周高剂量组HI抗体平均滴度为5.6 log2,低剂量组为4.2 log2,而无rSEA疫苗对照组为2.9 log2(p＜0.01);同时在免疫后前4周,rSEA免疫组的HI抗体平均滴度及峰值与对照组相比均差异显著(p＜0.05).T淋巴细胞亚群检测结果显示,肉鸡免疫高剂量rSEA的灭活苗后,其外周血CD4+百分含量及CD4+/CD8+值均显著高于对照组(p＜0.05).上述结果表明,rSEA作为AIV灭活苗免疫增强剂,能够快速诱导较高的HI抗体滴度,同时也可增强细胞免疫反应,有效缩短免疫空白期,使肉鸡短时间内产生较强的免疫应答反应.     

Immunoadjuvant effects of hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) on the inactivated H9 subtype avian influenza virus vaccine

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H9 subtype cause serious health problems in chickens, resulting in great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. The killed vaccine (KV) against H9 subtype AIV has been widely used in China since 1998 but has been linked with side effects in chickens and only partial protection. A few studies have demonstrated the immunostimulatory effects of the hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) in cancer therapy. In this study, the adjuvant efficacy and the protective effects of HVJ-E, in combination with H9N2 AI KV against AIV were evaluated. The maturation of murine dendritic cells treated by HVJ-E was verified by FACS in the current experiment, then the antibody hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers and cytokines and the post-challenge virological profiles (oropharyngeal and cloacal virus shedding) were investigated to define the immune responses in chickens. Our findings indicate that HVJ-E could induce dendritic cell (DC) maturation in mice. Injection of HVJ-E in chickens resulted in raised levels of IFN-β and IFN-γ being present in sera suggesting a stimulatory effect in these animals. The antibody responses to AIV of chickens inoculated with HVJ-E adjuvanted killed H9-AIV were higher than those of chickens inoculated with oil adjuvanted H9-HIV. Furthermore, although inoculation of either HVJ-E or oil adjuvanted AIV reduced virus shedding following challenge, compared to controls, HVJ-E adjuvanted AIV was more effective in reducing shedding than oil adjuvant.     

鸡新支流三联灭活疫苗免疫AA+肉种鸡的子代母源抗体测定及攻毒试验

用新支流三联苗（批号200701）免疫AA+父母代肉种鸡,子代雏鸡1日龄母源抗体的变化情况与其种鸡血清抗体的消长情况相似,呈强正相关。1日龄雏鸡母源抗体平均滴度越高,其15～17日龄后下降越迅速,至28日龄时已接近为0。结果表明,种鸡免疫后1～3个月,其子代在14日龄内的母源抗体可对ND的攻击获得全保护,传染性支气管炎母源抗体≥6log2。种鸡免疫后4～4.5个月,其子代对ND、IB的攻击在7日龄内能全保护。证明三联疫苗免疫种鸡后1～3个月可保护子代抵抗病毒攻击至14日龄;免疫后4～4.5个月,其子代可保护至7日龄;而免疫后5～6个月可保护子代至1日龄。     

鸡IL-18对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌DNA疫苗的免疫佐剂作用

为了探索鸡IL-18在禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因DNA疫苗中的免疫佐剂作用，分别用共表达鸡IL-18基因和禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗、鸡IL-18真核表达质粒pcDNA3／cIL-18与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗混合物、禽多杀性巴氏杆菌C48-1H基因的DNA疫苗肌肉注射5周龄鸡，首免后每周采取外周血及外周抗凝血，应用ELISA和MTT法分别检测免疫鸡的体液免疫及细胞免疫水平。二免后第2周用10 LD50禽多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒菌株C48-1进行攻击。结果鸡IL-18能够明显增强禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因DNA疫苗的免疫原性，显著提高免疫鸡的体液免疫和细胞免疫水平，并且鸡IL-18与禽多杀性巴氏杆菌H基因共表达时的免疫佐剂作用最强，能强有力地抵抗强毒菌株C48-1的致死性攻击。结果表明，鸡IL-18可作为DNA疫苗的一种理想的免疫佐剂。     

禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究

将6种不同亚型的禽流感病毒（AIVH2N9、H3N8、H5N1、H5N2、H7N1、H9N2）分别接种鸡胚,收获尿囊液,经甲醛灭活,以矿物油为佐剂制成油乳剂灭活疫苗。疫苗接种4和8周龄SPF鸡,注苗后均无不良反应。每种亚型疫苗免疫后14天和21天攻毒保护率均达90％-100％。分别用H5N1和H9N2亚型灭活疫苗免疫8周龄SPF鸡、25和28周龄健康商品蛋鸡,免疫后7天产生免疫力,14天保护率达100％,21天后抗体达高峰,仔鸡接苗后最高血凝抑制（HI）几何平均滴度（GMT）为7.3-8.0log2,蛋鸡为8.0-10.5log2。免疫后180天,抗体效价不低于6.5log2。免疫后180天分别以AIV攻击,H5亚型疫苗组,用强毒攻击无一发病和死亡,对照鸡全部发病死亡;H9亚型疫苗组,对照鸡在攻毒后72小时停产,免疫鸡无一发病且产蛋正常,对同源攻毒的保护率达100％。