猴嗜T淋巴细胞病毒1型核酸快速检测方法的建立

猴嗜T淋巴细胞病毒l型（Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1,STLV-1）是无特定病原体（SPF）猴必须排除的病毒之一,其潜伏期较长,主要侵害猴的免疫系统。为强化口岸对进出境野生及实验用灵长类动物STLV-1感染情况的监测和流行病学调查,本研究建立了RT-PCR和Real-time RT-PCR检测STLV-1的方法,并对方法的特异性、敏感性和稳定性进行了确认。     

中国3种旧大陆猴TRIMCyp嵌合基因的存在状况及基因特性研究

本研究应用PCR方法检测了中国3种旧大陆猴(恒河猴、食蟹猴及藏酋猴)的TRIMCyp嵌合基因型个体的存在状况,并首次发现携带TRIMCyp嵌合基因中国品系恒河猴。同时本实验应用建立RT-PCR方法在mRNA水平上进一步检测了恒河猴和食蟹猴的TRIMCyp嵌合基因序列和特性。其编码的融合蛋白TRIMCyp丧失了对HIV-1复制的限制功能,推测具有该基因型旧大陆猴对HIV-1更易感,可用于建立新型的艾滋病非人灵长类动物模型。本研究结果将促进逆转录病毒跨种间传播的研究和建立HIV-1易感非人灵长类动物模型。     

新发现2种可能由非人灵长类动物传播给人的反转录病毒

普遍认为由非人灵长类动物传播给人的艾滋病病毒已经给人类造成的巨大的灾难。科学家最近又报道，在喀麦隆的经常猎杀非人灵长类动物的人群中发现了2种新型人嗜T淋巴细胞病毒，即HTL V-3，和HTL V-4。这2种病毒与已知的专家普遍认为由猴或猿传播给人的HTL V-1和HTL V-2有密切的亲缘关系，而且与艾滋病病毒一样，这些病毒也可以将其基因整合到宿主细胞基因组中。     

野生猕猴STLV-1和B病毒抗体的检测

为了调查保护区野生猕猴是否感染猴的3种主要病毒,从广西某自然保护区一只濒死的野生猕猴抽取血液分离血清,分别应用猴3种病毒斑点酶免疫检测试剂盒检测,结果猴T淋巴细胞白血病病毒1型(STLV-1)和猕猴疱疹病毒I型(B病毒)抗体呈阳性,而猴免疫缺陷病毒抗体呈阴性.     

非人灵长类动物慢性肾病模型研究进展

慢性肾病(Chronic kindey disease,CKD)作为高发病率、低防治率的常见疾病之一,目前尚无非人灵长类动物在CKD模型中应用的进展报告。建立CKD模型的非人灵长类动物主要是猕猴属中恒河猴、食蟹猴和豚尾猴3种。从造模方式看,主要采用的方法有诱导性模型和自发性模型两种。诱导型造模可分为药物诱导、免疫诱导、重金属化合物诱导、辐射损伤、生物诱导等不同方法。从肾脏病理改变看,有以肾小球病理改变为主,如猪尾猴疟原虫、牛丙种球蛋白等诱导者;有以肾小管病理改变为主,如氯化镉、顺铂等诱导者;有兼顾肾小球和肾小管损伤,如猴免疫缺陷病毒(SHIV)诱导者。为利用非人灵长类动物进行CKD相关研究提供了方法学汇总,具有一定参考价值。     

艾滋病疫苗及治疗的新靶点

来自美国加州大学旧金山分校的研究人员在一项研究中发现,在感染猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)后,肠道中拥有更多某种类型免疫细胞的恒河猴相比于其他猴,其血液中病毒水平要低得多,且在感染6个月后能够更好地控制病毒。SIV是一种感染灵长类动物的逆转录病毒,SIV病毒株跨越到人类导致了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的演     

猴水痘带状疱疹病毒病的诊治

猴水痘病毒(simian varicella virus,SVV)是造成非人灵长类动物皮疹的病原体.猴水痘(simian varicella,SV)是一种传染病,猴感染后以发烧和皮疹为特征,并可能进一步发展成肺炎和肝炎[1].给养殖场造成一定的损失.     

猴STLV1抗体免疫梳检测方法的建立及应用

以基因工程技术制备猴嗜T淋巴细胞病毒I型(STLV1)的STLV1-30蛋白作为诊断抗原,建立用于特异性检测实验猴血清中抗STLV1抗体的免疫梳方法。应用原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1构建STLV1 STLV1-30基因的重组表达质粒,并在感受态细胞BL21中表达,将该重组蛋白纯化后作为诊断抗原,建立免疫梳标准化检测程序,并应用于临床检测。结果显示,最佳抗原包被量为0.02 mg/mL;制备好的免疫梳均能够特异性检测到相应的STLV1阳性血清而不与其他病毒血清间发生交叉反应;该方法能够敏感地检测到1∶400倍稀释的STLV1阳性血清;稳定性和重复性试验结果显示,同一样品重复检测3次,变异系数(CV)均小于10%;利用该检测方法在对11份可疑猴血清样品进行检测,免疫梳方法与ELISA检测结果一致率为100.0%,Kappa=1.000。表明该检测方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好等特性,可用于猴T淋巴细胞趋向性病毒I型抗体的检测。     

猴痘

猴痘是一种罕见的、以皮肤出疹为特征的热性病毒性疾病,主要发生于中非和西非的热带雨林。之所以称为猴痘,是因为于1958年首先发现于实验猴子,并非该病为猴子所特有。事实上,其他灵长类动物和啮齿类动物都可感染猴痘。1970年首次报道人感染猴痘发病,但只局限于非洲的零星发病,直至1996年才首次在刚果民主共和国暴发人的猴痘。为帮助人们弄清猴痘,避免造成不必要的恐惧,笔者查阅了有关资料,现将该病的基本情况及美国政府对该病所采取的措施予以介绍。     

灵长类动物将新病毒传染给人的证据发现

美国与喀麦隆科学家日前在非洲猎人身上发现了一种灵长类动物体内常见的病毒。专家指出,此次发现进一步证明了包括艾滋病在内的多种疾病最初都是在狩猎过程中从灵长类动物传染给人类的,因此必须对丛林狩猎加以严格限制。美国约翰斯·霍普金斯大学和喀麦隆军事医疗中心的科学家在最新一期《柳叶刀》杂志上报告说,他们对喀麦隆9个丛林地区的1100名猎人进行了筛查。结果在其中10人的血液中发现了“猴泡沫病毒”抗体,这说明他们曾被这种病毒感染过。而这10位猎人表示,他们曾通过猎杀等活动接触过大猩猩、山魈和长尾猴等动物的体液。“猴泡沫病毒…     

Simian AIDS virus: review

The review article on Simian AIDS viruses compiles the presently known facts of AIDS-related simian retroviruses causing immunodeficiencies or lymphomas in nonhuman primates. They are also compared to the situation in man. Simian acquired immunodeficiencies or lymphoproliferative diseases can be caused by infectious (exogenous) oncoviruses (C- or D-type) or by lentiviruses. Infectious D-type oncoviruses of simian origin are: Mason-Pfizer Monkey Virus (MPMV), Simian Retrovirus type 1 (SRV-1), Simian Retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2). The simian D-type oncoviruses do not have a counterpart in man. Infectious C-type oncovirus of monkeys is STLV, related to, but not identical with HTLV. Most serious to man might be simian lentivirus-infections (SIVs) due to the genetic instability of many lentiviruses. The properties of the different viruses, the clinical symptoms and morphological lesions caused by these agents are outlined and the possible dangers to man discussed. MPMV and the SRVs are considered as genetically stabilized and probably not infectious to man, at least no D-type virus infections of man are known. STLV should be treated with caution due to the close genetic relationship of man and nonhuman primates and of STLV and HTLV, although even in STLV-positive colonies no human infections were reported so far. Extreme caution seems advisable regarding the SIVs, not only because of the close phylogenetic and genetic relationships to HIVs. HIVs and SIVs, which are considered to have diverged only comparably recently from common ancestors and from each other possess a marked genetic plasticity (unstability). Therefore working with Old World monkeys, especially of African origin, with tissues of blood obtained from such animals requires certain protective action.     

Implications of simian retroviruses for captive primate population management and the occupational safety of primate handlers.

Nonhuman primates can be naturally infected with a plethora of viruses with zoonotic potential, including retroviruses. These simian viruses present risks to both captive nonhuman primate populations and persons exposed to nonhuman primates. Simian retroviruses, including simian immunodeficiency virus, simian type D retrovirus, simian T-lymphotropic virus, and gibbon ape leukemia virus, have been shown to cause clinical disease in nonhuman primates. In contrast, simian foamy virus, a retrovirus that is highly prevalent in most nonhuman primates, has not been associated with clinical disease in naturally infected primates. Although it has been shown that human retrovirus infections with human T-lymphotropic virus and human immunodeficiency virus originated through multiple independent introductions of simian retroviruses into human populations that then spread globally, little is known about the frequency of such zoonotic events. In this article, exogenous simian retroviruses are reviewed as a concern for zoo and wildlife veterinarians, primate handlers, other persons in direct contact with nonhuman primates, and other nonhuman primates in a collection. The health implications for individual animals as well as managed populations in zoos and research institutions are discussed, the cross-species transmission and zoonotic disease potential of simian retroviruses are described, and suggestions for working safely with nonhuman primates are provided.     

T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in an aged rhesus macaque

A CD8+ T-cell leukemia was diagnosed in an aged female rhesus macaque. Although leukemia and lymphoma in nonhuman primates are commonly associated with simian T-lymphotropic virus, gibbon ape leukemia virus, oncogenic herpesviruses, and types C, D, and E retroviruses, this monkey was not infected with any of these viruses. However, the monkey did have antibodies against herpesvirus saimiri. This likely represents cross-reactivity of the herpesvirus saimiri assay with rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) antibodies; RRV was first described in rhesus macaques that were identified as having antibodies against herpesvirus saimiri. Rhesus rhadinovirus is a gamma herpesvirus, related antigenically to herpesvirus saimiri and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which have been linked to lymphoproliferative disorders in primates and humans, respectively. Moreover, an oncogene has been recently identified in the RRV genome that is equivalent in position to the herpesvirus saimiri and KSHV oncogenes. Presently, the association of RRV infection with disease in nonhuman primates is unknown.     

Congenital cystic adenomatoid-like malformation in a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a developmental lung abnormality characterized by abnormal proliferation of mesenchymal elements and failure of bronchiolar structures to mature, ultimately resulting in the compression of normal pulmonary tissue and mediastinal shift with rapid expansion of cysts. Although various clinical and pathologic studies of CCAM in humans exist, CCAM has yet to be reported in animals, even in nonhuman primates. In the present study, histopathologic analyses of a neonatal cynomolgus monkey that died 17 days after birth revealed that normal lung architecture was replaced by disorganized overgrowths of cysts lined with simple cuboidal epithelium. The epithelium projected a few ciliates into the air spaces and produced mucus. To our knowledge, this is the first case study describing CCAM or a CCAM-like lesion in nonhuman primates.     

Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques

Cryptosporidiosis is a common opportunistic infection in the gastrointestinal tract of human and nonhuman primates with AIDS. Pulmonary infection associated with Cryptosporidium spp. has not been previously reported in monkeys. Two macaques experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) had lesions containing cryptosporidial organisms involving the trachea, lungs, bile ducts, pancreas, and intestine. The pulmonary sections revealed moderate to severe bronchopneumonia associated with cryptosporidiosis. Numerous 2-4 microm oval Cryptosporidium spp. organisms were present in the cytoplasm of alveolar macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and intestinal epithelial cells. Giant cells were positive for SIV by in situ hybridization. These are the first reported cases of cryptosporidiosis with involvement of pulmonary parenchyma in SIV-infected macaques.     

NONHUMAN PRIMATE EXCRETORY UROGRAPHY*

Survey radiographs have not accurately identified renal contour or location in nonhuman primates. Excretory urography using 786 to 1193 mg iodinelkg body weight resulted in dense opacification of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Abdominal compression improved visu- alization of the renal pelvis. Interpretation of the nonhuman primate excretory urogram was compromised by several anatomic characteristics of this animal group. Superimposition of the kidneys on the lateral radiograph limited evaluation of the renal contour. Since the renal pelvis in most species of nonhuman primates does not possess diverticula (as in the dog and cat) or a caliceal system (as in the pig and man), the diagnosis of pyelonephritis or renal mass lesions was difficult. Severe irregularities in the renal contour, size of the renal pelvis, or areas of deficient concentrating ability were identifiable in nonhuman primate excretory urograms, but the diagnosis of small cysts was not possible in smaller nonhuman primates. The presence of a caliceal collecting system in the spider monkey (Ateles sp.) suggests this animal as a potential model for the evaluation of human renal disease.     

Primates as experimental animals

The term "primates" comprises a varied group of animals, consisting of more than 250 different species. The close evolutionary relationship to man resulted in the use of nonhuman primates as subjects of study for scientists from different research fields. In biomedical research the use of primates is restricted to questions which cannot be answered by animals with less developed physiological senses. Primates play an important role in infectious disease research, as many pathogens relevant to humans can be transferred to selected primate species. In the last few decades this applied especially for HIV-infections of man, viral hepatitides, herpesvirus infections and for quite a long time for agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, too. In neurobiology, primates play an outstanding role due to the morphological-structural and functional resemblance of their CNS to that of man. Due to new developments in biomedicine, in particular in the field of gene therapeutics, it has to be expected that primates will have to be used also in future as animal models for the welfare of human health.     

Toxoplasmosis in golden-headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) and emperor marmosets (Saguinus imperator) in captivity.

From 1991 to 1995, eight New World nonhuman primates of the family Callitrichidae belonging to the collection of Fundac?o Parque Zoologico de S?o Paulo died of toxoplasmosis. Of the eight affected nonhuman primates, four were Leontopithecus chrysomelas (one male, three females) and four were Saguinus imperator (two males, two females). The most commonly affected organs were the lungs, liver, and lymph nodes, with hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions. Histopathologic examination revealed protozoa that were morphologically consistent with Toxoplasma gondii. Immunohistochemical assays were strongly positive for T. gondii.     

Balantidium coli-infection in a Finnish horse

Balantidium coli is a ciliated protozoan that inhabits the large intestine of swine, man, rodents, and nonhuman primates. Frequently this organism is associated with enteric diseases in man and nonhuman primates, with rare manifestations of disease in swine and other mammalian species. This report describes a case of B. coli-induced enteric disease in a 15-yr-old, mare, Finnish Horse after an acute onset of colic. Severe hemorrhagic and eosinophilic colitis with intense infiltration of intralesional B. coli-like ciliated protozoan were found histologically.     

Usefulness of cardiac hormones for evaluating valvular disease in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Nonhuman primates are commonly used as experimental animals due to their biological resemblance to humans. In patients with cardiac disease, the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) tend to increase in response to cardiac damage, and they are thus used as indicators for the diagnosis of human heart failure. However, no reference values for ANP and BNP have been reported for heart disease in nonhuman primates. In this study, we recorded the age, sex, and body weight of 202 cynomolgus monkeys, and performed evaluations to assess the ANP and BNP levels, electrocardiography and echocardiography, and accordingly divided the monkeys into two groups: healthy monkeys and those with spontaneous cardiac disease. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the relationship of ANP and BNP with the factors of age, sex, and body weight. No significant relationship was found between the levels of ANP and BNP and the factors of age, sex, and body weight. However, both the ANP and BNP levels were significantly different between the healthy monkeys and monkeys with valvular disease. Similar to humans, the ANP and BNP levels tended to increase with the progression of cardiac disease in monkeys. Based on these results, we concluded that ANP and BNP are indicators of cardiac disease in nonhuman primates, and that this nonhuman primate cardiac disease model is applicable for cardiology research in humans.