Selection and characterization of broad‐spectrum antibacterial substance‐producing Lactobacillus curvatus PA40 as a potential probiotic for feed additives

Lactic acid bacteria were screened for potential probiotics for use as feed additives. We obtained 3,000 isolates from feces of: cattle, dogs, goats, and infants; milk; yogurt; cheese; fermented sausages; Kimchi; and Cheonggukjang and tested their antibacterial activity toward indicator pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. We further tested their tolerance to artificial gastric juice (1% [w/v] pepsin, pH 2.5) and bile acid (0.1% [w/v] oxgall, pH 6.8). Six isolates exhibited strong antibacterial activity against indicator pathogens. The PA40 isolate from Kimchi exhibited marked resistance to artificial gastric juice and bile acid. The antibacterial substances produced by PA40 were stable to heat, pH, and enzymes. Strain PA40 was identified as a Lactobacillus curvatus strain using chemical tests and 16S rDNA sequencing and produced 248.4 mmol/L lactic acid after 48 hr of fermentative growth. The L. curvatus PA40 strain was also highly tolerant of the artificial gastrointestinal model system. Our results indicate that L. curvatus PA40 could be used as a potential probiotic feed additive.     

Isolation and characterization of a Neisseria sp. from the captive wild goose (Anser anser)

The present study investigated 15 dead cases of captive wild goslings (Anser anser), which were bred in a small poultry farm in Shandong Province, China. The examined cases presented diverse clinical signs accompanied with neurological manifestations and fatal outcomes. Bacterial culture identified the gram‐negative Neisseria sp. from the brain homogenate of most examined cases (10/15, 66.7%). The isolated bacteria were identified based on morphologic characteristics, biochemical tests and 16S rDNA typing. Results proved that 1 identical bacterial strain (BNO09‐3) was isolated from the positive cases. The phylogeny based on the 16S rDNA gene sequences indicated that this isolate has a close relationship with various strains of genus Neisseria sp. isolated from liver and feces of duck. This is the first report of Neisseria sp. causing fatality in captive wild geese in China.     

Antimicrobial Resistance in Some Gram‐Negative Bacteria Isolated from the Bovine Ejaculate

The bacterial load and degree of antibiotic resistance present in untreated and antibiotic‐treated semen samples were investigated in five bulls standing at a cattle‐breeding centre. Bacterial load was determined by colony counts from semen samples cultured on brain heart infusion and nutrient agar plates. Antibiotic resistance in these bacteria was assessed by measuring the diameter of bacterial growth inhibition zones around discs containing different concentrations of antibiotics. Representative antibiotic‐resistant bacterial isolates were selected for identification. Untreated semen contained few culturable bacteria, and all were completely sensitive to gentamycin, spectinomycin and lincomycin: six of the isolates showed some resistance to tylosin. In semen to which antibiotics had been added as part of the routine production process, two isolates were sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested, and the remainder were resistant to all. Resistant Gram‐negative isolates that were identified included Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas spp. both in the class Gammaproteobacteria and a Sphingomonas sp. which is in the class Alphaproteobacteria.     

Isolation and Identification of Pathogen ofEscherichia coli andStaphylococcus Mixed Infection of Chichen in Guizhou Province

In order to analyze the variety, drug resistance and pathogenicity of bacterial of a chicken farm in Guizhou province, bacterial isolation culture was done from four sick chickens that were submitted by the farm. Gram staining, biochemical test, drug susceptibility test, 16S rDNA sequencing analysis and so on were carried out to identify the bacteria.The results showed that we isolated two strains of bacteria with different colony morphology that one of them was gram-negative bacilli,the other was gram-positive cocci, which were named as GZHX2016-1 and GZHX2016-2 according to the isolated location and time.GZHX2016-1 wasEscherichia coli (E. coli) with multiple drug, and GZHX2016-2 was Staphylococcus simulans which was negative on Staphylococcus coagulase test and was resistant to some antibiotics. The 16S rDNA sequencing of GZHX2016-1 was more close genetic relationship with E. coli (GenBank accession No.:CP007442.1, CP014667, KT156725.1, and so on), and the homology was 99.5%.The GZHX2016-1 was more close genetic relationship with Staphylococci (GenBank accession No.:HM140412.1, AM944030.1, KM877513.1, and so on), and the homology was 97.9%. GZHX2016-1 and GZHX2016-2 were pathogenic to mouse. The minimum lethal dose of the GZHX2016-1 was 1.12×10⁸ CFU of each mouse by intraperitoneal injection, and the minimum lethal dose of GZHX2016-2 was 3.20×10⁷ CFU.In summary, the experiment successfully isolated a strain of pathogenic E. coli and a strain of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus from chickens.The chicken farm was infected by E. coli andStaphylococcus,and the bacteria were resistant to multiple antibiotics. So, we should take effective measures to control the bacteria pollution in the chicken farm, and restrict the use of antibiotics to reduce the resistance bacteria, and ensure the food safety of chicken and chicken products.     

贵州某鸡场大肠杆菌与葡萄球菌混合感染病原的分离鉴定

为探明贵州某鸡场患病鸡的细菌感染种类、耐药性及致病性等情况,本试验对送检的4只病鸡进行细菌分离培养,并对分离所得的细菌进行革兰氏染色镜检、生化试验、药敏试验、16S rDNA分子序列及动物感染试验等分析。结果显示,成功分离到了2株菌落形态不一的菌株,分别为革兰氏阴性杆菌与阳性球菌,根据分离地点和时间将其分别命名为GZHX2016-1及GZHX2016-2。GZHX2016-1为大肠杆菌,具有多重耐药性;GZHX2016-2为模仿葡萄球菌,血浆凝固酶阴性,对多种常用抗生素耐药。GZHX2016-1的16S rDNA与大肠杆菌（GenBank登录号：CP007442.1、CP014667、KT156725.1等）同源性达99.5%,GZHX2016-2与葡萄球菌（GenBank登录号：HM140412.1、AM944030.1、KM877513.1等）同源性达97.9%。GZHX2016-1与GZHX2016-2对小鼠都有致病性,GZHX2016-1的最小致死量为1.12×10⁸ CFU,GZHX2016-2为3.20×10⁷ CFU。综上所述,本试验成功从送检鸡中分离出1株致病性大肠杆菌和1株致病性血浆凝固酶阴性模仿葡萄球菌,该鸡场鸡群存在大肠杆菌与葡萄球菌混合感染的情况,且该鸡场感染细菌对多种抗生素耐药,应采取有效措施控制细菌在鸡群中的污染并限制抗生素在养鸡过程中的使用,以减少细菌耐药性的产生,保障鸡肉及鸡肉制品的食品安全。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococci isolated from naturally occurring canine external ocular diseases

Objective  The purpose of this study was to describe the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococci isolated from naturally occurring canine ocular diseases.
Samples and Procedures  Samples obtained from 68 dogs with signs of external eye disease were processed for isolation of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus sp. Isolates were identified by biochemical reactions and tested for susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials of six classes.
Results  Forty (58.8%) samples yielded Staphylococcus sp. in pure culture. Coagulase-positive Staphylococci were most common and Staphylococcus intermedius was the most frequent (45%) species, followed by S . aureus (22.5%) and the coagulase-negative species S. epidermidis (20%), and S . simulans (12.5%). Resistance to at least one drug was observed in 92.5% of the isolates, and multidrug resistance was a common finding (72.5%). The most effective drugs against Staphylococcus strains isolated from extra-ocular canine ocular diseases were ceftiofur and cefalexin.
Conclusion  This study highlights the presence of Staphylococcus sp. genus in naturally occurring extra-ocular canine ocular disease and the emergence of resistant strains to common antimicrobial drugs. It also emphasizes the need for bacterial culture with species identification and susceptibility testing in order to choose the appropriate antimicrobial therapy.     

抗菌肽对抗生素耐药菌株的抑菌活性研究

[目的]研究抗菌肽对抗生素耐药菌株的抑菌活性。[方法]利用抗性平板划线法从腹泻病牛血便中筛选分离出1株耐药菌,通过16S rDNA序列进行鉴定,采用琼脂孔穴扩散法通过梯度盐酸壮观霉素（spectinomycin,Spe⁺）、氨苄青霉素（ampicillin,Amp⁺）、硫酸卡那霉素（kanamycin,Kan⁺）和氯霉素（chloramphenicol,Cm⁺）试验确定该菌药敏特性,并利用1种抗菌肽制剂对该菌株进行药敏试验。[结果]经BLAST比对分析该菌16S rDNA序列,鉴定该耐药菌为科氏葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus cohnii）,此菌对Amp⁺敏感,但对试验中其他抗生素均有耐药性,各梯度抗菌肽对该耐药菌均具有明显的抑菌活性。[结论]抗菌肽能有效抑制耐药科氏葡萄球菌的生长,有望在畜牧生产中代替抗生素使用。     

猪肉和牛奶源葡萄球菌耐药性调查

2010年从贵州省猪肉和牛奶样品中分离鉴定出73株葡萄球菌,其中金黄色葡萄球菌50株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌23株。采用琼脂稀释法检测其对18种抗菌药物的敏感性,运用统计学方法比较分析金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药性差异。结果显示,动物性食品源葡萄球菌耐药较严重,对临床上常用药物耐药率较高,且为多重耐药,其中乳源葡萄球菌的多重耐药现象较猪肉源葡萄球菌严重;猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、四环素和大环内酯类耐药,乳源金黄色葡萄球菌主要对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、大环内酯类、四环素、克林霉素、泰妙菌素及利福平耐药;猪肉源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌主要对氨苄西林、苯唑西林和泰妙菌素耐药,乳源凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的耐药谱与乳源金黄色葡萄球菌类似。     

健康奶牛生殖道乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌活性研究

【目的】 从健康奶牛生殖道分离筛选益生乳酸菌,为未来防治奶牛子宫内膜炎提供益生菌菌株并为开发防治此病的微生态制剂奠定基础。【方法】 采集10份健康奶牛的生殖道分泌物样品,用MRS培养基进行分离培养,通过形态学观察和16S rDNA序列对分离出的菌株进行鉴定,将所得序列结果与NCBI核酸数据库参考菌株进行相似性比对,确定各分离菌株的种属。利用牛津杯法分离筛选出具有较好抑菌活性的菌株,研究这些筛选出的菌株的生长曲线、产酸能力及抗菌药敏感性,并对其主要抗菌物质进行检测。【结果】 从10个样品中共分离出13株乳酸菌,经染色镜检和16S rDNA测序分析鉴定出13株乳酸菌,分别为植物乳杆菌11株、殊异肠球菌和鼠肠球菌各1株。单株抑菌试验得到5株对大肠杆菌抑菌能力较好的乳酸菌,5株乳酸菌生长特性及产酸能力均良好,对氨苄西林、四环素、红霉素、利福平、甲氧苄啶、氯霉素和青霉素7种抗菌药物敏感性较强。其中21和35号菌株的抗菌物质为过氧化氢和细菌素,而25、33和34号菌株的抗菌物质除过氧化氢和细菌素外还包括有机酸。【结论】 从奶牛生殖道中分离得到的3株乳酸菌有望作为微生态制剂用于奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床防治,其具体防治效果有待进一步探究。     

Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Brazilian Dairy Farms and Identification of Novel Sequence Types

The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic diversity and anti‐microbial resistance among staphylococci of dairy herds that originated from Paraiba State, north‐eastern Brazil, a region where such studies are rare. Milk samples (n = 552) were collected from 15 dairy farms. Isolates were evaluated for anti‐microbial susceptibility by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Confirmation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was performed using multiplex PCR targeting mecA and nuc genes in addition to phenotypic assay based on PBP‐2a latex agglutination. Clonal relatedness of isolates was determined by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) genotyping. Staphylococci were detected in 269 (49%) of the samples. Among these, 65 (24%) were S. aureus. The remaining 204 isolates were either coagulase‐negative staphylococci (n = 188; 70%) or coagulase positive other than S. aureus (n = 16; 6%). Staphylococci were cultured in seven (35%) of the 20 hand swab samples, from which five isolates were S. aureus. The isolates were most commonly resistant against penicillin (43%), ampicillin (38%) and oxacillin (27%). The gene mecA was detected in 21 S. aureus from milk and in one isolate from a milker's hand. None of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. PFGE findings showed high clonal diversity among the isolates. Based on MLST, we identified a total of 11 different sequence types (STs 1, 5, 6, 83, 97, 126, 1583, 1622, 1623, 1624 and 1625) with four novel STs (ST1622‐ST1625). The findings show that MRSA is prevalent in milk from semi‐extensive dairy cows in north‐eastern Brazil, and further investigation on its extent in various types of milk production systems and the farm‐to‐table continuum is warranted.     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌强毒株的分离鉴定及16-23SrRNAITS序列分析

为确诊疑似仔猪肺炎克雷伯氏菌(K.pneumonia)感染,并研究其病原的致病性、耐药性、16-23SrRNA ITS系统进化特征,本研究从云南因肺炎、腹泻而大量死亡的仔猪中分离到1株革兰氏阴性短粗杆菌,命名为KP14013,对其进行生化鉴定、16SrRNA鉴定,研究其对小白鼠和仔猪的致病性,并对其16-23SrRNA ITS基因进行测序和遗传进化分析。结果显示,KP14013分离株生化特征与肺炎克雷伯氏菌相符,其16SrRNA与GenBank中23株肺炎克雷伯氏菌代表株之间的同源性均为99%,将KP14013鉴定为肺炎克雷伯氏菌。KP14013对小白鼠半数致死量(LD50)为3×101.8 CFU,腹腔注射3×108 CFU可使仔猪100%致死。16-23SrRNA ITS系统进化关系结果表明,KP14013与GenBank中收录的15株肺炎克雷伯氏菌形成进化树的一个分支,属于同一个亚群,它们之间的核苷酸同源性为98.4%~99.2%。本研究证实了肺炎克雷伯氏菌是该起仔猪腹泻大量死亡的病原;KP14013分离株为毒力极强菌株,具有多重耐药性,其16-23SrRNA ITS与GenBank中收录的肺炎克雷伯氏菌代表株之间核苷酸存在差异,可用于肺炎克雷伯氏菌菌株间的鉴别。     

巨菌草内生细菌多样性及其促生特性

为探究不同生境巨菌草（Pennisetum sp.）内生细菌群落组成多样性,明确促生菌株的促生特性,本试验采用菌株16S rDNA全序列分析法,对5个不同生境的巨菌草中内生细菌的遗传多样性进行系统发育分析,并以溶磷、固氮、产吲哚乙酸（Indoleacetic Acid,IAA）、产铁载体和抑菌活性等为筛选标准,对初筛菌株进行多项促生活性测定。本研究中,从巨菌草植株中共分离得到187株内生菌株,其中86株具有分泌IAA的能力,占全部菌株的46%,菌株XJ-4产IAA的能力最强,分泌的IAA浓度为30.13 mg·L^-1;47株具有溶磷能力,占全部菌株的25%,菌株FJ-23,FJ-15溶磷能力最高,分别为7.10 mg·L^-1和7.35 mg·L^-1;128株可以在Ashby无氮培养基中正常生长,表明64%的巨菌草内生细菌都具有潜在的固氮能力;34株可以在产铁载体的培养基中正常生长,表明18%的菌株产铁载体;试验中,80%以上的内生细菌对1种或者多种指示菌具有抑制作用,其中菌株SX-21,SX-30,SX-1,NY-10表现出对3种指示菌的广谱性抑菌活性,菌株SX-30对玉米大斑病菌的抑制效果最好,抑菌圈达到30 mm。供试菌株共产生了23种遗传图谱类型,通过对每种图谱类型的代表性菌株进行16S rDNA全序列分析,23株菌株分别归属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）、寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）和肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）。巨菌草中具促生特性的内生细菌表现出丰富的多样性,可为进一步构建巨菌草促生菌菌群提供良好的种质资源。     

一株门多萨假单胞菌的分离鉴定及药物敏感性分析

试验旨在确定感染黄颡鱼的病原菌并探讨其耐药性。采用细菌培养、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析方法进行菌株分离鉴定,运用PCR方法扩增耐药基因,用纸片扩散法对分离菌进行药敏试验。结果显示,分离菌与门多萨假单胞菌基本一致,16S rDNA基因长度为1 442 bp。同源性及系统进化树分析显示,该菌16S rDNA序列与门多萨假单胞菌NK-01同源性为99.6%,亲缘关系最近。综合判定分离菌为门多萨假单胞菌,命名为fsznc-01。耐药基因检测结果显示,分离菌fsznc-01含有β-内酰胺类耐药基因TEM,氨基糖苷类耐药基因aph（3'）-Ⅱa、aac（6）-Ⅰb、aac（3）-Ⅱa及磺胺类耐药基因Sul1和Sul2,未检测出磺胺类耐药基因Sul3。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌fsznc-01对头孢他啶、庆大霉素和哌拉西林等药物敏感,对头孢氨苄、头孢唑林和头孢拉定耐药。本试验结果可为预防门多萨假单胞菌感染导致的鱼类疾病提供参考依据。     

家养观赏地图鱼肺炎克雷伯氏菌、维氏气单胞菌与黏质沙雷氏菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

本试验旨在通过细菌分离鉴定,明确家养观赏地图鱼的死因,筛选敏感药物。采用常规方法分离纯化细菌后,进行细菌形态学观察,并通过小白鼠致病性试验、细菌主要生化鉴定、16SrDNA序列测定分析、药敏试验及耐药基因检测等方法对分离的细菌进行鉴定及耐药分析。分离出3株革兰氏阴性短杆菌,根据细菌形态特征及理化特性,结合16SrDNA序列测定与系统发育分析结果,判定其分别为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)、维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)和黏质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens),其中肺炎克雷伯氏菌具有较强致病性。3株细菌均对洛美沙星、氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、卡那霉素敏感,对阿莫西林、氟苯尼考、克林霉素、甲硝唑等具有较强耐药性。结果表明,肺炎克雷伯氏菌、维氏气单胞菌、黏质沙雷氏菌的混合感染是家养观赏地图鱼的死亡原因。     

Methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from animals

Staphylococci isolated from animals (n=311) were screened for methicillin resistance by oxacillin agar screening. Oxacillin-resistant strains were tested for the presence of the mecA gene by PCR. Isolates were identified by standard techniques and 16S rDNA analysis, and their antimicrobial susceptibilities were tested using an agar diffusion method. MecA-positive strains were further analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). From 11 multidrug-resistant staphylococci, 6 were mecA-positive: 2 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 4 Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Screening of 300 staphylococci (100 S. aureus, 100 S. intermedius and 100 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS)) randomly chosen from the strain collection of the Veterinary Microbiological Diagnostic Center yielded five oxacillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, four of which were mecA-positive. PFGE showed that all mecA-positive staphylococci isolated from animals had distinct patterns. However, one MRSA isolated from a flank fistula of a dog showed homology to a human epidemic MRSA cluster, suggesting that transfer of MRSA between humans and dogs might occur.     

1株奶牛源松鼠葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为确定奶牛垫料中是否含有病原菌并深入了解垫料中优势生长菌的类型、耐药性及致病性等情况,本试验进行了细菌分离培养、革兰染色镜检、生化试验鉴定、16S rDNA序列分析及同源性比对、药敏试验、小鼠致病性试验。结果显示,分离菌在普通营养琼脂平板上形成圆形、表面光滑的白色菌落,血琼脂平板上形成黏稠、较大的白色菌落。革兰染色镜检结果显示,分离菌为革兰阳性,球型,呈葡萄串状排列,或单个散落。生化试验结果显示,分离菌对木糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、果糖、乳糖、硝酸盐还原等呈阳性反应,而蜜二糖、木糖醇、山梨醇、尿素、V-P反应等呈阴性反应。16S rDNA序列分析结果显示,扩增的16S rDNA序列长度为1 298 bp,与松鼠葡萄球菌的核苷酸同源性达99.85%~100%;系统进化树结果显示,分离菌与松鼠葡萄球菌处于同一分支。动物试验结果表明,分离菌株对试验小鼠有较强的致病性,以0.2 mL/只（7.9×10⁸ CFU/mL）菌液的剂量接种小鼠,在48 h内死亡率为60%（3/5）。药敏特性分析结果显示,分离菌株对复方新诺明、氨苄西林等7种药物敏感,对克林霉素、头孢噻肟和头孢呋辛中度敏感,对青霉素、红霉素和林可霉素耐药。本研究为奶牛源松鼠葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及防控提供了参考依据。     

貂源停乳链球菌似马亚种的分离鉴定

为了研究引起水貂肺炎死亡的病因,对送检的病死水貂进行剖检。从病死水貂病料中分离出了一株革兰阳性球菌,对其进行菌落形态观察、生化鉴定以及16S rDNA序列分析,构建系统进化树并进行同源性分析,同时对该菌株进行药敏试验。结果表明：根据分离菌的形态特征、生物化学特性,结合16S rDNA序列测定与进化树分析,将其鉴定为链球菌属的停乳链球菌似马亚种。药敏试验结果显示,该菌株对青霉素、阿莫西林、莫西沙星等药物敏感,但对四环素有较强的耐药性。     

Antimicrobial activity of marine sponges against coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis

Bovine mastitis remains worldwide a major challenge for the dairy industry despite the widespread implementation of control strategies. The increasing number of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) causing mastitis and of bacteria resistant to conventional antibiotics has become a serious problem in recent years. Marine sponges are a rich source of bioactive compounds, and many species can be useful for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. In the present study, 49 CNS strains were isolated from bovine mastitis cases from 21 different dairy herds kept at farms in Southeast Brazil. Strains were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility and mecA gene detection. Fifty-nine percent of the CNS strains were resistant to at least one of the drugs tested and 12.2% were classified as multiresistant. Three strains carried the mecA gene, confering resistance to the beta-lactamic antibiotics. In addition, the CNS strains were submitted to in vitro screening for antimicrobial activities of extracts from marine sponges. Extracts from the sponge species Cinachyrella sp., Haliclona sp. and Petromica citrina showed antibacterial activity against 61% of the CNS strains, including strains resistant to conventional antibiotics. Extracts from P. citrina showed the largest spectrum of inhibitory activity. The aqueous extract inhibited 51% of the CNS strains and presented a bactericidal effect over susceptible and multiresistant-bacteria at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 1.024μg/ml. This study shows the potential of marine sponges as new sources of antibiotics and disinfectants for the control of CNS involved in bovine mastitis.     

奶牛乳腺炎的细菌学研究

在对山东7个地区14个奶牛场临床型和隐性乳腺炎调查的基础上采集234头临床乳腺炎病牛乳样、241个隐性乳腺炎乳样并分别做了细菌学检查,结果表明:泌乳期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、酵母菌和棒状杆菌为主;干奶期临床型乳腺炎病原菌以大肠杆菌、链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和酵母菌为主;隐性乳腺炎病原菌以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌链球菌、酵母菌、假单胞菌和棒状杆菌为主;厌氧菌在隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎和干奶期乳腺炎乳样的捡出率分别为 5．82％,4．17%,10．16％;隐性乳腺炎、干奶期乳腺炎细菌的共感染率较高,与泌乳期乳腺炎病原菌的差异极显著(P<0．01),隐性乳腺炎与干奶期乳腺炎病原菌共感染率差异不显著(P >0．05)。     

1株鹅源类志贺邻单胞菌的分离鉴定及致病性研究

【目的】 查明江苏某鹅场鹅发病及死亡原因。【方法】 剖检病死鹅，运用细菌分离纯化、染色观察、生化试验、基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF MS）鉴定、16S rDNA测定方法进行病原菌分离鉴定，通过药敏试验和小鼠致病性试验探究分离菌株的特性。【结果】 从患病鹅肝脏分离到1株革兰氏阴性短杆状细菌；生化试验结果显示，此菌株可发酵葡萄糖、麦芽糖、枸橼酸盐、尿素；MALDI-TOF MS鉴定结果显示，此菌株为类志贺邻单胞菌；16S rDNA序列对比分析发现，分离菌与类志贺邻单胞菌相似性最高，达98%以上；药敏试验结果显示，分离菌对左氧氟沙星、美罗培南、头孢西丁、庆大霉素等10种抗菌药敏感，对四环素、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢唑林表现为中介，对阿奇霉素、复方新诺明、氨苄西林等6种药物表现为耐药，是典型的多重耐药菌；小鼠致病性试验结果显示，分离菌对小鼠的半数致死量为5.0×10^6.5 CFU。【结论】 本试验首次报道了从鹅体内分离到致病性类志贺邻单胞菌，通过药敏试验筛选了左氧氟沙星、美罗培南、头孢西丁等有效的临床常用抗菌药，分离株对小鼠致病性较强，提示其带来的潜在风险不可忽视。