鳞盖红菇菌丝体多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

研究鳞盖红菇(Russula lepida)菌丝体多糖对昆明种小鼠免疫功能的调节作用.结果表明,鳞盖红菇菌丝体多糖能提高小鼠巨噬细胞的吞噬功能及血清白细胞介素2(Interleukin 2, IL-2)、免疫球蛋白G(Immunoglobulin G, IgG)的含量,提高小鼠的免疫功能.     

鳞盖红菇菌丝体多糖对H22荷瘤小鼠Bcl-2和P53表达的影响

用鳞盖红菇(Russula lepida)菌丝体多糖连续灌胃H22荷瘤小鼠10 d.与阴性对照组相比,多糖组的瘤重降低,Bcl-2和突变型P53的表达下调,表明鳞盖红菇菌丝体多糖对H22荷瘤鼠有抑瘤作用,可以抑制H22肝癌细胞的增殖.     

广东封开的一种野生可食红菇

报道了生长在广东省封开县境内的一种野生可食红菇——美红菇(Russula puellaris Pr．)的生境、子实体的形态特征、菌丝体的形态特征和培养特征。美红菇为我国稀有红菇资源中一新型优质食用菌，其菌丝体液体发酵培养周期短、产量高，具有广阔的开发前景。     

广西野生鳞盖红菇原种培养研究

为获得野生鳞盖红菇原种,利用通过组织分离获得的母种,根据母种分离培养经验并利用各种食用菌原种培养料搭配成多种配方培养红菇原种。结果表明:花生饼对原种培养有较大促进作用;麦子较适合作为培养原种主原料;配方棉籽壳15%、麦麸10%、麦子57%、玉米粉8%、花生饼8%、蔗糖0.8%、石膏1%、硫酸镁0.2%能长出较合格原种。     

粤北山区的红菇资源

红菇(Russula)野生菌在林间地上常有发生,夏秋季更为常见。菇体通常较大,多数种类菌盖直径3～14厘米,菇柄较粗;菌肉组织疏松,肉质至海绵状,质脆,容易长蛆而至腐烂;多数菌盖色鲜艳,颜色则随种类不同而异,其中以红、绿、黄至黄褐、白等颜色居多。这些菌类中很多是可食的,粵北各地不少群众有采食的习惯,鳞盖红菇(南雄等地称“红菌”或“大红菇”)是最著名的一种。部分种类还可作药用,但有部分红菇的种类是有毒的。红菇的菌类都是与树木共生的外生菌根真菌,故到目前尚未能进行人工     

全国部分城市农产品批发市场食用菌行情（2005年8月底，元／kg）

德化戴云山脉，有天然栲、楮等壳斗科植物林地4992hm^2，环境条件非常适合野生红菇生长。为此，我们配合德化县农办、食用菌开发办对戴云山脉红菇生长环境条件进行了多次考察，现将考察结果总结如下，以供参考。     

大田县红菇村的红菇增殖增效经验

<正>福建省三明市是红菇主产区之一,十二个县(市、区)均有丰富的红菇资源。目前全市产红菇林地约5333 hm~2,年产量近40t,其中宁化、明溪、大田县分布较多。红菇价格逐年攀升,采摘并销售野生红菇已成为当地农民的一项重要收入来源。红菇是共生真菌,目前还无法实现人工栽培。怎样让山上的红菇高产、稳产?这不仅是食用菌科研人员长期感兴趣的课题,更是广大老百姓迫切想知道的答案。三明市大田县著名的"红菇村"——大田县桃源镇东风农场盂坂村的八峰天然菌业合作社经过多年探索,研创红菇人工促进增殖的经     

福建省福安市野生红菇资源初步调查

福安市属中亚热带海洋性季风气候,四季明显,自然资源富集,森林覆盖率达67.9%,森林植被类型多样,野生红菇资源丰富,主要品种有葡酒红菇、大红菇、菱红菇等。生长季节在7月中旬~9月中旬,主要共生树种为米槠、福建青冈。林中温度25℃~30℃,腐殖层p H值为4.5~6.0,海拔在300 m左右野生红菇生长最好。     

藤县野生大红菇生境调查及开发现状初报

大红菇是藤县的特产之一,是珍贵的食用和药用菌。多年来,由于野生大红菇自然生长,缺乏科学的管理和指导,农民对其生态环境保护和资源持续开发意识淡薄,采菇时急功近利,采收后加工技术落后,导致了部分地方野生大红菇产量和     

广西浦北鳞盖红菇的形态与生态环境

鳞盖红菇是广西浦北红椎林中发生量大面宽的一种食用菌根，本文对其形态特征进行了描述，并报道了对其生态环境考察结果，为半人工模拟栽培或人工栽培提供可借鉴的依据。     

Bush cover and range condition assessments in relation to landscape and grazing in southern Ethiopia

Progressive growth of bush cover in dry savannahs is responsible for declines in range conditions. In southern Ethiopia, the Booran pastoralists assisted our understanding of spatial patterns of bush cover and range conditions in 54 landscape patch types grouped into six landscape units within an area of 30000 km². The size of landscape patches sampled was 625 m². We assessed the relationships between bush cover, grass cover and bare soil and grazing pressure and soil erosion and changes in range condition. Externally, political conflicts and internally, break down of land use, and official bans on the use of fire promoted bush cover and the decline in range conditions. Bush cover was negatively correlated with grass cover, and positively correlated with bare soil. Grass cover was negatively correlated with bare soil and grazing pressure in most landscape patch types. Grazing pressure was not significantly correlated with bush cover or bare soil, while soil erosion was directly related to bare soil. Soil erosion was absent in 64% of the landscape patch types, and seemingly not a threat to the rangelands. The relationship between bush cover, grass cover, bare soil and soil erosion is complex and related to climate, landscape geology, and patterns of land use. Main threats to range conditions are bush climax, loss of grass cover and unpalatable forbs. Currently, >70% of the landscape patch types are in poor to fair range conditions. Decline in range conditions, unless reversed, will jeopardise the pastoral production system in southern Ethiopia.     

不同栽培条件对红大戟块根产量的影响

以荫蔽度、种植密度、肥料为影响因子,块根产量为主要统计指标,采用正交实验设计,研究红大戟在类野生植被下的人工栽培技术.结果表明:影响红大戟块根产量的主次因素依次为种植密度、肥料、荫蔽度,并以种植密度30株/m2、有机肥2.5 kg/m、荫蔽度30％时产量最佳.     

秸秆覆盖对附子氮代谢几种相关酶活性的影响

以江油附子主栽品种为材料,采用随机区组设计,研究了稻草覆盖方式(整草覆盖、切割与粉碎覆盖)和数量对附子硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷草转氨酶(ALT/GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(AST/GPT)等几种氮代谢相关酶活性的影响.结果表明:各覆盖处理的酶活性水平均高于对照组,即秸秆覆盖处理均有效益；不同的秸秆覆盖量间差异性显著,覆盖量为1 kg/m的处理酶活性水平高于覆盖量为0.5 kg/m2和1.5 kg/m2的处理；虽然切割覆盖的酶活性水平高于整草覆盖和粉碎覆盖,但不同覆盖处理间差异性并不显著；切割覆盖1 kg/m2处理的NR、GOT和GPT酶活性水平虽均为最高,但整草覆盖1 kg/m更能够达到较高经济效益的栽培效果；3种酶之间存在较好的正相关性,具有一定的协同作用.     

培养料中重金属元素对杏鲍菇子实体产量和质量的影响

工厂化栽培过程中,培养料中添加不同浓度的As、Hg、Pb和Cd,研究这些元素对杏鲍菇子实体产量的影响和在子实体中的累积规律.结果表明,子实体中As、Hg、Pb和Cd的含量随其在培养料中浓度的增加而增加,而且As、Hg和Cd会显著降低生物学效率.根据GB 7096-2003和NY/T 749-2003中食用菌干品的重金属限量要求,建议杏鲍菇培养料中As、Hg、Pb和Cd的浓度应分别低于0.5、1.0、3.5和1.0 mg/kg.     

Spatial scaling of wildland fuels for six forest and rangeland ecosystems of the northern Rocky Mountains, USA

Wildland fuels are important to fire managers because they can be manipulated to achieve management goals, such as restoring ecosystems, decreasing fire intensity, minimizing plant mortality, and reducing erosion. However, it is difficult to accurately measure, describe, and map wildland fuels because of the great variability of wildland fuelbed properties over space and time. Few have quantified the scale of this variability across space to understand its effect on fire spread, burning intensity, and ecological effects. This study investigated the spatial variability of loading (biomass) across major surface and canopy fuel components in low elevation northern Rocky Mountain forest and rangeland ecosystems to determine the inherent scale of surface fuel and canopy fuel distributions. Biomass loadings (kg?m^?2) were measured for seven surface fuel components??four downed dead woody fuel size classes (0?C6?mm, 6?C25?mm, 25?C75?mm, and 75?+?mm), duff plus litter, shrub, and herb??using a spatially nested plot sampling design within a 1?km² square sampling grid installed at six sites in the northern US Rocky Mountains. Bulk density, biomass, and cover of the forest canopy were also measured for each plot in the grid. Surface fuel loadings were estimated using a combination of photoload and destructive collection methods at many distances within the grid. We quantified spatial variability of fuel component loading using spatial variograms, and found that each fuel component had its own inherent scale with fine fuels varying at scales of 1?C5?m, coarse fuels at 10?C150?m, and canopy fuels from 100 to 500?m. Using regression analyses, we computed a scaling factor of 4.6?m for fuel particle diameter (4.6?m increase in scale with each cm increase in particle diameter). Findings from this study can be used to design fuel sampling projects, classify fuelbeds, and map fuel characteristics, such as loading, to account for the inherent scale of fuel distributions to get more accurate fuel loading estimations.     

Valuing urban trees: A hedonic investigation into tree canopy influence on property values across environmental and social contexts in Baltimore,Maryland

Urban tree canopy yields numerous environmental and social benefits. This study investigates whether the marginal contribution of tree canopy cover to home values depends on certain characteristics of a property and its location. We address this using a hedonic property analysis with data from Baltimore, Maryland. Both Ordinary Least Square and Spatial Lag models were conducted, all including interaction terms between tree canopy cover and various site factors. Our results indicated that, on average, the amount of tree canopy in the 100–400 zone around a single-family property is positively associated with home price. We also find that the marginal impact of canopy on property price increases for properties that are larger in lot size and closer to downtown Baltimore. Model results were mixed in terms of the interactive effects of crime and proximity to major roadway with tree canopy. We suggest that the benefits that tree canopy provides in the form of added privacy, reduced urban heat, noise and pollution may influence these price increases. These findings may signal concerns about the potential for urban greening to contribute to gentrification. In a competitive housing market, those with the capacity to afford to pay more for urban tree canopy and the benefits it provides such as a cooler downtown environment, privacy on larger lots, or reduced noise and pollution from a major roadway may price out those who are unable to pay this urban tree canopy premium. There is, therefore, the potential for unequal increases in home equity across neighborhoods following tree planting and urban greening in Baltimore.     

生草对鲁西北果园生态环境及苹果光合特性的影响

以“红富士”苹果为试材,研究了果园生草对果园生态环境变化规律及“红富士”光合特性变化的影响.结果表明:果园生草后降低了“红富士”生长季节的冠层温度和果园土壤温度,提高了果树冠层湿度.对土壤湿度的影响表现为两面性,前期显著降低,后期高于清耕区.同时,覆草后“红富士”叶片光合速率和蒸腾速率显著升高.且对生态环境及光合的调节程度与草种种类关系密切,白三叶草调控能力优于黑麦草.     

Spatial scaling of core and dominant forest cover in the Upper Mississippi and Illinois River floodplains, USA

Different organisms respond to spatial structure in different terms and across different spatial scales. As a consequence, efforts to reverse habitat loss and fragmentation through strategic habitat restoration ought to account for the different habitat density and scale requirements of various taxonomic groups. Here, we estimated the local density of floodplain forest surrounding each of ~20 million 10-m forested pixels of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois River floodplains by using moving windows of multiple sizes (1?C100 ha). We further identified forest pixels that met two local density thresholds: ??core?? forest pixels were nested in a 100% (unfragmented) forested window and ??dominant?? forest pixels were those nested in a >60% forested window. Finally, we fit two scaling functions to declines in the proportion of forest cover meeting these criteria with increasing window length for 107 management-relevant focal areas: a power function (i.e. self-similar, fractal-like scaling) and an exponential decay function (fractal dimension depends on scale). The exponential decay function consistently explained more variation in changes to the proportion of forest meeting both the ??core?? and ??dominant?? criteria with increasing window length than did the power function, suggesting that elevation, soil type, hydrology, and human land use constrain these forest types to a limited range of scales. To examine these scales, we transformed the decay constants to measures of the distance at which the probability of forest meeting the ??core?? and ??dominant?? criteria was cut in half (S _1/2, m). S _1/2 for core forest was typically between ~55 and ~95 m depending on location along the river, indicating that core forest cover is restricted to extremely fine scales. In contrast, half of all dominant forest cover was lost at scales that were typically between ~525 and 750 m, but S _1/2 was as long as 1,800 m. S _1/2 is a simple measure that (1) condenses information derived from multi-scale analyses, (2) allows for comparisons of the amount of forest habitat available to species with different habitat density and scale requirements, and (3) can be used as an index of the spatial continuity of habitat types that do not scale fractally.     

Urban forests and social inequality in the Pacific Northwest

Research has shown there is a positive relationship between urban greenness and the well-being of city residents. But greenness is often unevenly distributed across a city, raising environmental justice issues. In 2011 and 2012 the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program installed ground plots in the urbanized areas of Oregon and Washington. We analyze these data for the urban areas west of the Cascade Mountains, linking it with demographic data from the U.S. Census to examine the relationship between greenness and socioeconomic status at a sub-regional scale. To explore some relations between urban forest measures and socioeconomic conditions and measures we developed four models: presence of tree canopy cover with a logistic mixed model, and on a subset of the data, percent tree canopy cover with a linear mixed model and tree count and tree species count with Poisson mixed models. We found that median household income, house value, land use, and years in the Tree City USA program contributed to explaining measures of greenness, such as canopy cover presence, percent canopy cover, tree counts, and tree species counts. This agrees with other studies, but does so at a broad scale covering the most densely populated areas in the Pacific Northwest.