小麦花生两熟制高产生育规律及栽培技术研究──Ⅱ．种植模式

比较了目前生产上正在应用和最新设计的几种麦油两熟制种植模式，结果表明：在鲁东畦田麦花生夏直播和小垄宽幅麦花生套种两种模式对小麦产量较为有利，大垄宽幅麦花生套种对花生产量更为有利，兼顾麦油产量和全年效益，麦油均分式花生套直播表现最佳．在鲁西，适于小麦等行距花生套种条件下麦油高产高效的小麦行距为３５～４０ｃｍ．     

夏花生纸筒育苗移栽技术研究初报

夏花生在我省很早就有种植,有麦田套种和麦收后直播两种种植方式。但由于麦田套种存在小麦与花生争光、争水、争肥的矛盾,夏直播存有花生生育期短,有效积温不足的问题,所以夏花生的产量和品质均低于春花生。为大幅度提高夏花生的产量和品质,自1987年以来进行了“夏花生纸筒育苗移栽技术”的研究,本文主要报道花生纸筒育苗移栽的增产效果和经济效益。     

大垄宽幅麦套种花生高产生育规律及栽培技术

经5年大田试验与培创高产田相结合,在较大面积上使大垄宽幅麦套种的小麦和花生公顷产量分别达到了5250kg和6000～6750kg,明确了相应产量条件下花生生育规律,建立了一套适合鲁东地区的麦油两熟制双高产栽培技术规程。     

河南麦套花生

花生是河南省重要的经济作物,历史上以春播为主,是全国春花生主产区之一。夏花生(含麦垄套种)的种植面积很小,常年只占花生种植总面积的10～30％。进入八十年代,随着农村耕作制度的调整,复种指数提高,夏花生面积迅速扩大,至1989年全省夏花生种植面积已占花生总面积的80％,其中麦茬花生只占夏花生面积的10％左右。所以麦套花生是河南花生发展的主体,是近年来河南花生面积突破700万亩,产量稳步上升的重要因素之一。     

豫北地区麦套花生种植方式及栽培技术

豫北地区（包括河南省北部的新乡、焦作、安阳、濮阳、鹤壁5市）是河南省花生主产区之一，常年种植面积23．5万hm2，其中80％的面积是夏播麦垄套种。麦垄套种花生，可以提高复种指数，充分利用地力、光、热、水资源。随着生产条件的改善，80年代以来，豫北地区麦套花生面积迅猛发展，已成为该区花生发展的主体。因而总结夏播花生的套种方式及其栽培技术，对提高栽培水平、产量及效益具有重要意义。1套种方式1．1小麦大背垄套种花生用3km宽的两条腿楼播种小麦，实行二楼紧靠，搂与楼之间距离为1km，小麦成宽窄行种植，大行距3bern，小行距lbe…     

不同种植方式对花生农艺性状和生理指标变化动态的影响

采用麦套、夏直播、夏直播覆膜和起垄覆膜4种种植方式,研究了其对夏花生叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、单株叶面积、荚果数、荚果重和产量等农艺和生理性状动态变化的影响。结果表明,起垄覆膜种植方式下的光合性能在整个生育期内处于较高的位置,夏直播覆膜在生育期前期光合性能较高,而后期下降较快,夏直播在生育期前期光合性能较低,但是后期下降较慢,麦套在整个生育期内光合性能均较低。不同种植方式下花生产量从高到低依次为起垄覆膜、夏直播覆膜、夏直播、麦套。光合性能的高低是产量形成的决定因素。     

宽幅大沟麦套种覆膜春花生增产机制初探

宽幅大沟麦套种覆膜春花生,是改传统的二尺沟播小麦套半夏花生为2.7尺的宽幅大沟麦套覆膜春花生。该方式集小麦沟播优势与春花生覆膜栽培技术为一体,既协调了粮油争地的矛盾,又提高了经济效益。三年试验示范平均亩产小麦269.5公斤,花生335.2公斤。1987年全县推广27000亩,总增收196.56万元,1988年全县推广73000亩,总增收335.8万元。     

宽幅麦套种花生套期与密度研究

麦油两熟制一体化高产栽培大田试验结果表明 ,宽幅麦套种花生套期和密度对麦套花生产量作用显著 ,套期效应大于密度穴数 ,高产麦套花生必须适期套种。麦套花生最适套期为麦收前 5 3天 ( 2 8/ 4) ,适期过后 ,套期每推迟 1天 ,花生约减产 14.6kg/hm2 ;适期套种时 ,麦套花生适宜的公顷穴数为 7995 0 ,夏直播花生适宜的公顷穴数为 8715 0。     

麦套花生高产栽培试验初报

大沟麦套种花生和春、夏直播花生一般采取大垅2行栽培,小沟麦套种则采取1行种植方式,但不同品种在密度上升到8000穴/亩以上,则产量出现徘徊,尤其小沟麦套种因行距较小,与小麦共生期间生育受限,以致产量难以提高,近年虽研究了一些新的措施,对产量提高有一定促进作用,但仍不能适应生产的需要。为此,笔者设置了不同种植方式高产技术研究,现将结果报告如下。     

冬小麦夏直播花生两熟制栽培钾肥用量与分配研究

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,建立了冬小麦夏直播花生两熟制条件下全年钾肥用量及其分配比例与小麦、花生产量及全年效益数学模型。分析表明,本试验条件下(土壤肥力中等偏上),小麦产量最高可达7631.9kg/hm2,当茬需施K2O169kg/hm2;产量>6000kg/hm2小麦当茬K2O适宜用量为138～219kg/hm2。花生对钾分配比例的反应,与全年施钾量有很大关系,当全年钾肥不足时,花生产量随前茬小麦分配比例的增加而下降;当全年钾肥充足,花生少施或不施,均可获得高产,因此,后茬花生施肥必须考虑前作小麦的施肥量。全年效益最高可达20921.2元/hm2,此时需施K2O247.5kg/hm2,前茬小麦占71.4%;全年效益>18000元/hm2K2O适宜用量为204.0～331.5kg/hm2,前茬小麦占66.3%～84.0%。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.