钾肥施用量对早稻产量及农艺性状的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了不同施钾量对水稻产量、农艺性状及经济效益的影响。结果表明,施钾能显著提高稻谷、稻草和总生物产量,且随施钾量的增加而增加;施钾有利于提高水稻株高、有效穗数和千粒重;当施钾量为K2O 0~90 kg/hm2时,净收入随施钾量的提高而提高,而施钾量高于90 kg/hm2时,净收入反而降低。通过拟合钾肥用量和产量的肥效方程,得出当施钾量为89.8 kg/hm2时,可获得最高产量。在施猪粪22 500 kg/hm2的条件下,推荐该地区早稻的钾肥适宜施用量范围为K2O 75~105 kg/hm2。     

小麦花生两熟制一体化施肥氮效应研究

小麦花生两熟制一体化双高产栽培大田N肥试验表明：前茬（小麦）施N不仅小麦增产显著,而且具有较大的后效作用;后茬（麦套）花生施N花生增产显著,而对前茬小麦籽粒无明显增产作用;在前茬小麦培肥地力的基础上,当茬配施一定数量的N肥,有利于充分发挥花生的增产潜力;小麦花生各6750～7500kg／hm2高产田全年需施N263～356kg／hm2,前后两作适宜的分配比为1：0．4～0．55。     

驻马店主要土类玉米小麦一体化施用钾肥效应研究

[目的]研究驻马店主要土类玉米小麦钾肥合理用量。[方法]根据植物营养学原理,设计5个处理,研究驻马店砂姜黑土区和潮土区玉米小麦周年轮作制下施钾效应及土壤钾素的变化。[结果]在土壤速效钾含量中等的砂姜黑土和潮土上玉米、小麦施用钾肥增产效果显著;潮土点钾肥用量增加,玉米小麦产量和产值也逐渐增加;砂姜黑土点玉米季施钾效应和潮土点相同,小麦季NPK150处理（P2O575 kg/hm2,K2O 150.0 kg/hm2）产量和产值最高。潮土点、砂姜黑土点钾肥用量的增加钾素的盈余也呈增加趋势。潮土区玉米小麦轮作年钾肥推荐量（K2O）为300 kg/hm2,玉米小麦两季钾肥推荐分配比为1∶1;砂姜黑土区年推荐施钾量（K2O）为262.5 kg/hm2,玉米小麦两季钾肥推荐分配比为1∶0.75。[结论]研究结果为驻马店市农业生产提供了参考。     

施钾量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究钾肥用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,0～60kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高,60kg/hm2用量下,花生产量最高3640kg/hm2,比不施钾肥增产18.17％.0～90kg/hm2范围内,高施钾量可促进氮磷钾吸收,90kg/hm2用量下,花生粗脂肪含量最高为51.56％,比不施钾肥提高5.48％.超过90kg/hm2,增加施钾量导致花生养分吸收减少,荚果数下降,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和产量随之下降.本试验条件下达到最佳经济效益的花生施钾量为63.3kg/hm2,产量可达到3611kg/hm2.     

钾肥用量对油菜产量及钾素利用效率的影响

通过11个大田试验研究了钾肥用量对油菜产量、养分含量、养分累积量及钾肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,施钾（K2O）60、120和180kg/hm2与不施钾相比平均籽粒产量分别增加16.8%、21.6%和19.8%,籽粒含钾量增加2.9%、9.1%和7.8%,植株地上部钾素总累积量提高42.9%、63.0%和82.2%。说明施钾能提高油菜籽产量、提高油菜对钾素吸收和累积。油菜钾肥农学利用率、偏生产力、表观利用率和生理利用率均随钾肥用量的增加而显著下降,100kg籽粒需钾量随钾肥用量的增加而增加。综合结果表明,湖北省油菜钾肥高产高效生产的适宜推荐范围为60~120kg K2O/hm2。     

湖北省油菜钾肥效应及推荐用量研究

通过22个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区钾肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明适量施用钾肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果,21个试验施钾比不施钾对照增收油菜籽70~1091kg/hm2,平均增产337kg/hm2,增产幅度在2.5%~68.6%之间,平均增产率为18.6%;纯利润平均为871元/hm2,产投比平均达3.91;钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为34.8kg/kg K2O和4.2kg/kg K2O。根据肥料效应方程,在当前生产条件下,油菜生产的钾肥最佳经济用量平均为82.7kg K2O/hm2,推荐幅度为0~150.2kg K2O/hm2。土壤速效钾含量与油菜钾肥最佳推荐用量呈极显著负相关性（r﹦﹣0.7896**,n﹦20）,根据土壤速效钾含量（x,单位为mg/kg）水平,湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用钾量（y,单位为kg/hm2）可通过公式y﹦366.28﹣62.646Ln(x)求得。     

湖北省油菜钾肥效应及推荐用量研究

通过22个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区钾肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明,适量施用钾肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果,21个试验施钾比不施钾对照增收油菜籽70~1 091kg/hm2,平均增产337kg/hm2,增产幅度在2.5%~68.6%之间,平均增产率为18.6%;纯利润平均为871元/hm2,产投比平均达3.91;钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为34.8kg/kg K2O和4.2kg/kg K2O。根据肥料效应方程,在当前生产条件下,油菜生产的钾肥最佳经济用量平均为82.7kg K2O/hm2,推荐幅度为0~150.2kg K2O/hm2。土壤速效钾含量与油菜钾肥最佳推荐用量呈极显著负相关(r(-0.789 6**,n(20),根据土壤速效钾含量(x,单位为mg/kg)水平,湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用钾量(y,单位为kg/hm2)可通过公式y(366.28-62.646Ln(x)求得。     

61472;

通过22个田间试验研究湖北省油菜主产区钾肥效应和适宜用量。结果表明适量施用钾肥对油菜具有明显的增产增收效果,21个试验施钾比不施钾对照增收油菜籽70~1091kg/hm2,平均增产337kg/hm2,增产幅度在2.5%~68.6%之间,平均增产率为18.6%;纯利润平均为871元/hm2,产投比平均达3.91;钾肥偏生产力和农学利用率平均分别为34.8kg/kg K2O和4.2kg/kg K2O。根据肥料效应方程,在当前生产条件下,油菜生产的钾肥最佳经济用量平均为82.7kg K2O/hm2,推荐幅度为0~150.2kg K2O/hm2。土壤速效钾含量与油菜钾肥最佳推荐用量呈极显著负相关性（r﹦﹣0.7896**,n﹦20）,根据土壤速效钾含量（x,单位为mg/kg）水平,湖北省目前油菜生产适宜用钾量（y,单位为kg/hm2）可通过公式y﹦366.28﹣62.646Ln(x)求得。     

旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果研究

研究了豫西褐土区旱地冬小麦施用钾肥的效果。结果表明,施钾量（K2O）在0～112.5 kg/hm2的范围内,随施钾量增加,小麦穗数、穗粒数和千粒重逐渐增加,各生育期总茎数及干物质积累量明显增加。施用钾肥对旱地冬小麦有显著的增产效果,增产幅度为7.9％～15.7％,最高产量（4 336kg/hm2）的施肥量（K2O）为114.2 kg/hm2,经济最佳产量（4 275.7 kg/hm2）的施肥量为77.4kg/hm2。     

不同钾肥用量对超级杂交稻P88S/0293产量和抗性的影响

以超级杂交稻新组合P88S/0293为材料,探讨了不同钾肥用量对其产量和抗性的影响.结果表明,在每公顷施K2O 135～225 kg范围内,随着钾肥用量增加,P88S/0293的稻谷产量、经济效益和抗病性相应提高;每公顷施K2O 225 g\kg的处理,产量达到10.75 t/hm2,比每公顷施K20135 kg的处理增产稻谷1.5 t/hm2.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

云南咖啡主要病虫害及防治调查研究

对云南保山、德宏、普洱等地咖啡病虫害开展调查研究,结果表明：咖啡锈病(Hemileia vastatrix Berk et Br.)、炭疽病(Colletotrichum coffeanum Noack)、褐斑病(Cercospora coffeicola Berk. et Cooke)、幼苗立枯病(Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.)、旋皮天牛(Acalolepta cervina Hope)、灭字虎天牛(Xylo     

Herbicide application and direct drilling improves establishment and yield of chicory and plantain

The herbs chicory ( C ichorium intybus L.) and plantain ( P lantago lanceolata L.) are increasingly popular summer forage cropping options for dairy producers. However, the impact of different establishment methods on their productivity is largely unknown. Four establishment methods for chicory and plantain crops sown into non‐cultivated ryegrass pastures in spring were compared. Establishment methods included direct‐drilling or broadcasting seed into existing pastures, with or without herbicide application before sowing in a 2 × 2 factorial design. It was hypothesized that plant establishment and growth would be enhanced by spraying to kill existing ryegrass pasture and direct‐drilling herbs (Spray and Drill, SD) compared with broadcasting seed with no herbicide application (Unsprayed and Broadcast, UB). This hypothesis was supported with an additional 2·1–2·3 t DM ha^?1 grown over 201 d from swards established by SD, compared with swards established by UB. The SD method also increased the plant density of the herbs and reduced the proportion of weed species. Spraying and direct drilling is more expensive than broadcasting seed with no herbicide application, but the increase in yield means that extra feed can be supplied at less than half the cost of purchasing the equivalent amount of feed. Therefore, for optimal economic outcomes, chicory and plantain swards should be established by applying herbicide to existing pasture and direct‐drilling seed.