用鱼水解胶原蛋白代替秘鲁鱼粉饲喂蛋用种鸡的试验

随着我国畜牧业的发展,饲料原料短缺的问题日益突出,特别是动物性蛋白原料.浙江省洞头县东风胶原动物蛋白厂利用猪皮、牛皮和杂鱼经水解加工生产成鱼水解胶原蛋白,为有效地利用这一蛋白资源,我场用其饲养蛋用种鸡,研究其代替鱼粉的可行性. 材料和方法 1、时间与地点,本试验从1991年3月21日开始,至1991年6月21日结束,在上海市新杨种畜场蛋用种鸡分场进行.本试验所用鱼水解胶原蛋白是浙江省洞头县东风胶原动物蛋白厂生产.     

家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽的制备及其稳定性研究

利用碱性蛋白酶水解家蚕丝素蛋白制备抗氧化肽,考察水解pH、水解时间、加酶量、底物浓度、水解温度5个因素对水解产物DPPH自由基清除率的影响,在此基础上采用响应面试验优化水解工艺条件,并调查家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽对热、酸、碱和体外肠道消化的稳定性,测定不同分子质量范围的家蚕丝素蛋白水解产物组分的抗氧化活性.结果 表明,碱性蛋白酶水解制备家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽的最优工艺条件为水解pH 8.69、水解时间60 min、加酶量3035 U/g、底物(丝素蛋白)质量浓度26.80 g/L、水解温度53.89℃,在此条件下制备获得的家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽对DPPH自由基的清除率为55.16％.家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽具有良好的热稳定性;在中性环境中抗氧化活性很稳定,但在强酸和强碱环境中抗氧化活性明显降低;经体外模拟胃肠道消化后,对DPPH自由基的清除率比未消化处理对照组提高了9.43百分点.分子质量小于5 kD组分是家蚕丝素蛋白抗氧化肽的主要活性组分.研究结果为家蚕丝素蛋白功能产品的开发提供了试验依据.     

猪肠道产多肽类抗生素活性菌株的筛选与鉴定

为了筛选产多肽类抗菌物质的活性菌株,为生产猪用益生素及新型抗菌活性物质提供菌源,试验分别从猪的十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠、结肠和直肠中分离肠道内生菌2 317株,利用临床分离的致病性大肠杆菌作为指示菌,通过点种法进行对峙培养,分析其抑菌活性。结果表明:复筛所得50株肠道内生菌株均对指示菌具有明显抑菌活性,筛选得率为2.2%。经过胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K水解处理,将发酵上清液抑菌活性明显降低或丧失的结肠57号和盲肠2号菌确定为可产蛋白或多肽类抗生素的活性菌株。经16S rDNA的序列检测及比对,两菌株均属于枯草芽孢杆菌。     

角蛋白降解菌分离、鉴定及其降解机制研究

实验旨在筛选具有高效角蛋白水解活性的微生物,并对其降解羽毛角蛋白机制进行研究,为提高角蛋白生物降解率提供理论指导。采用透明圈和完整羽毛降解相结合的方法,从废弃羽毛中筛选角蛋白降解菌,并进一步研究其羽毛角蛋白降解过程。获得一株可高效降解角蛋白菌株,基于形态观察和16S rDNA分子鉴定,该菌被命名为Bacillus licheniformis CP-7,其5 d可将天然完整羽毛完全降解。CP-7发酵过程产生大量巯基、可溶性蛋白和亚硫酸盐。分离发酵48 h菌株胞内、胞外粗酶液,发现胞外酶液具有较高的角蛋白酶活性,而胞内酶液具有一定二硫键还原酶活性。胞内酶液能够极显著地促进胞外酶液水解角蛋白活性(P<0.01),但对酪蛋白水解活性无影响(P>0.05)。筛选菌CP-7为具有高二硫键还原能力的角蛋白降解菌,二硫键还原酶可能是高效降解羽毛角蛋白的关键。     

我国牛皮加工增值途径探析

牛皮富含胶原蛋白,营养价值高,目前对我国牛皮食用加工增值途径的文章未见报道。了解我国牛皮和其他畜禽皮的开发利用现状,对我国牛皮制品的开发以及传统制品工艺现代化具有重要的参考价值。文章对国内牛皮制品的研究现状进行了总结,并结合其他畜禽皮的生产现状提出建议:牛皮制品的开发应把握现代食品的消费方向,从加深企业对牛皮的认识、加大科研力度和国家政策扶持等几方面,实现加工工艺现代化,从而使牛皮的价值得到充分利用。     

牛乳酪蛋白来源新型抗菌肽抗菌活性的初步研究

通过胃蛋白酶水解牛乳酪蛋白得到了一种新的具有抗菌活性的多肽,并进行了初步的抗菌试验。研究采用胃蛋白酶在不同时间条件下水解酪蛋白,测定水解液及其分离物质对不同细菌的抗菌活性。结果表明:2、3、4h胃蛋白酶的酪蛋白水解产生的抗菌肽对多种细菌均具有抗菌活性,尤其是对金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌具有很强的抗菌作用,其最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别是3.69μg/mL和0.157μg/mL,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与MBC相同。该抗菌肽具有良好的热稳定性。酪蛋白和胃蛋白酶本身无此活性,说明酪蛋白经胃蛋白酶水解可以产生抗菌活性肽。     

来源于马奶酒中一株乳酸菌的抑菌特性研究

从牧民自制马奶酒中分离得到一株能产生抑菌物质的乳酸菌菌株。依据形态学判断、生理生化、糖发酵试验和16S r DNA序列分析,结果表明该菌为一株植物乳杆菌。抑菌试验结果表明该菌株的培养液可抑制藤黄微球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门菌等致病菌,具有较广的抑菌谱。该乳酸菌分泌的抑菌物质经不同高温处理后仍有85%抑菌活性,经蛋白酶处理后抑菌活性依然存在,说明该菌株产生的抑菌物质具有良好的热稳定性和抗蛋白酶活性,这些特性也为其作为益生素在食品和饲料行业中应用奠定基础。     

绵羊上皮细胞三种纯化与培养方法的比较研究

为了探索一种简便、高纯度分离子宫内膜腺上皮细胞和间质细胞的方法，以及建立高纯度体外子宫内膜细胞培养模型，该试验将原代细胞的3种培养方法，即组织块贴壁法、胰蛋白酶消化法和胶原蛋白酶消化法进行比较，结果表明胶原蛋白酶消化法对细胞的损伤小，细胞生长良好，相比较而言使用胶原蛋白酶消化法最理想。     

响应面优化枯草杆菌复合酶法提取罗非鱼皮多肽饲料添加剂工艺研究

本试验以罗非鱼鱼皮为原料,经酸碱处理后,加热熬制得到胶原蛋白,再用复合蛋白酶水解制备罗非鱼皮胶原蛋白肽。研究pH、温度和酶添加量对罗非鱼鱼皮酶解消化的影响,并采用响应面法优化枯草杆菌复合酶法提取鱼皮多肽饲料添加剂工艺。结果表明：枯草杆菌复合酶法提取鱼皮多肽饲料添加剂的最佳工艺参数为：酶解pH7.64、温度50.30℃、加酶量1.55%,在此操作条件下,多肽的提取率最高,为14.63%。此提取工艺参数优良,稳定性强,可以为鱼皮多肽饲料添加剂的研发与运用提供理论依据。     

胶原蛋白粉替代鱼粉饲养肥育猪的效果试验

胶原蛋白粉替代鱼粉饲养肥育猪的效果试验周良梅，吴祖连，伍达三温州市瓯海区畜牧业发展中心温州市瓯海区是全国著名的牛皮集散地之一，其制革业发展较快。瓯海东方生物厂利用制革下脚料─—削革末，经去毒无害加工，制成动物胶原蛋白。为验证该胶原蛋白粉取代鱼粉的饲养...     

Evaluation of collagenase activity, matrix metalloproteinase-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

OBJECTIVES: To determine collagenase activity and evaluate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and MMP-13 in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ANIMALS: 12 horses with COPD and 12 healthy control horses. PROCEDURE: Collagenase activity was determined by use of an assay for degradation of type-I collagen. Western immunoblot analysis was used to identify interstitial collagenases MMP-8 and MMP-13 in tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF). Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to determine cellular expression of these 2 collagenases in cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS: Collagenase activity was approximately 7 times higher in samples obtained from horses with COPD, compared with control horses. During stabling, horses with COPD had significantly higher collagenase activity than after being maintained on summer pasture, when activity was similar to that of control horses. Immunoreactivity of MMP-8 and MMP-13 was significantly increased in TELF of horses with COPD, compared with healthy horses. In TELF, a positive correlation was detected between immunoreactivity of MMP-8 and MMP-13 and the amount of degradation of type-I collagen. Macrophages and epithelial cells were the major cellular sources of MMP-8 and MMP-13. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increased collagenase activity in TELF indicates active ongoing disease and, thus, may reflect lung tissue changes in horses with COPD. Measurements of collagenase activity and MMP immunoreactivity may provide additional diagnostic tools to identify the active phase of chronic lung disease.     

Molecular and functional characterization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) neutrophil collagenase

Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) neutrophils, like mammalian neutrophils, contain a variety of enzymes and lytic peptides that participate in pathogen destruction. We have identified and characterized from a channel catfish anterior kidney cDNA library a 1.6 kb cDNA that encodes for channel catfish neutrophil collagenase. The deduced amino acid sequence has a predicted molecular mass of 53 kDa. The putative catfish collagenase has nucleotide and amino acid homology of 51.4% and 45.1%, respectively, with human neutrophil collagenase and 50.4% and 47.1%, respectively, with mouse neutrophil collagenase. Certain regions of the molecule, including the cysteine switch and the putative zinc binding sites, were identical to those in the human and mouse genes. Polyclonal antiserum, prepared to the fusion protein, recognizes proteins from channel catfish neutrophil supernatants with molecular masses of approximately 63, 53 and 28 kDa. Supernatants from phorbol dibutyrate stimulated neutrophils were capable of degrading type I collagen. In addition, the polyclonal antiserum prevented the collagenase activity of the supernatants from stimulated catfish neutrophils; whereas, preimmune serum had no effect on collagenase activity of supernatants. Supernatants from unstimulated cells or the fusion protein did not possess the ability of degrading type I collagen. These results indicate that channel catfish neutrophil collagenases share molecular and functional features with mammalian neutrophil collagenase.     

Effect of matrix depleting agents on the expression of chondrocyte metabolism by equine chondrocytes

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of two enzymes (collagenase and chondroitinase) and two cytokines/metabolites (interleukin-1beta and retinoic acid) of known catabolic activity on the expression of cartilage metabolism/phenotype in equine articular cartilage. Articular cartilage explants from 11 horses (5-13 years old) were treated for 48 h and assayed for total sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), the incorporation of 35S-sulphate, collagen degradation and mRNA expression of the proteoglycans collagen II, collagen IIA, collagen III, collagen IX, collagen X, collagen XI and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAPDH). Purified collagenase and retinoic acid were responsible for increased GAG loss from the tissues. Chondroitinase, responsible for catalysing the elimination of glucuronate residues from chondroitin A, B and C (Chondroitinase ABC) and retinoic acid treatment induced an inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis, whereas collagenase treatment did not. Collagenase activity was correlated with increased appearance of the CB11B epitope and type II collagen denaturation. By RT-PCR there was evidence of expression of altered collagen type IIA in purified collagenase treated tissues.     

Inhibition of collagenase breakdown of equine corneas by tetanus antitoxin,equine serum and acetylcysteine

Objective To determine whether tetanus antitoxin, equine serum, and acetylcysteine, which are currently used in the treatment of equine corneal ulcer, inhibit the digestion of equine corneal collagen when exposed to collagenase in vitro. Animals studied Corneas from 40 adult horses. Procedures Sections of equine corneas were incubated with saline, a solution of bacterial collagenase in saline, bacterial collagenase in saline plus equine tetanus antitoxin, bacterial collagenase in saline plus equine serum, or bacterial collagenase in saline plus acetylcysteine. Each one of the collagenase inhibitors was tested at different concentrations. The degree of corneal collagen digestion was determined by concentrations of hydroxyproline released into the incubation media and/or by weight loss of the cornea. Results Corneas exposed to collagenase released a significant (0.05 level) large amount of hydroxyproline (43.1 ± 2.3 µg/mL/100 mg cornea/5 h) and decreased cornea weight by up to 89%. Blood serum (200 µL/mL), purified albumin or globulin fractions of serum, tetanus antitoxin (120 units/mL), and acetylcysteine (20 mg/mL) when used at the highest concentrations blocked collagenase digestive activity by approximately 50%. Dilution of inhibitors decreased corneal protection and linearly increased corneal weight loss. Purified equine serum albumin and globulin fractions were equally effective in protecting corneas. Conclusions This experiment indicates that tetanus antitoxin, serum and acetylcysteine equally protected corneas from collagenase digestion, in vitro. However, a clinical trial is needed to establish relative therapeutic value.     

Burro aortic collagen: platelet aggregating activity and ultrastructural changes induced by plasma.

A fibrillar collagen molecule was extracted from the upper thoracic aorta of an old burro (Equus asinus). Presence of the collagen in the extract was determined by amino acid analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, incubation with collagenase, and assays of its platelet-aggregating capacity by "aggregometry". Based on the amino acid rations of proline/hydroxyproline and lysine/hydroxylysine, the collagenous protein most nearly resembles type I of 4 main published types of collagen. Quantitative assays of the collagen as a mediator of platelet aggregation showed human platelets more sensitive and sheep platelets slightly less sensitive than burro platelets. Incubation with collagenase abolished platelet aggregation capacity and converted the fibrillar collagen to a gel-like mass. Incubation with galactose oxidase neither lessened nor intensified the collagen-mediated platelet aggregation. Incubation with burro plasma decreased platelet aggregating activity and changed the collagen ultrastructure (demonstrated with scanning electron microscopic imaging). The significance of a naturally occurring plasma (protein) factor(s) which may have a regulatory role in reducing the chemical activity of the fibrillar collagen molecule with platelets is also discussed.     

Bovine placental protease specificity toward muscle connective tissue proteins

Enzymes currently used to tenderize meat are not substrate-specific, resulting in extensive myofibrillar protein degradation that often produces an undesirable texture. Bovine placental metalloproteases, which selectively hydrolyze connective tissue proteins while leaving myofibrillar proteins intact, may tenderize meat without causing texture problems. Therefore, our objective was to extract and crudely purify bovine metalloproteases from bovine placenta for possible use as tenderizers in meat systems. Enzymes were extracted from homogenized tissue and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Samples were collected before (crude enzyme) and after gel filtration on a Sephadex G-100 column. Spectrophotometric analysis identified one major peak (filtered enzyme). Gelatin, casein, and type I acid-soluble collagen zymography were used to determine substrate specificity. Beef myofibrillar proteins were incubated with crude and filtered enzyme fractions, enzymes quenched, and substrate degradation visualized using SDS-PAGE. Active gelatinases and collagenases exhibiting molecular weights of 57 to 65 kDa were detected on zymograms. Banding patterns from crude enzyme indicated two enzymes with both gelatinase and collagenase activity and a third enzyme with gelatinase activity only. Banding patterns from filtered enzyme indicated two enzymes with both gelatinase and collagenase activity. Proteolytic activity was not detected with casein, actin, or myosin heavy-chain substrates. Due to specificity for collagen and gelatin, these enzymes may be capable of improving the tenderness of certain cuts relatively high in connective tissue, while avoiding myofibrillar protein hydrolysis.     

Chemonucleolysis with Collagenase A Radiographic and Pathologic Study in Dogs

Collagenase, a proteolytic enzyme, was injected intradiscally in nine clinically normal, middle-aged beagles. Calcium chloride diluent solution (control), 100 ABC units of collagenase, and 250 ABC units of collagenase, were injected in randomly selected intervertebral discs (T13-L1 to L5-L6). On day 11, the discs injected with collagenase were narrowed radiographically, but there was no significant change in myelograms. Grossly and histologically, there was dissolution of the intervertebral discs, mainly nucleus pulposus, and protrusion of nucleus material in the vertebral body through bony end-plates in discs injected with collagenase. Collagenase chemonucleolysis may be an alternative to spinal surgery for intervertebral disc protrusion in dogs.     

Evaluation of collagenase-induced mitral valve regurgitation in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the hemodynamic changes induced by injecting collagenase into the mitral valve to induce mitral valve regurgitation (MVR) in dogs. ANIMALS: 9 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution; n = 3), single collagenase injection (C1; 3), and 2 collagenase injections (C2; 3). Open-heart surgery was performed, and saline or collagenase solutions were injected into the mitral valve. Before and weekly for 11 weeks after surgery, radiography, echocardiography, and phonocardiography were performed. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mean pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (mPAWP) were measured before and 11 weeks after surgery. Postmortem examinations were performed after dogs were euthanatized. RESULTS: No changes were detected in the control group during the 11-week follow-up period. A systolic murmur and MVR developed 1 week after surgery in groups C1 and C2. The murmur changed from a protosystolic to a pansystolic murmur, and left atrial diameter and the left atrial-to-aortic root diameter ratio increased with time. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure and mPAWP were greater 11 weeks after surgery in groups C1 and C2, compared with presurgery values. During necropsy, tissue loss was detected in the mitral valve at the site of collagenase injection. Degree of regurgitation corresponded to lesion size. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Injection of collagenase into the mitral valve of healthy dogs induced MVR, and dogs with MVR developed progressive hemodynamic changes without acute overload. Collagenase-induced MVR may be an appropriate model for evaluation of prognostic markers of idiopathic MVR in dogs.     

组织块再移法分离培养奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞

通过比较组织块贴壁培养法、组织块再移法、胰蛋白酶消化法、胶原酶Ⅱ消化法和胶原酶消化配合组织块贴壁法分离、培养、纯化山羊乳腺上皮细胞,绘制细胞生长曲线并计算细胞群体倍增时间,研究乳腺上皮细胞培养效果。结果显示,利用胶原酶消化配合组织块贴壁法不能获得正常生长的乳腺上皮细胞;利用组织块贴壁培养法、组织块再移法和胶原酶Ⅱ消化法获得大量的乳腺上皮细胞,所得到的上皮细胞生长曲线呈典型的＂S＂型,符合细胞生长的一般规律。组织块再移法不仅可快速获得大量纯化的乳腺上皮细胞,而且所得到的细胞经传代后,细胞群体倍增时间最短、增殖能力最强,表明,该法是获得山羊乳腺上皮细胞最适宜的方法。