感染菜粉蝶的两种微孢子虫的研究（Ⅱ）血清学关系、超微结构和生活史

作对从菜粉蝶成虫体中分离到两种不同形态的微孢子虫M－Pr1和M－Pr2的血清学反应、超微结构及生活史等生物学特性进行了研究，根据结果分析，认为这两种微孢子虫均归属于Nosema属，其中M－Pr1与Nosema属模式种N.b.为同属异种，M－Pr2与N.b.为同属同种。     

山东省病原性家蚕微孢子虫的初步研究

从山东省境内家蚕成虫体内分离到 4种病原性家蚕微孢子虫 ,与N .b比较研究结果表明 ,4种微孢子虫的大小、形态、极丝圈数及倾斜角与N .b相比均存在差异 ,但血清学反应及在蚕体内的发育过程与N .b相同。初步认为该 4种病原性微孢子虫为N .b的同属微孢子虫。这 4种微孢子虫对家蚕具有极强的食下感染率和胚种传染力。     

不同来源的昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕的感染力与体外发芽率调查

从广西蚕区的野外昆虫菜粉蝶、桑尺蠖、斜纹夜蛾的体内收集到5种微孢子虫,以家蚕微孢子虫(Nosema bombycis,Nb)为对照,检测不同来源昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕的感染力,并调查各种微孢子虫在体外用家蚕肠液与KOH混合液(pH10.5)处理后的发芽率。从菜粉蝶分离的微孢子虫(PrL M)、从不同来源桑尺蠖分离的2种微孢子虫(PaB MⅠ和PaB MⅡ)、从不同来源斜纹夜蛾分离的2种微孢子虫(Sl MⅠ和Sl MⅡ)以及家蚕微孢子虫对家蚕(蚁蚕)的半数感染浓度(IC50)分别为2.15×105、2.90×105、5.62×106、3.38×107、9.05×106和1.86×105mL-1;PrL M、PaB MⅠ、PaB MⅡ、Sl MⅠ、Sl MⅡ和Nb的体外发芽率分别为76.75%、76.00%、12.50%、2.25%、2.75%和59.25%。PrL M和PaB MⅠ对家蚕的半数感染浓度与Nb接近,对家蚕的致病性较强,2种微孢子虫经家蚕肠液与KOH混合液处理后的体外发芽率也较高;PaB MⅡ、Sl MⅠ和Sl MⅡ对家蚕的半数感染浓度依次是Nb的30倍、182倍、49倍,说明这3种昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕的感染力较弱,并且3种微孢子虫的体外发芽率也很低。     

桑尺蠖和丝棉木金星尺蠖的微孢子虫对家蚕病原性和胚种传染性研究

从桑尺蠖（ＨｅｍｅｒｏｐｈｉｌａａｔｒｉｌｉｎｅａｔａＢｕｔｌｅｒ）中分离的微孢子虫（简称桑尺蠖微孢子虫），形态为长卵圆形，大小为３．５～４．１×１．６～１．９μｍ。从丝棉木金星尺蠖（ＣａｌｏｓｐｉｌｏｓｓｕｓｐｅｃｔａＷａｒｒｅｎ）中分离的微孢子虫（简称丝棉木金星尺蠖微孢子虫），形状为卵圆形，大小为３．２～３．７×１．６～２．１μｍ。两种微孢子虫均能感染寄生家蚕的主要组织器官，引起蚕儿发病，但致病力要比家蚕微孢子虫（Ｎｏｓｅｍａｂｏｍｂｙｃｉｓ）弱，且能经卵传染给下一代，其胚种传染率要比家蚕微孢子虫低。     

关于家蚕新病原微孢子虫的研究——Ⅰ.M.h微孢子虫对家蚕的致病性

笔者从桑尺蠖Phthonandria(Hemerophila)atrilineata Butlcr幼虫体中检出并分离到一种微孢子虫(M.h)。本文研究了它的形状特征、血清反应、对家蚕的致病性与寄生性。诸性状表明它不同于常见的Nosema bombycis,而是家蚕的一种新的病原微孢子虫。     

紫外线照射对家蚕病原灭活作用的研究

采用紫外线照射处理苏芸金杆菌、家蚕白僵菌、家蚕核型多角体病毒（NPV）和家蚕微孢子虫（N．b）,观察紫外线照射对家蚕病原的灭活效果。结果是当紫外线照射时间为6min时可杀灭家蚕核型多角体病毒;照射的时间为12min以上时可杀灭家蚕微孢子虫;照射22min以上可杀灭苏芸金杆菌;照射24min以上可杀灭家蚕自僵菌。说明紫外线照射处理对这4种家蚕病原具有明显的抑杀作用。     

广西野外昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕交叉感染情况调查

为了了解广西野外昆虫微孢子虫对家蚕交叉感染情况,开展了对野外昆虫感染微孢子虫情况调查,并研究其对家蚕的感染性。调查了桑螟、桑尺蠖、菜粉蝶、斜纹夜蛾和桑毛虫等昆虫的微粒子病自然感染率,测试菜粉蝶、桑尺蠖、斜纹夜蛾微孢子虫对家蚕的病原性及可能存在的自然感染方式,观察野外昆虫微孢子虫孢子的形态差异。结果表明:菜粉蝶、桑尺蠖微孢子虫对家蚕蚁蚕的半数感染浓度(IC50)分别为2.69×105个/mL和7.42×105个/mL,斜纹夜蛾微孢子虫对家蚕也具有食下感染能力,菜粉蝶微孢子虫对家蚕也有轻微的胚种传染能力。带病野外昆虫可以通过粪便或鳞毛传播孢子虫。虽然上述野外昆虫微孢子虫的形态与家蚕微粒子孢子虫具有明显差异,但对家蚕都有较强的交叉感染性。     

两种微孢子虫孢子表面蛋白及对家蚕侵染性的比较研究

对来自家蚕的内网虫属样微孢子虫和家蚕微孢子虫的形态、表面蛋白及侵染性进行了比较研究。内网虫属样微孢子虫孢子显著小于家蚕微孢子虫 ,孢囊中孢子数为 8～ 32个 ,只侵染中肠组织 ,对家蚕无胚胎传染性。SDS UreaPAGE和 2D PAGE图谱显示两种孢子表面蛋白有明显差异。在SDS UreaPAGE中 ,内网虫属样微孢子虫的主要表面蛋白为 2 2kD ,而家蚕微孢子虫为 4 5kD。 2D PAGE显示 ,当上样量为 12 0 μg时 ,内网虫属样微孢子虫孢子表面蛋白斑点有 330多个 ,而家蚕微孢子虫孢子只有 16 0多个 ,其中仅有 10多个相同或疑似蛋白点。家蚕微孢子虫的主要表面蛋白点约有 2 0个 ,以中性偏酸的小分子居多 (<18kD ,pI 5 .4～ 7.2 ) ;内网虫属样微孢子虫有 30多个 ,分布较分散。根据两种孢子都能感染家蚕的特点 ,认为相同或疑似蛋白与是否能够感染有关 ,而大量差异蛋白与对家蚕的感染程度有关。两孢子表面蛋白中的主要蛋白均为差异蛋白 ,可能是孢子表面的结构蛋白。     

对广西家蚕母蛾微粒子病检疫中的异型微孢子研究

本文调查了广西蚕种生产母蛾微粒子病检疫中异型微孢子虫发生情况,研究异型微孢子虫主要种类、形态以及调查一些异型微孢子虫对家蚕的食下传染力和胚种传染力等,探讨异型微孢子虫对广西家蚕微粒子病检疫和病害管理工作的影响程度。     

玉米微孢子虫超微结构的观察与系统发育分析

玉米螟微孢子虫作为玉米螟田间种群自然控制因子之一,能否交叉感染家蚕,其与家蚕微孢子虫的血缘关系值得探究。通过对实验室搜集的家蚕微孢子虫和玉米微孢子虫进行了电镜水平的超微结构观察和分析,进而对它们的16S r DNA基因进行了PCR扩增、测序和系统发育分析,结果显示玉米微孢子虫与家蚕微孢子虫均属Nosema属,分别落在不同进化枝上的种,这可能暗示了玉米螟微孢子虫不能直接感染家蚕的部分缘由。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.