基于全长转录组测序的金乌贼微卫星位点筛选与特征分析

以金乌贼(Sepia esculenta)转录组测序获得的177,951条Unigene为对象,采用Micro Satellite (MISA)软件检测及分析其中的简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)的位点信息。结果显示,在金乌贼转录组中共检测出161,327个SSR位点,分布在64,933条Unigene中,SSR位点发生频率为36.49%,出现频率为90.66%。其中,最主要的重复类型为单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸,分别占SSR总数的46.00%、39.93%和9.48%。SSR包含的重复基元中,A/T是单核苷酸的优势重复基元,AT/AT和AC/GT是二核苷酸的优势重复基元类型。66,004个重复基元长度≥20 bp,占SSR总数的40.91%,且其中含有低级重复基元(二、三核苷酸重复)的SSR位点数量占优。以上结果表明,金乌贼转录组中SSR位点出现频率较高且类型丰富、多态性潜能较高,研究结果可为更好地开发金乌贼SSR分子标记、种质资源保护利用、遗传多样性评价和分子标记辅助育种等提供参考。     

文蛤转录组中微卫星位点生物信息分析#br#

采用生物信息学方法分析了文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)转录组中微卫星序列(简单重复序列,simple sequence repeat)的分布规律。结果表明:在文蛤转录组SSR中,单碱基重复序列的数量最多,有3001个;其次为三碱基和四碱基重复序列,分别为2254和2200个;二碱基重复序列1052个;五碱基重复序列332个;六碱基重复序列最少,仅13个。文蛤转录组SSR共包含26种重复基元,其中优势基元为单碱基重复A/T有2809个,其次为三碱基重复AAC/TTG有907个,四碱基和二碱基重复中的AAAC/TTTG和AT/TA分别有588和561个,说明文蛤转录组微卫星位点的分布对A/T具有偏好性。文蛤完整SSR的平均长度为18.34 bp,长度分布在12~20 bp,约占41%。研究结果将为研究文蛤SSR标记开发、群体遗传多样性、遗传连锁图谱、种质资源鉴定和分子遗传育种等后续研究提供基础数据。     

基于牙鲆RNA-seq数据中SSR标记的信息分析

通过对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)进行转录组测序(RNA-seq),利用Micro SAtellite(MISA)软件对1~6个碱基重复、碱基数在10 bp以上的微卫星进行鉴定。结果表明,牙鲆转录组水平上,共发现42 183个SSR位点,分布在26 457条Unigene上,发生频率为27.12%,平均密度为339个/Mbp。获得的SSR一共有216种重复基元,其中二核苷酸重复基元类型数量最多,共有17 570个,占所鉴定SSR总数的41.65%。同时用SPSS statistics 20.0软件对牙鲆转录组SSR的多态性进行了评估。     

虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)基因组微卫星DNA的分布特征

为了解虾虎鱼科(Gobiidae)鱼类基因组遗传结构特征,本研究自主开发矛尾复虾虎鱼(Synechogobius hasta)微卫星序列153条,结合从 GenBank 中筛选出的虾虎鱼科微卫星序列535条,合计686条微卫星序列,隶属于19种虾虎鱼,序列总长度为295062 bp,包含473个微卫星位点,微卫星位点累计长度为33370 bp。统计微卫星重复类型,发现在所有微卫星重复类型中以二碱基重复出现次数最多,位点数为361个,占总微卫星的76.32%,其中,重复拷贝类别最多的是 AC (340个),占全部微卫星的71.88%,占二碱基重复微卫星的94.18%,在二碱基重复类型中没有发现 AT 和 GC 两种重复类型。三碱基重复位点数为35个,占总微卫星的7.4%,其中以 ACT 重复拷贝类别最多(12个),占三碱基重复微卫星的34.29%。四碱基重复位点数为68个,其中以 CTAT 重复最多(31个),占总微卫星的14.38%。五碱基重复类型中只有 TCTGG和 ATCTA 两种类型,只占全部微卫星的0.42%。六碱基重复7个,占总微卫星的1.48%,六碱基重复中各重复类型出现次数相当。在所有微卫星重复类型中没有发现单核苷酸重复类型。     

基于RNA-seq技术的江鳕转录组SSR位点信息分析

为开展江鳕(Lota lota)遗传多样性、系统分化分析,开发有效分子标记,采用转录组测序RNA-seq方法,挖掘江鳕微卫星标记。结果显示:通过聚类、从头组装和拼接,获得Unigene共计106 084条。所有的Unigene中,共识别17 619个SSR位点,包含SSR位点的Unigene序列数量为10 893条,占总Unigene的10.27%。江鳕转录组中SSR含量较为丰富,一至六核苷酸重复类型均存在。其中,单核苷酸重复类型的数量最多(7 102个),占总SSR位点数的40.31%。江鳕转录组SSR位点中,以10次重复次数最多,达2 788个位点,占总SSR位点的15.82%。江鳕转录组SSR的片段长度从10～66 bp均有分布,大部分集中在10～24 bp,占SSR总数的87.24%。     

基于转录组测序的圆口铜鱼微卫星标记筛选

分析圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)的遗传多样性,可为其人工繁殖家系鉴别、分子标记辅助育种及长江上游珍稀特有鱼类的种质资源保护提供理论依据和技术支撑。以室内循环水养殖的圆口铜鱼为研究对象,提取其肝脏RNA,通过Illumina HiSeq~(TM) 2000高通量测序平台进行转录组测序,利用MISA软件对测序获得的unigene进行微卫星(SSR)位点挖掘和特征分析,设计SSR位点引物并进行验证。结果显示,圆口铜鱼转录组测序共获得80 688条unigene,通过查找获得34 155个SSR位点,分布在25 947条序列上,发生率为32.2%。圆口铜鱼SSR中主要重复单元类型为单碱基和二碱基,其中A/T和AC/GT为优势单碱基和二碱基重复单元,占总SSR数量的57.2%和19.7%。SSR重复数在5～60次,其中有40.3%的SSR序列集中在11～15次;SSR序列长度变化显著,单碱基至六碱基重复类型的总体长度在11～101 bp,其中12～35 bp序列长度占78.8%。随机选取50个SSR位点合成引物对9尾圆口铜鱼样本进行PCR扩增验证,可稳定扩增出目的条带的有40对引物,其中16对具有多态性,证明了通过转录组测序开发圆口铜鱼SSR标记的可行性。     

黄鳍鲷基因组微卫星的分离

采用磁珠富集法构建黄鳍鲷(Acanthopagrus latus Houttuyn)基因组微卫星富集文库。共挑选60个克隆进行测序,分析发现58个克隆分别含(GA)n或(CA)n两碱基重复单元。进一步通过序列比对,最终获得41个具有特异微卫星序列的阳性克隆。其中,23个克隆含有(GA)n或(CT)n两碱基重复序列,17个克隆含有(GT)n或(CA)n重复序列,另1个含有以上两种重复类型。获得的微卫星序列中,单一型及间断型序列各有20条,另有1条属于复合型序列。序列长度为117~512 bp,平均259 bp。微卫星核心序列两碱基重复5到38次,绝大多数序列重复次数大于10。基于微卫星两端的侧翼序列设计并获得了3对能够在黄鳍鲷基因组有效扩增的微卫星引物。本研究旨为进一步开展黄鳍鲷分子育种及资源评价分析提供基础资料。     

乌鳢和斑鳢EST序列微卫星信息分析

乌鳢(Channa argus,♂)、斑鳢(Channa maculatus,♀)是杂交鳢"杭鳢1号"的亲本。利用高通量测序技术对乌鳢和斑鳢的肝脏进行转录组测序获得大量EST序列后,利用MISA软件进行微卫星信息分析,结果表明,通过转录组测序获得乌鳢EST序列59 959条,长度45 mb,发现15 428个SSR,出现频率为25.73%;获得斑鳢EST序列44 337条,长度27 mb,发现8 439个SSR,出现频率为19.03%。在乌鳢和斑鳢EST-SSR中,重复单元以1~2碱基重复为最多,并以长度小于16 bp的短重复序列为主,间隔SSR和复合SSR的EST序列RPKM均值要低于单纯型SSR的EST序列RPKM均值,且在单纯型SSR中SSR长度越长,其RPKM均值则越低。     

基于转录组测序的圆口铜鱼SSR标记初步筛选及特征分析

分析圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)的遗传多样性,可为其人工繁殖家系鉴别、分子标记辅助育种及长江上游珍稀特有鱼类的种质资源保护提供理论依据和技术支撑。以室内循环水养殖的圆口铜鱼为研究对象,提取其肝脏RNA,通过Illumina HiSeq? 2000 高通量测序平台进行转录组测序,利用MISA软件对测序获得的unigene进行微卫星（SSR）位点挖掘和特征分析,设计SSR位点引物并进行验证。结果显示,圆口铜鱼转录组测序共获得80 688条 unigene,通过查找获得34 155个SSR位点,分布在25 947条序列上,发生率为32.2%。圆口铜鱼SSR中主要重复单元类型为单碱基和二碱基,其中A/T和AC/GT为优势单碱基和二碱基重复单元,占总SSR数量的57.2%和19.7%。SSR重复数在5~60次,其中有40.3%的SSR序列集中在11~15次;SSR序列长度变化显著,单碱基至六碱基重复类型的总体长度在11~101 bp,其中12~35 bp序列长度占78.8%。随机选取50个SSR位点合成引物对9尾圆口铜鱼样本进行PCR 扩增验证,可稳定扩增出目的条带的有40对引物,其中16对具有多态性,证明了通过转录组测序开发圆口铜鱼SSR标记的可行性。     

斑点叉尾鮰全基因组微卫星分布特征分析

为了解斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)全基因组中完整型微卫星的分布特征,本研究使用生物信息学软件MISA对其全基因组微卫星进行了搜索并分析。结果显示,在斑点叉尾鮰29条染色体中,筛选到完整型微卫星共510 256个,总长度达11 036 941 bp。其中,微卫星数量最多的是2号染色体(25 284个),其次分别是3号、1号和5号染色体,29号染色体的微卫星数量最少,只有11 591个。每条染色体长度与位于其上的微卫星的数量均显著相关(SPSS, r=0.98, P<0.01)。27号染色体的微卫星相对丰度最大(785.03个/Mb),11号染色体的微卫星相对丰度最小(615.89个/Mb)。6种重复拷贝类型的微卫星中,单碱基的数量最多,占总数的45.31%,随后依次是二碱基(38.53%)、三碱基(8.73%)、四碱基(6.93%)、五碱基(0.46%)和六碱基(0.04%)。斑点叉尾鮰全基因组微卫星中,前10种优势重复拷贝类别为A、AC、AG、AT、AAT、AAAT、C、AAC、AAAC和AAG,表现出明显的A、T碱基优势。本研究结果可为进一步研究斑点叉尾鮰全基因组特征提供参考,并为今后进行斑点叉尾鮰分子标记辅助育种及遗传信息评估等工作提供基础资料。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).