橘林油脂酵母发酵条件的初步研究

以橘林油脂酵母（Lipomyces kononenkoae CICC1714）为实验材料,通过设计单因素实验,确定了摇瓶发酵培养的最佳产油条件为：氮源为硫酸铵,碳源为葡萄糖,培养温度28℃,接种量10%,初始pH值为7.0,最适碳氮比为99。优化后批次发酵的生物量为7.01g/L,油脂含量15.91%,油脂产量1.12g/L。经半连续发酵后最终的生物量为24.13g/L,油脂产量为3.06g/L。     

枇杷细胞悬浮培养生产熊果酸的调控

以枇杷悬浮培养细胞的生长量及熊果酸（UA）的含量为考察指标,从蔗糖浓度、装液量、pH值、接种量、温度、光照强度、摇床转速、激素等开展培养参数的筛选。结果表明：接种量8 g/100 mL,pH6.0,蔗糖30 g/L,25 ℃,白炽灯400 lx,转速130 r/min,装液量130 mL/250 mL,MS+NAA 0.5 mg/L,15 d收获,细胞鲜重是起始的3.577倍,UA含量为34.993 mg/g DW,是自然界枇杷叶的约3.5倍。     

4种不同培养基对小球藻Chlorella spp.生长和油脂累积的影响

在25℃,230r/min,24h全光照,光照强度50～110μE/m2/s的培养条件下,用SE、BG11、HSM1、DS4种培养基分别对3株小球藻Chlorella vugaris FACHB-31、Chlorella vulgaris Y-019、Chlorella pyrenoidosa Y-041进行培养。通过对生物量、生长速率及细胞内油脂含量的测定,比较不同培养基对小球藻生长与油脂累积的影响。结果表明,HSM1培养基更适合小球藻的快速培养,而DS培养基更有利于油脂的累积;本地分离藻种Chlorella vulgaris Y019更适合做为制备生物柴油的原料,在HSM1培养基中其生长速率为1.57,培养4d细胞干重为0.48g/L,在DS培养基中培养12d油脂累积为其它藻种的1.84～2.64倍。     

营养元素限制对微芒藻Y-002油脂积累的影响

研究1株由海南本地分离的微芒藻(Micractinium pusillum)Y-002,在氮、硫、磷、铁营养限制条件下藻细胞光合效率以及油脂积累的变化情况。结果表明,在氮、硫缺乏条件下,细胞生长减缓、光合效率下降、细胞油脂积累增加。细胞组分分析显示,在氮、硫缺乏条件下,总糖和总蛋白含量下降;油脂含量增加。NaAc能促进细胞光合效率,提高细胞生长速率和油脂积累。在SE缺氮培养时,外加15 mmol/L NaAc比未添加NaAc的培养生物量提高51%,油脂含量提高10倍。     

显齿蛇葡萄细胞悬浮培养研究

研究了显齿蛇葡萄细胞悬浮培养的基本条件,同时测定了悬浮液中二氢杨梅素的含量。确定了细胞悬浮培养的基本条件是:取继代培养4代之后的愈伤组织接种,以12.5 g/L的接种量接种在附加6-BA(2.0 m g/L),2,4-D(1.0 m g/L),NAA(0.5 m g/L)的M S培养基上,添加100 m l/L的椰子汁,起始pH 5.8,110 r/m in,光照强度为250~350 Lx,光照培养12h/d,25±1℃下培养6 d。经过优化培养之后的悬浮液中二氢杨梅素含量为0.829 g/mL。     

三个苎麻脱胶高效菌种的生长条件优化

研究3个苎麻脱胶高效菌种的最佳生长培养条件。利用分光光度计,以菌液浊度OD600为指标,对苎麻脱胶高效菌种活化条件的主要参数(起始p H、接种量、培养温度和培养时间)进行研究。通过单因素和正交试验,获得3个苎麻脱胶高效菌种活化条件的最优组合。结果表明:Hn1-1菌种的最佳生长条件为起始p H 6.0、接种量5%、培养温度37℃、培养时间8 h;Hn2-2菌种的最佳生长条件为起始p H 8.0、接种量6%、培养温度30℃、培养时间7 h;Hn6-2菌种的最佳生长条件为起始p H 6.0、接种量7%、培养温度35℃、培养时间6 h。通过优化培养条件,3个菌种的种子液生物量提高到1.5~2.0倍,为其在苎麻脱胶的进一步应用提供科学依据。     

墨西哥食用仙人掌组织培养种苗繁殖技术

研究结果表明,墨西哥食用仙人掌嫩茎外植体在室温25℃±2℃,光照强度1500～2 000lx、光照时间12h条件下,茎萌发最适培养基为MS+6-BA　1.5mg/L+NAA　1.0mg/L,茎增殖最适培养基为MS+6-BA　1.5mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L,茎生根最适培养基为1/2MS+NAA1.0mg/L。外植体茎萌发初始阶段先经暗培养约7d后转入光照培养有利于茎萌发和生长,茎萌发时间提早,可提高茎萌发率且茎生长健壮。      

长茎葡萄蕨藻的人工养殖技术研究

考察水温、光照强度和附着基质等因素对长茎葡萄蕨藻(Caulerpa lentillipera)生长的影响。结果表明：长茎葡萄蕨藻的合适生长温度为21～27℃，水温低于18℃或高于30℃均对其生长具有不利影响；其最适生长光照强度为8 000 lx左右，光照不足对藻体生长及形态特征产生显著影响；附着基质对长茎葡萄蕨藻的影响也较大，单面框网养殖效果总体要优于网格塑料筐。此外，在养殖过程中应注重防治杂藻污染。本研究为海南产长茎葡萄蕨藻的规模化人工养殖提供技术参考。     

盐度对三角褐指藻生长及有机质积累的影响

以三角褐指藻为材料,探究盐度对该藻生长、总脂等有机质含量的影响,探讨有利于油脂生产的盐度条件。结果显示,盐度变化对三角褐指藻生物量和有机质积累均有显著影响。在盐度70‰的海水中培养的细胞,其比生长速率比正常海水盐度（35‰）培养组降低了22.6%。正常海水盐度下,生物量及总脂含量最高,分别达1.92g/L和29.98%,且总脂单位体积产量极显著（p＜0.01）地高于其他各组,藻油产量高达47.67mg•L-1•d-1。在盐度17‰时,多糖含量最高,达5.5%。在盐度70‰时,蛋白质含量最高,达17.82%。       

激素IAA和ABA对小球藻（Chlorella sp.）生长和油脂积累的影响

从北部湾地区淡水水域分离得到一株高含油量小球藻藻株,将其培养在高碳培养基TAP上,研究不同浓度IAA和ABA对其生物量和油脂积累的影响。结果表明：添加10μmol/L IAA对藻株的生长有明显的促进作用,其最大生物量比对照组增加了58.24%,但其油脂含量却比对照组降低了34.71%;而当增加IAA浓度为20μmol/L时,对藻株的生长表现出明显的抑制作用,其最大生物量比对照组减少了53.60%,但其油脂含量与对照组相比显著增加,增加了95.46%。添加2μmol/L ABA对藻株生长的抑制作用极其明显,其生物量比对照组降低了57.52%,但其油脂含量与对照组相比显著提高,提高了121.49%。同时添加IAA（20μmol/L）和ABA（2μmol/L）的实验藻种的蛋白质和总糖的含量较对照组有所降低,此外也使叶绿素含量和光合效率降低。       

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

芦笋枯萎病病原鉴定

对造成福建省漳州市东山县的芦笋枯萎病病原菌进行分子鉴定,以期确定病原菌的属、种名,为防治该病害寻求理论依据。试验对分离纯化的病原菌核糖体DNA的ITS区进行测序,在Genbank中搜索其同源性并构建它们的系统发育树,结果表明：引起芦笋枯萎病的病原菌是镰刀属中的尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),且病原菌之间的同源性高达89%,遗传差异不显著。     

中耕方式对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育影响研究Ⅰ.中耕方式对玉米生长发育的影响

2002～2003年在0～3次中耕条件下研究了中耕方式对玉米生长发育和产量形成的影响。结果表明,多次中耕增大了玉米倒伏率,降低了玉米最大叶面积指数、株高及各时期叶片叶绿素含量,对花粒期玉米净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率也产生一定的负面影响。少中耕有增产的趋势,并且可以降低生产成本、增加经济效益。     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。     

12份白花泡桐材料亲缘关系的ISSR分析

以‘福桐’、‘绿桐’2个无性系与10个不同种源的白花泡桐个体为研究对象，采用ISSR分子标记对12份白花泡桐材料的亲缘关系进行研究，并利用DPSv3.01进行聚类分析。结果表明：10条引物共扩增出66条条带，其中有37条多态带，多态性比例为56.1%。根据ISSR聚类分析结果，在遗传距离为0.35时，12份白花泡桐材料可分为5类，第1类为‘福桐’无性系与河南、河北种源个体；第2类为‘绿桐’无性系与湖南、湖北、江苏种源个体；第3类为浙江、广东种源个体；第4类为江西、福建种源个体；第5类为广西种源个体。此结果     

论长白山人参主要品种类型栽种方式及其商品分类

本文论述了长白山人参主要品种类型的栽种方式、总结其规范化种植的工艺流程、对各人参品种类型栽种方式、技术要点、品种退化的主要原因及其解决措施作了详细的研讨。强调指出人参的各种栽种方式必须实施GAP标准化管理才是最好的栽种方式。重点报告了人参主产区,最新最好的栽种方式。并对人参商品分类及野山参分等质量标准中的野山参、移山参的定义提出修改意见,为提高我国人参产品质量在国际市场上的竞争能力,保持人参产业可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Mechanism of action of insecticidal secondary metabolites of plant origin

Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the human and environmental hazards caused by majority of the synthetic pesticide chemicals. Identification of novel effective insecticidal compounds is essential to combat increasing resistance rates. Botanicals containing active insecticidal phytochemicals appear to be promising to address some of these problems. Therefore, there is a continuous need to explore new active molecules with different mechanisms of action. Secondary metabolites present in plants apparently function as defense (toxic), which inhibits reproduction and other processes. The phytochemical biomolecules could be used for maximizing the effectiveness and specificity in future insecticide design with specific or multiple target sites, while ensuring the economic and ecological sustainability. In this article, the current state of knowledge on phytochemical sources and insecticidal activity, their mechanism of action in insects, resistance, and promising advances made in phytochemical research are reviewed.     

蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因表达模式分析及敲除载体构建

为深入研究昆虫病原真菌蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的功能,根据蝉拟青霉基因组信息克隆疏水蛋白PChyd基因,对该基因序列进行生物信息学分析,使用qRT-PCR技术对其在不同培养条件或阶段下的表达模式进行分析,并通过酶切酶连的方法构建了该基因的敲除载体。结果表明：PChyd基因的开放阅读框序列全长303 bp,编码100 aa,包含22 aa的信号肽序列和70 aa疏水蛋白功能区域。系统发育分析显示该基因与粗糙虫草菌亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果显示PChyd基因在PDA培养的菌丝体、诱导的附着胞、诱导的芽生孢子中表达量显著高于另外2个样品,其中芽生孢子表达量最高,暗示该基因在蝉拟青霉侵染初期和在昆虫血腔中定殖阶段可能具有重要作用。凝胶电泳结果表明,成功构建了该基因的敲除载体,扩增出含有上臂、HPH、下臂的3356 bp左右的片段。本研究为进一步探究蝉拟青霉疏水蛋白PChyd基因的致病机理、生防工程菌的改造奠定了基础。     

Size and frequency of occurrence of pre-roost gatherings of starlings

One hundred and fifty-six pre-roost gatherings of starlings were observed at 28 sites around a roost in west Norfolk during winter. Pre-roost gatherings occurred more frequently at individual farmyards compared with individual fields, but 82% of the sites where gatherings occurred were on fields. The size of gatherings was greater, the closer to the roost. Birds in pre-roost gatherings on fields of autumn-sown winter wheat spent most of the time feeding and had a diet composed almost exclusively of wheat seeds. Birds in gatherings on grass fields also fed intensively whereas only 31% of birds at farmyards were feeding. The implications that these results have with regard to potential damage to fields of winter wheat and around farmyards are discussed.