光强和温度对球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis sphaerica)生长及其脂肪酸的影响

本研究测定了光照强度为16～58μmol/(m2·s)和15～30℃条件下球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis sphaerica)的生长曲线以及脂肪酸组成和含量.结果表明,在设置的光照强度范围内,光照强度越强,微藻的生长速度越快.光强对各种脂肪酸的含量影响有差异,过低和过高都不利于藻体内多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsat...     

单针藻(Monoraphidium dybowskii C29)扩大培养条件优化

为优化单针藻(Monoraphidium dybowskii C29)扩大培养的条件,研究温度、光照强度、氮源、补料方式以及扩大培养的接种量对单针藻生长和油脂积累的影响。结果表明,单针藻在温度为25℃,光照强度12 000 lx,尿素为氮源,以分批补料方式添加营养盐时生长和油脂积累最佳。利用管道式生物反应器在优化条件下进行扩大培养,温度控制在25~30℃,采取遮光处理控制光照强度在20 000 lx以内,接种量为15%时,单针藻生物量及油脂积累高于接种量为10%时的量。最终在最佳条件下生物量为1.15 g/L,油脂产量为0.39 g/L。研究结果为单针藻的扩大培养提供参考,也为单针藻开发利用奠定基础。     

光强和温度对球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis sphaerica)生长及其脂肪酸的影响

本研究测定了光照强度为16～58μmol/(m2·s)和15～30℃条件下球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis sphaerica)的生长曲线以及脂肪酸组成和含量.结果表明,在设置的光照强度范围内,光照强度越强,微藻的生长速度越快.光强对各种脂肪酸的含量影响有差异,过低和过高都不利于藻体内多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFAs)的积累.当光强为24μmol/( m2.s)时二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid,DHA,C22:6 n-3)的积累量最高,占总脂肪酸的11.77%.球等鞭金藻的最适生长温度在20—25℃之间,低温条件有利于不饱和脂肪酸的积累.光强20μmol/( m2.s)、温度20℃条件下总不饱和脂肪酸(Total Unsaturated Fatty Acids,TUFAs)含量最高,达64.99%;同样的光强,温度15℃条件下DHA占总脂肪酸的12.19%.可见适宜的光强和温度是利用球等鞭金藻收获PUFAs的关键.     

巢蕨组培苗移栽成活率研究

以巢蕨组培苗为研究对象,对不同栽培基质进行筛选,观察并记录其生长状况,得出了巢蕨最适栽培基质为：3份泥炭土＋1份珍珠岩＋1份蛭石。通过对环境因子适应性研究,在单因素实验的基础上利用正交实验得出了巢蕨的最佳栽培条件为：遮阴度70%～80%;温度10～15℃;湿度70%～80%。     

光照强度对5种观赏蕨生理指标的影响

[目的]探讨峨眉山5种观赏蕨对不同光照的生理响应。[方法]以峨眉山5种优良观赏蕨类峨眉耳蕨、瘤足蕨、长叶实蕨、光石韦和井栏边草为试验材料,设置全光照、遮阴30%、遮阴50%、遮阴83%共4个光照梯度,探讨不同光照强度对5种观赏蕨生理指标的影响。[结果]光照强度对观赏蕨叶绿素a、b及叶绿素总量影响较大,在一定光照范围内,叶绿素总量随着光照强度降低而增加,而叶绿素a/b值却降低;具有较高叶绿素含量和较低的叶绿素a/b值的蕨能够在较弱光照下生活;光照胁迫下,观赏蕨的游离Pro含量、MDA含量不同程度地增加,而可溶性蛋白含量却下降;光胁迫下,观赏蕨POD酶活性增加,POD酶活性变化量及其活性高低与观赏蕨忍耐光胁迫的能力呈正相关;根据5种观赏蕨对光照的生理响应情况推测,它们的耐阴能力排序为:井栏边草长叶实蕨峨眉耳蕨瘤足蕨光石韦。[结论]研究结果为观赏蕨的开发与应用提供了参考。     

滤光膜对绞股蓝和五柱绞股蓝的生长和总皂甙积累的影响

光质能够影响绞股蓝的生长发育和总皂甙的积累。将绞股蓝和五柱绞股蓝幼苗置于相对光照强度为32～34%的红色滤光膜、蓝色滤光膜和遮荫网下处理45 d,以自然光照(光照强度100%)为对照,分析影响幼苗的生长和总皂甙含量的有效光质。结果表明,红色滤光膜下绞股蓝的叶面积、叶柄长、茎长和单株生物量显著高于对照组,茎长和单株生物量显著高于光照强度相似的遮荫网处理组;蓝膜下绞股蓝的叶面积、叶柄长、茎长和单株生物量显著高于对照组,茎长显著高于遮荫组,单株生物量显著低于红膜处理组;自然光下的绞股蓝总皂甙含量最高,红膜处理组次之,遮荫网处理组最低。在相似的光照强度下,红膜处理比蓝膜处理更有利于绞股蓝总皂甙产量的增加。波谱分析表明,红色滤光膜透过的红橙光比蓝色滤光膜透过的蓝紫光更有利于绞股蓝的生长发育和总皂甙产量的提高。五柱绞股蓝具有类似的变化规律。     

墨西哥食用仙人掌组织培养种苗繁殖技术

研究结果表明,墨西哥食用仙人掌嫩茎外植体在室温25℃±2℃,光照强度1500～2 000lx、光照时间12h条件下,茎萌发最适培养基为MS+6-BA　1.5mg/L+NAA　1.0mg/L,茎增殖最适培养基为MS+6-BA　1.5mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L,茎生根最适培养基为1/2MS+NAA1.0mg/L。外植体茎萌发初始阶段先经暗培养约7d后转入光照培养有利于茎萌发和生长,茎萌发时间提早,可提高茎萌发率且茎生长健壮。      

影响绞股蓝和五柱绞股蓝生长和总皂甙积累的有效光质研究

光照是影响绞股蓝的生长发育和总皂甙积累的重要环境因子之一。将绞股蓝和五柱绞股蓝幼苗置于相对光照强度为30%~36%的黄色滤光膜、绿色滤光膜和遮荫网下处理45d,以自然光照(光照强度100%)为对照,分析影响幼苗的生长和总皂甙含量的有效光质。结果表明,黄色滤光膜下绞股蓝的叶柄长和茎长显著高于对照组,茎长和生物量显著高于光照强度相似的遮荫网处理组。绿膜下绞股蓝的叶柄长度显著大于对照组,而新萌叶片数和生物量则显著小于对照组和遮荫组。自然光下,绞股蓝总皂甙含量最高,黄膜处理组次之,遮荫网处理组最低。在相似的光照强度下,黄色滤光膜处理有利于绞股蓝总皂甙产量的增加,绿色滤光膜显著降低绞股蓝总皂甙产量。波谱分析表明,黄色滤光膜透过的600~720nm橙光和红光是促进绞股蓝生长发育和总皂甙积累的有效光质。五柱绞股蓝具有类似的变化规律。     

不同磷含量营养液对基质栽培宝坻大蒜生长的影响

[目的]研究不同磷浓度梯度的营养液对基质栽培宝坻大蒜生长的影响。[方法]试验所用营养液设置为5个磷浓度水平，分别为O、15．5、31．0、46．5和62．0mg／L，大蒜生长过程中测量宝坻大蒜的株高、叶片数、假茎直径，收获后测量大蒜的整株重、地下部重、鳞茎直径。[结果】试验所设磷浓度对基质栽培大蒜株高、叶片数、假茎直径无显著影响，但对鳞茎的生长有显著影响，其中以磷浓度为46．5mg／L的营养液配方最适合基质栽培宝坻大蒜鳞茎的生长。【结论】找到了最适宜基质栽培宝坻大蒜生长的磷浓度营养液配方，为生产中的施肥处理提供了依据.     

冲泡水温和时间对高级绿茶滋味的影响

对高级绿茶的形状类型、冲泡水温和时间三因素进行重复正交试验和数理统计结果表明：采用３ｇ茶样１５０ｍｌ水杯泡法，高级绿茶的冲泡条件与滋味评分呈二元二次曲线关系，其最佳冲泡条件组合为９３℃、３．０ｍｉｎ。其中：烘炒类型（扁条或卷曲形）的最佳冲泡组合为８５℃，３．５ｍｉｎ；全烘类型（条形或朵形）为１００℃、２．８ｍｉｎ。冲泡水温间和时间间存在显著差异，二因子互作效应达极显著水平，说明不同水温下对时间的要求不尽一致，即：若水温为８５℃，冲泡时间则以４ｍｉｎ最佳；若水温为１００℃，时间则以２ｍｉｎ为宜；若水温为７０℃，冲泡时间则需要４—６ｍｉｎ。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.