压力、温度对穿心莲内酯超临界CO2萃取-结晶的影响

以穿心莲浸膏为原料，进行了穿心莲内酯的超临界CO₂萃取结晶分离纯化。考察了单因素参数压力、温度对穿心莲内酯纯度、结晶量等的影响。结果表明：超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的纯度在结晶板上呈梯度分布；在25 MPa以下，压力升高，结晶板上部晶体纯度升高，而结晶量先增后减；在结晶板下部穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶量都是先升高后降低；温度在一定范围内能提高晶体纯度，且有利于缩短萃取结晶时间。     

穿心莲内酯超临界CO2重结晶工艺初探

采用单因素实验法探讨超临界CO2重结晶压力、温度、时间对穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶率的影响,并借助扫描电镜进行晶体形貌考察,利用高效液相色谱仪进行纯度检测.结果表明,采用超临界CO2重结晶技术得到的穿心莲内酯晶体形貌更加细小,并呈絮状分布在结晶板上;选择较佳纯化工艺参数为重结晶压力14 MPa,温度55℃,时间60 min,CO2流量20 L/min时,得到的穿心莲内酯纯度达90%以上,结晶率超过45%.     

穿心莲内酯超临界CO2重结晶工艺初探

采用单因素实验法探讨超临界CO₂重结晶压力、温度、时间对穿心莲内酯的纯度和结晶率的影响，并借助扫描电镜进行晶体形貌考察，利用高效液相色谱仪进行纯度检测。结果表明，采用超临界CO₂重结晶技术得到的穿心莲内酯晶体形貌更加细小，并呈絮状分布在结晶板上；选择较佳纯化工艺参数为重结晶压力14 MPa，温度55℃，时间60 min，CO₂流量20 L/min时，得到的穿心莲内酯纯度达90%以上，结晶率超过45%。     

响应曲面法建立超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯工艺模型

以穿心莲内酯含量为30%的穿心莲浸膏为试验原料,采用响应曲面分析法(Response Surface Methodology,RSM)建立了超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯结晶率的二次多项数学模型,验证了数学模型的有效性,并探讨了萃取结晶压力、温度、时间对结晶率的作用规律.根据该模型进行了工艺参数的优选,以结晶率为指标,试验所得穿心莲内酯超临界CO2萃取结晶优化工艺条件为:压力20.88 MPa,温度50.27℃,时间97.02 min,该条件下结晶率高达74.77%.     

夹带剂对超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的影响

以穿心莲内酯粗品和高纯品(纯度分别为30%和95%)为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取结晶法,考察了乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇与乙酸乙酯四种夹带剂对超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的结晶率、纯度、晶型和形貌等的作用规律.结果:因乙酸乙酯分离纯化综合效果较好,且既能与前处理工序中选择的浸提溶剂相统一,减少采用多种溶剂存在的污染,又能保持晶体优良晶型和结晶品质,所以优先选择了乙酸乙酯为夹带剂.     

响应曲面法建立超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯工艺模型

以穿心莲内酯含量为30%的穿心莲浸膏为试验原料，采用响应曲面分析法(Response Surface Methodology，RSM)建立了超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯结晶率的二次多项数学模型，验证了数学模型的有效性，并探讨了萃取结晶压力、温度、时间对结晶率的作用规律。根据该模型进行了工艺参数的优选，以结晶率为指标，试验所得穿心莲内酯超临界CO₂萃取结晶优化工艺条件为：压力20.88 MPa，温度50.27℃，时间97.02 min，该条件下结晶率高达74.77%。     

夹带剂对超临界CO2萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的影响

以穿心莲内酯粗品和高纯品(纯度分别为30%和95%)为原料，采用超临界CO₂萃取结晶法，考察了乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇与乙酸乙酯四种夹带剂对超临界CO₂萃取结晶穿心莲内酯的结晶率、纯度、晶型和形貌等的作用规律。结果：因乙酸乙酯分离纯化综合效果较好，且既能与前处理工序中选择的浸提溶剂相统一，减少采用多种溶剂存在的污染，又能保持晶体优良晶型和结晶品质，所以优先选择了乙酸乙酯为夹带剂。     

裸大麦中生育三烯酚的超临界CO2流体萃取工艺

采用四元二次通用旋转设计研究了裸大麦中生育三烯酚的超临界CO2流体萃取工艺.结果表明:萃取温度对生育三烯酚提取率有显著影响,乙醇添加量和萃取时间对生育三烯酚提取率有极显著影响,而萃取压力对生育三烯酚提取率无显著影响,但萃取压力和乙醇添加量的交互项对生育三烯酚提取率有显著影响;在本实验条件下,生育三烯酚最佳超临界CO2萃取条件为:萃取温度51.8℃、萃取压力34.7 MPa、乙醇添加量9%、萃取时间120 min.     

超声强化超临界CO2萃取人参皂苷的研究

为了探讨超声波对超临界CO2萃取(SCE)的影响,考察了在不同萃取温度、萃取压力、萃取时间和流体流量下,有、无超声时超临界CO2萃取人参皂苷的萃取率.试验结果发现,超声强化超临界CO2萃取(USCE)的合适萃取温度比没加超声(SCE)时的低10℃;在各自合适的萃取压力下,USCE的皂苷萃取率是SCE的1.64倍;CO2流体的流量大更有利于USCE.在SCE中,超声的加入能明显提高产物的萃取率和生产效率,降低生产能耗和节约生产成本.     

超临界CO2萃取南美白对虾虾青素的工艺优化

为提高虾青素萃取物得率和虾青素纯度,采用超临界CO2萃取南美白对虾虾头废弃物中的虾青素,皂化后用高效液相色谱对虾青素含量进行测定。单因素试验确定萃取参数对虾青素萃取物得率和虾青素纯度的影响,然后进一步运用响应面法对萃取工艺参数进行优化。结果表明：超临界CO2萃取工艺参数对虾青素萃取物得率影响不显著（P＞0.05）,但对虾青素纯度影响显著（P＜0.05）;物料粒径40目,质量含水率9%时,响应面理论优化最佳萃取参数为萃取压力403.95 Pa,萃取温度39.95℃,CO2流量1.16 L/min,虾青素纯度为796.3 mg/g。结合实际应用,验证试验在萃取压力400 Pa,萃取温度40℃,流量1.2 L/min时,虾青素纯度为789.61 mg/g。研究结果可为虾青素的提取和纯化提供参考。     

河道堤防滩地的水土流失及其防治

平原地区河道堤防滩地的水土流失,直接淤积河床,影响行洪安全。堤防滩地的水土流失是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,以新修堤防的水土流失最为严重,对其防治须实行工程措施、植物措施和人为预防相结合。     

防治水土流失 建设巴渝秀美山川

重庆地处长江上游、三峡库区,由于三峡库区水土流失严重、生态环境脆弱、自然灾害频繁,且三峡库区的水土保持和生态建设事关全市经济社会发展全局、事关三峡工程建成后的安全运行和库区的长治久安,因此是我市水土保持生态建设的重点。虽然,“长治”工程的有效实施,使我市的水土保持生态建设取得了较大的成绩,但离全面建设小康社会的要求尚有不少的差距,因此,我们要紧紧抓住国家实施可持续发展战略和西部大开发战略的历史机遇,进一步增强紧迫感、责任感和使命感,调动全社会各界力量,防治水土流失,改善生态环境,建设巴渝秀美山川。     

论水土、水土生态与水土生态保持

在论述水土在陆地生态系统中的地位和作用的基础上,提出了水土生态的概念,认为植被与水土不可分割的整体观念是水土生态的重要特征。同时,对水土生态保持的含义作了新的定义,并将水土生态保持划分为四大类型,即生态型、自然型、生产型、建设型。从水土生态的高度,从源头上、要素的联系中去认识和防治水土流失,是一种主动的、有机的、整体的水土保持观念,是水土保持认识观的深化和发展,将使水土生态保持事业进入一个崭新的时代。     

Charge characteristics and exchangeable cation status of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols and Thai Ultisols and Oxisols

The charge characteristics of A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples of total 23 Ultisols, Alfisols and Oxisols in Korea and Thailand were studied by measuring the retention of NH₄⁺ and NO₃^? at different pH values (4–8) and NH₄NO₃ concentrations (0.1–0.005 m ). The magnitude of their negative charge (σ^?; meq/100g) was dependent on pH and NH₄NO₃ concentration (C; m ) as represented by a regression equation: log σ^?=apH +blogC +c. The values of the coefficient a (0.04–0.226), b (0.03–0.264) and c (–0.676–1.262) were correlated with the kinds of the soil and horizon and with the region where the soil exists. The retention of NO₃^? was less than 1 and 2–3 meq/100 g for the A₁ or Ap and B₂ horizon samples, respectively. The sum of exchangeable base and Al (‘effective’ CEC) was close to and higher than the magnitude of permanent charge (=σ^? measured at pH = 4.3 and at C = 0.005 m ) for one-third and two-thirds of samples, respectively. A σ^? value of 16 meq/100 g clay at pH = 7 and C = 0.01 m was found appropriate to separate the B₂ horizons of Thai Ultisols and Oxisols from those of Korean Ultisols and Alfisols. Korean Alfisols and Ultisols and Thai Ultisols were distinguished from each other on the status of exchangeable base and Al     

水土保持监督管理程序与时效图文解析

水土保持法律规范和相关行政法律规范,共同构成了水土保持监督管理法律体系,其内容庞杂,相互交叉、融合,程序复杂。通过一组网络图及其简要注释,直观地表述了水土保持监督管理工作的相关程序、时效、逻辑关系和法律依据;通过对网络图呈现的逻辑问题所反映出的法律缺陷进行分析,提出应当按照立法法的有关规定,对现行法律特别是水土保持法律法规进行必要的修改,以适应不断发展的水土保持监督管理工作需要的建议。     

我国滑坡、崩塌的区域特征、成因分析及其防御

论述了我国滑坡、崩塌的区域分布特征,滑坡和崩塌的危害程度,滑坡和崩塌类型和成因分析,并且提出了灾害的防御措施,以期达到环境保护成为社会发展过程中的一个重要组成部分。     

Study on Soil and Pine-Seedling Zn and Mn and Predicting-Model Design

Soils were collected from 2-year (2-y) and 3-year (3-y) old red-pine seedling plots in two tree nurseries, Hayward in the north and Wilson in the southwestern part of Wisconsin State respectively, and equilibrated with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)₂ for soil solution Zn and Mn (solu-Zn and Mn), and with 0.01 M Ca(NO₃)2+0.005 M EDTA for soil adsorbed Zn and Mn (ad-Zn and Mn). Buffering capacity of soil Zn and Mn (b-Zn and Mn) was obtained from the ratio of ad-Zn and Mn to the solu-Zn and Mn. The concerned traces in pine seedling needles (ndls), stems(sts) and roots (rts) were simultaneously measured.     

城镇开发区建设中的人为水土流失及防治措施

简析了婺源县城镇开发区建设过程中造成水土流失的状况、危害、原因后,提出了其防治措施,并阐明开展城市（镇）水土保持的紧迫性。     

Sodium and potassium effects on cation concentration and yield of lucerne and phalaris grown separately and together

Abstract

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were grown separately and together in a pot trial on a yellow‐brown pumice soil with three rates of sodium (Na) and two rates of potassium (K) in factorial combination. Lucerne alone had a low Na concentration but growing phalaris as a companion grass produced herbage with a Na concentration adequate for stock. Na application increased the Na concentration in phalaris and the mixture of phalaris and lucerne much more than in lucerne alone; had little effect on K concentration; slightly reduced Mg concentration; and greatly reduced Ca concentration but not as much in lucerne as in phalaris or the mixture with lucerne. K application increased K concentration and reduced Na, Ca and Mg concentrations throughout. Yield of phalaris grown alone and in combination with lucerne was increased significantly by Na application when K concentration in the plants was low. Yield of lucerne was not affected by Na application and it is concluded that Na did not substitute for K in this species. It is concluded that field trials are warranted to investigate the possibility of growing a special purpose mixture of lucerne and phalaris on New Zealand yellow‐brown pumice soils to provide feed that has adequate Na for grazing animals.